ABE 11
BASIC FARM MACHINERIES AND MECHANIZATION
Sources of Farm Power
FACULTY: ENGR. ARMDIN A. VALMORIA / ENGR. MAY ROSE BOSTON-OSOTEO / ENGR. ELDIE R. LABISTO
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Farm power is
an essential
input in
agriculture for
timely field
operations for
increasing the
production and
productivity of
the land.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Farm Power Sources
HUMAN
ANIMAL
MECHANICAL
ELECTRICAL
RENEWABLE
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Human power is the main source for operating small implements and tools at
HUMAN
the farm. An average man can develop a maximum power of about 0.1 hp for
doing farm work.
• Human can generate 15% more power when he is younger at 20 years of
age and 20% less when he gets older at 60 years of age.
• Minimum energy requirement is 2000 cal per day.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Human Power
• Advantages – intelligence and Manual Dexterity
• Disadvantages – Low power available
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Human Power Consumption for Various Farming Activities
HUMAN
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Some Field Operation Rates by Farmers Using Hand-Tools
HUMAN
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Human-Hour Requirement per Hectare of Various
Agricultural Operations
HUMAN
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
HUMAN
Power Formula
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
HUMAN
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Human-Powered Tools and Machines
HUMAN
• Machine – a device or a mechanical
contrivance consisting of two or more relatively
constrained components which is energized by
power source to transmit, modify force and
motion to accomplish some desired kind of
work.
• Tool – human-powered instrument or
implement usually without parts that move
relative to one another like hoe, dibbler. It is
used to facilitate mechanical manual operation
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Animals are still widely used as a major power source in
ANIMAL
HUMAN
many countries. Land preparation, weed management,
crop threshing, and transport are executed using animal
power.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Animal Power
• Advantages – Great reserve power for emergencies and temporary
loads, consumed feed that is largely produced in the farm, Can be
reproduced in the farm, Easily available, Used for all types of work,
Low initial investment, Supplies manure to the field and fuels to
farmers, Multipurpose use for meat and milk, Cheap to maintain.
• Disadvantages - Not very efficient, Seasons and weather affect the
efficiency, required frequent resting, Cannot work at, stretch, Require
full maintenance when there is no farm work
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Uses of Draft Animals
ANIMAL
• Pulling agricultural machines such as field
implements for land preparation (plowing and
harrowing), seeding and planting, cultivation, and
others.
• Providing motive power to devices such as water
pumps, cane and seed crushers, and even electricity
generation. Hauling products using carts, sledge, and
transporting by carrying them at the back using
saddles.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Draft Power Mechanics
ANIMAL
• A draft animal supplies useful power by exerting a pull at a
certain speed
• The magnitude of pull exerted by the animal depends on the load
and the method of attaching the hitch of animals to the load.
• The maximum pulling capacity of an animal depends on several
factors such as the breed, sex, age, health, nutrition, training,
ground condition, etc.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
ANIMAL
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Harnessing Draft Animals
ANIMAL
• Animals are harnessed either singly or in multiple
numbers to match the pulling capacity or load.
• Generally, pulling efficiency decreases with more
numbers of animals harnessed together.
• A poorly designed or ill-fitting harness reduces the
power available in animals and causes the animals
to suffer physically.
• Harnessing System –It is a set of elements
involving a harness, driving fitting such as steering,
ropes and bridles, and a single or multiple hitching
system (abreast or in tandem).
• A harness is the main part of a harnessing system.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Mechanical power includes stationary oil engines, tractors, power tillers,
MECHANICAL
and self-propelled combines. The internal combustion engine is a good
device for converting liquid fuel into useful work (mechanical work).
These engines are two types.
• Spark ignition engines (Petrol or Kerosene engine)
• Compression ignition engines (Diesel engines)
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical
MECHANICAL
Power
• Advantages - Efficiency is high; not affected by
weather; can run at a stretch; requires less space
and cheaper form of power, operate in harder
conditions than animals or humans, operate in both
wet and dry conditions.
• Disadvantages - Initial capital investment is high;
require a good amount of technical knowledge and
it causes great danger if handled without care.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Electrical power is used mostly in the form of
ELECTRICAL
electrical motors on the farms. The motor is a
very useful machine for farmers. It is clean,
quest and smooth running.
• Advantages - a Very cheap form of power; high efficiency; can
work at a stretch; maintenance and operating cost is very low and
not affected by weather conditions.
• Disadvantages - Initial capital investment is high; require a good
amount of technical knowledge and it causes great danger if
handled without care
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Electric Motors
ELECTRICAL
• Electric motors are machines that converts
electrical energy to mechanical power by
producing rotational motion and torque.
• Electric motors involve rotating coils of wire
which are driven by the magnetic force
exerted by a magnetic field on an electric
current. They transform electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
✓ Uses of Electric Motor in Agriculture
ELECTRICAL
✓ Pumping of Water for household, irrigation, and others.
✓ Driving size reduction equipment such as hammer mill, attrition
mill, roller mill, etc.
✓ Driving material handling equipment such as bucket elevator,
belt conveyor, screw conveyor, etc.
✓ Providing mechanical power to various grain processing
equipment such rice mill, corn mill, coffee mill, etc
✓ Powering agricultural waste processing equipment such as
shredder, grinder, decorticator, etc.
✓ Power source for fans and blower including compressors.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Terminologies in Electric Motor
ELECTRICAL
• Ampacity – current in amperes a conductor can carry continuously under the condition
of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
• Duty Rating – refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started.
• Phase – number of individual voltages applied to the motor.
• Three-phase - has three individual voltages applied to the motor.
• Single phase – has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave.
• Rotor – Armature winding or rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed
of a laminated steel core containing current carrying copper wires.
• Stator – field poles or stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings
which is placed in a laminated iron core.
• Service Factor – indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the
motor if it is to be operated continuously and remain within a safe temperature range.
• Torque – twisting or turning force produced by the motor.
• Breakdown Torque – maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without
stalling.
• Starting Torque – motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start
the load.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Electric Motor Classifications
ELECTRICAL
• AC Motor – motors where current is sent into the
stator windings which is placed in a stationary
laminated iron core. The rotating element may or
may not be a set of magnet poles.
• DC Motor – motor wherein the current is sent
into the armature winding which is placed in
between a set of radially supported magnet
poles.
• Universal – these are small series motors up to
3.73 kW rating which are commonly designed to
operate on either DC or AC.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
ELECTRICAL
Electric Motor Parts
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
RENEWABLE
It is the energy mainly obtained from
renewable sources of energy like sun,
wind, biomass, etc. Biogas energy,
wind energy, and solar energy are used
in agriculture and domestic purposes
with suitable devices.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
Advantages:
1. Renewable Energy Sources Will Not Run Out
2. Renewable Energy Is Reliable
3. Renewable Energy Is Environmentally
Friendly
4. Renewable Energy Can Increase Public
Health
5. Renewable Technologies Create Lots of Jobs
6. Renewable Technologies Require Less
Maintenance Cost
7. Renewable Energy Can Reduce Turmoil in
Energy Prices
8. Renewable Energy Can Increase Countries’
Economic Independence
9. Leftovers Can Be Used in Renewable
Technologies
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
Disadvantages:
1. Renewable Energy Is Not Available Round
the Clock
2. The Efficiency of Renewable Technologies Is
Low
3. The Initial Cost of Renewable Energy Is High
4. Renewable Energy Sites Require A Lot of
Space
5. Renewable Energy Devices Need Recycling
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
Why Renewable Energy is
important?
Renewable energy sources are our
best chance to stop the current trend
Renewable and make the world a better place to
Energy live. Therefore, governments are
thinking of using renewable sources
of energy to generate electric power.
As a result, there is increasing usage
of renewable energy for generating
electricity in all countries.
Topic 2. Sources of Farm Power ABE11
THANK YOU!
