Created by: Dr.

Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

Entity-wise CRUD Operation in Laravel

Since our target software is University Learning Management System (LMS), therefore few
prominent entities include: Student, Department, Teacher, Course, Admission Office, and others.

This section would help you to implement in Laravel the Student entity. Other entities can be
implemented in the same way. Next sections would guide you how to create one-to-many (1xM)
and many-to-many (MxM) Relationships.

NOTE: The Laravel commands used below need to be typed in the Terminal Window of VS
Code which can be opened using the shortcut key Ctrl + ~ (called control console) or by clicking
the VS Code menu: Terminal > New Terminal.

Laravel uses the Model View Controller (MVC) design pattern

- Model interacts with database
- View (or web page) interacts with user
- Controller contains functions which connect a View with its Model

For an entity, a one-to-many (1xM) relation or a many-to-many (MxM) join-table relation, we

provide Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) operations. The MVC design pattern is applied
to each part (i.e. for Create, Read, Update and Delete) of the CRUD operation.

To provide CRUD for an entity or relation, we first implement Create, then Read, then Update
and finally Delete operation. While implementing each operation:
- we will first work with the Model layer
- then with the View layer
- and finally, with the Controller layer

Let’s implement CRUD operation for the Student entity. Then implement CRUD for the 1xM
Department-Student relation and finally implement CRUD for MxM Course-Student join-
relation.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

1. Applying MVC on the Create operation of Student

Summary of Model-View-Controller design pattern

A. Model in Laravel is an object that performs read and update operations on a
database table. For each database table, there is an associated Model. After
creating model, we write migrations and execute them.
B. Create webpages (Views) to perform Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD)
operations on the entity. Define route for each page which is a linkage between the
webpage URL typed in the browser and a function. Thus, associated function is
called when a user types a webpage URL in the browser.
C. Define one or more associated functions (Controller Function) of each webpage.
Detail
A. Create the Model, Student
a) Create an empty database in MySQL
i. Open XAMPP Control. Start Apache and MySQL
ii. Click Admin in front of MySQL to open phpMyAdmin in the browser

iii. In phpMyAdmin, create a new empty database. We created database named

cui_lms

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

b) Set database name in Laravel

i. Open the Laravel project folder in VS Code. It is ~\htdocs\CUI_LMS in
my case
ii. Go to .env file
iii. Write database name in front of DB_DATABASE=cui_lms

c) Create model and migration of Student

i. Type following command in the VS Code Terminal window. It will create the
model Student.php in the app folder and its associated migration in the
database\migrations folder.

▪ php artisan make:model Student -m

ii. At this time, the table, students, has NOT been created in the database.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

d) Update migration script to add more fields in the table students

i. A default field id (autoIncrement Primary Key) would be there. Remove it.
ii. add the fields cnic, name, address, telNo, age and marital_status as shown
below
iii. Make cnic as primary key and set the default value of maritial_status as false

iv. If we make an attribute of our choice as Primary Key, we must explicitly

mention in the Model.
In the Student model, we need to explicitly mention that cnic is the Primary Key
and that it would be a non-auto incrementing field. If we use the default
autoincrementing, id field, as Primary Key, there is no need to perform this step.
class Student extends Model
{
protected $primaryKey = 'cnic'; // Set as primary key
public $incrementing = false; // Non auto-incrementing

v. Type the following command in the Terminal window of VS Code to make

changes to the schema of students table
▪ php artisan migrate

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

vi. The following command reverses last N migrations. Thus, if N=3, last 3
migrations would be reversed
▪ php artisan migrate:rollback --step=N

vii. The following command drops all tables and performs migrations again
▪ php artisan migrate:fresh

viii. After the migrate command, the table, students, would have been created in
the database.

B. Write code for the create Webpage (View) and add Routes
a) Create student folder in resources > views
b) In student folder, add new file, create.blade.php

c) Write webpage code inside create.blade.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Add New Student</title>

<!-- For Success alert that appears after deletion -->

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.

css">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</head>

<body>
<h2 style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; text-align:center;">
Add New Student
</h2>

<!-- For Redirecting With Flashed Session Data when 'Submit' button -->
<!-- is pressed in the 'create.blade.php' view which calls the relevant -->
<!-- function 'store' in the StudentController and then this -->
<!-- view, 'create.blade.php' is again called -->
<!-- START -->
@if (session('status'))
<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="close">&times;</a>
{{ session('status') }}
</div>
@endif
<!-- END -->

<form action="{{ route ('student.store') }}" method="post">

@csrf
<label for="cnic">Student CNIC: &nbsp;</label>
<input type="text" id="cnic" name="cnic" value="12101-1133234-8"><br><br>

<label for="name">Name: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" value="Maaz Rehan"><br><br>

<label for="address">Address: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="address" name="address" value="DCS, CUI, Wah"><br><br>

<label for="telNo">Tel. No.: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="telNo" name="telNo" value="03339974992"><br><br>

<label for="age">Age: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="age" name="age" value="35"><br><br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

d) Routes
i. For the above webpage, the following page should open in the browser if the
browser is aware of the URL which has been typed in the address bar. In our
case the browser is NOT aware. To achieve this in MVC, we need to define a
Route.

ii. What is a Route?

A route is a connection between: (i) the URL typed in the browser, and (ii) the
function which is executed once the browser receives URL.

iii. Routes are of two types.

▪ Web page related routes: First type of routes are those which are defined
against web pages. For each web page, there is a route. When URL of a
web page is typed in the browser, its associated route is invoked.
▪ Action related routes: Second type of routes are those which are defined
against actions. For each action there is a route. For example, when a
button or link is clicked, its associated route is invoked.

iv. The Route of a web page is written in the file resources > web.php
v. A route binds a URL with a function which is written inside Controller
vi. The function is called/executed when the URL is provided to the address bar of
browser

e) Adding Webpage-based Route

i. When user wants to open a webpage, its URL is typed in the browser. In our
case, if user types http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/create in the browser,
then create webpage should open.
ii. To achieve this, we add the Route::get() function in resources > web.php file.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

▪ Route::get('student/create', 'StudentController@create')-
>name('student.create');

▪ Here,
o student/create is the user-defined URL and is associated with the
create webpage of student. There can be other create webpages for
other entities as well, e.g. teacher.
o StudentController@create means call the create() function in the
StudentController
o name(‘student.create’) is a user-defined alternate name of the route

f) Adding Action-based Route

i. When user clicks the Submit button (shown above), data on the form should
store in the database table students.
ii. To achieve this, a route related to click (submit) action needs to be defined
which calls the store function when user clicks it
▪ Route::post('student/store', 'StudentController@store')-
>name('student.store');

▪ Here,
o student/store is the user-defined URL and is associated with the click
action of Submit button on Student Form
o StudentController@store means call the store() function in the
StudentController
o name(‘student.store’) is a user-defined alternate name of route

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

C. Make StudentController and add functions related to create

a) As shown in bullets (e) and (f) above, there are two routes (Route::get,
Route::post) and two functions (create, store) in the controller, StudentController
b) Use following command to create the controller which is shown below
▪ php artisan make:controller StudentController

c) Include Model name in the Controller. So, we add ‘Student’ model in the
‘StudentController’ controller.
▪ use App\Student;

d) The create() function is given below which is invoked when the URL is typed in
the browser. This function displays the create webpage
public function create() {
return view ("student.create");
}

e) The store() function is given below which inserts form data into the table
students

public function store(Request $request) {

$student = new Student; // Must import the Model file: use App\Student;
$student->cnic = $request->get('cnic');

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

$student->name = $request->get('name');
$student->address = $request->get('address');
$student->telno = $request->get('telNo');
$student->age = $request->get('age');

// Since the marital_status field has a default value of ZERO,

// therefore, even if no text is copied from the text box
// the value ZERO would be stored.
//$student->marital_status = $request->get('marital_status');

$student->save(); /* Store data inside the table */

// --------------------------------------
// Help on the following code is given at the following URL
// https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/redirects#redirecting-with-flashed-session-data
//
return redirect('student/create')
->with('status', 'CNIC '.$student->cnic.' added Successfully!');
// --------------------------------------
}

D. How a webpage opens and data is stored ?

a) When user types the URL http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/create in the
browser, , route with the name student.create is searched in web.php file. When
found, the StudentController function create() is searched and executed. The create()
function displays the Add New Student webpage, as shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

i. When user presses the submit button, the route student.store is searched in web.php.
When student.store route is found, the StudentController function store() is searched
and executed. The store function stores form data in the students table and then
displays the create page.
ii. Add few students so that we can view / update / delete them

2. Applying MVC on the Read operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. Write code for the ‘read’ Webpage (View) and add Routes
a) In the student folder, add new file, read.blade.php

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

b) Write webpage code inside read.blade.php

<!doctype html>
<head>
<title>View Students</title>

<!-- Add icon library -->

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-
awesome.min.css">

<!-- NOTE: -->

<!-- Below W3Schools link can be used to study different buttons -->
<!-- https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_icon_buttons.asp -->

<!-- For Success alert that appears after deletion -->

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.c
ss">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</head>

<!-- Cascading Style Sheet applied to different parts of the table -->
<!-- START -->
<style>

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
text-align: center;
}

table {
margin: 25px;
}

th, td {
padding: 5px;
}
</style>
<!-- END -->

<body>
<h2 style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; text-align:center;">
View Students
</h2>

<!--
// ----------------------------------------------------------------
// *** This view would get three values from StudentController.php
// 1. a code to identify that update or delete operation was performed in controller
// 2. updated student list
// 3. CNIC of the student which has been updated/deleted
// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-->

<!-- For Redirecting With Flashed Session Data when 'Delete' or 'Update' -->
<!-- button is pressed in the 'list.blade.php' view which calls the relevant -->
<!-- function 'delete' or 'update' in the StudentController and then this -->
<!-- view, 'list.blade.php' is again called -->
<!-- START -->
@if (session('status'))
<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="close">&times;</a>
{{ session('status') }}
</div>
@endif
<!-- END -->

<table>
<thead>
<tr>

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

<th>CNIC</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Address</th>
<th>Tel. No.</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Marital Status</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<p id="forDeleteCode"></p>
<!-- Using Blade Loop. -->
@foreach ($students ?? '' as $student)
<tr>
<td>{{$student->cnic}}</td>
<td>{{$student->name}}</td>
<td>{{$student->address}}</td>
<td>{{$student->telNo}}</td>
<td>{{$student->age}}</td>
<td>{{$student->marital_status}}</td>

<!-- Buttons with Icons -->

<td>
<a class="btn" style="border: 1px solid;" href="{{URL::to('student/edit', $student-
>cnic)}}" title="Edit -> {{$student->cnic}}"> <i class="fa fa-edit"></i></a>

<!-
- Below we added onclick="return confirm ('Are you sure to delete the student {{$student-
>name}} having CNIC {{$student->cnic}}?')"-->
<!-- If user presses OK on the confirmation dialogue, the route mentioned in href --
>
<!-- will be executed. In case of pressing the Cancle button, nothing happens. -->
<a class="btn" style="border: 1px solid;" href="{{URL::to('student/delete', $student
->cnic)}}" onclick="return confirm ('Are you sure to delete the student {{$student-
>name}} having CNIC {{$student->cnic}}?')" title="Delete -> {{$student->cnic}}"> <i class="fa fa-
trash"></i></a>
</td>
</tr>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

c) Adding Webpage-based Route

i. When user types http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/read in the browser, then
read webpage should open.
ii. To achieve this, we add the Route::get() function in resources > web.php file.

▪ Route::get('student/read', 'StudentController@read')->name('student.read');

▪ Here,
o student/read is the user-defined URL and is associated with the read
webpage of student
o StudentController@read means call the read() function in the
StudentController
o name(‘student.read’) is a user-defined alternate name of the route

C. StudentController exists, so add functions related to read operation

a) The read() function is given below which is invoked when
http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/read is typed in the browser. This function
lists all students on the webpage
public function read() {
$students = Student::all(); // Load students using the model ‘Student'

// Pass the $students to the view, 'student/read'

return view('student/read')
->with(['students' => $students]);
}

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

D. How read webpage opens and shows data?

a) When user types the URL http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/read in the
browser, route with the name student.read is searched in web.php file. When found,
the StudentController function read() is searched and executed. The read() function
fetches data from the database and displays them as shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

3. Applying MVC on the Update operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. Write code for the ‘update’ Webpage (View) and add Routes
a) In the student folder, add new file, update.blade.php

b) Write webpage code inside update.blade.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Update Student</title>

<!-- For Success alert that appears after deletion -->

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.c
ss">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</head>

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

<body>
<h2 style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; text-align:center;">
Update Student Record
</h2>

<form action="{{ route ('student.update', $students->cnic) }}" method="post">

@csrf
<label for="cnic">CNIC: &nbsp;</label>
<input type="text" id="cnic" name="cnic" value="{{$students->cnic}}"><br><br>

<label for="name">Name: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" value="{{$students->name}}"><br><br>

<label for="address">Address: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="address" name="address" value="{{$students->address}}"><br><br>

<label for="telNo">Tel. No.: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="telNo" name="telNo" value="{{$students->telNo}}"><br><br>

<label for="age">Age: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="age" name="age" value="{{$students->age}}"><br><br>

<input type="submit" value="Update">

</form>
</body>
</html>

c) The webpage, update.blade.php opens when user clicks an Edit button of a

student record. The Edit button is in the Action column of read.blade.php as
shown below. The code lines, href="{{URL::to('student/edit', $student-
>cnic)}}", state that the route student/edit be invoked.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

d) Adding Action-based Route for Edit button on the read webpage

i. On the read page, when user clicks the Edit button of a record, the record of
student is shown on the update webpage with the help of following route
ii. To achieve this, we add the Route::get() function in resources > web.php file.

▪ Route::get('student/edit/{cnic}', 'StudentController@edit')-
>name('student.edit');
▪ Here,
o student/edit/{cnic} is the user-defined URL which takes one argument
which is the cnic of the student for whom Update is initiated
o StudentController@edit means call the edit() function in the
StudentController
o name(‘student.edit’) is a user-defined alternate name of the route

b) Adding Action-based route for the Update button on the update webpage
i. On the update page, when user clicks the Update button, the record of selected
student is saved in the database.
ii. To achieve this, we add the Route::post() function in resources > web.php file.

▪ Route::post('student/update/{cnic}', 'StudentController@update')-
>name('student.update');
▪ Here,
o student/update/{cnic} is the user-defined URL which takes one
argument which is the cnic of the student for whom Update is done
o StudentController@ update means call the update() function in the
StudentController

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

o name(‘student. update’) is a user-defined alternate name of the route

C. StudentController exists, so add functions related to update operation

a) The edit() function is given below which is invoked when Edit button in the
Action column on the read webpage is clicked. This function fetches the
information of cnic from database and sends to the webpage student/update
public function edit($cnic) {

$students = Student::find($cnic); // Load students using the model 'Student'

// Pass the $students to the view, 'student/update'

// so that user can update.
return view('student/update')
->with(['students' => $students]);
}

b) The update() function is given below which is invoked when Update button on
the update webpage is clicked. This function stores the information of cnic in the
database and then reloads the read webpage with the new contents of students
table.
public function update(Request $request, $cnic) {

// Locate the row of this CNIC so that updated record

// can be overwritten ONLY on the previous record of this CNIC.
$student = Student::find($cnic);

// you can add the chech here whether this student exists or not?

$student->cnic = $request->get('cnic'); // Copy from textbox and paste on the handler

$student->name = $request->get('name');
$student->address = $request->get('address');
$student->telno = $request->get('telNo');
$student->age = $request->get('age');

// Since the marital_status field has a default value of ZERO,

// therefore, even if no text is copied from the text box
// the value ZERO would be stored.
//$student->marital_status = $request->get('marital_status');

$student->save(); /* Overwrite data on the row pointed by CNIC */

// --------------------------------------

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

// Help on the following code is given at the following URL

// https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/redirects#redirecting-with-flashed-session-data
//
return redirect('student/read')
->with('status', 'CNIC '.$cnic.' updated Successfully!');
// --------------------------------------
}

D. How update webpage opens and saves data?

a) When user clicks the Edit button of any student record on the read webpage, the cnic
is passed to the edit() function of StudentController. The cnic record is fetched from
the students table and then passed to the update webpage as shown below.

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Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

b. When user clicks the Update button, the record is saved in the students table, the
updated contents of students table are fetched and passed to the read webpage as
shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

4. Applying MVC on the Delete operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. Write code for the ‘delete’ Webpage (View) and add Routes
a) The webpage, delete.blade.php is NOT required. We can delete an item without
creating a new page
b) The Delete button is in the Action column of read.blade.php
c) The code lines, href="{{URL::to('student/delete', $student->cnic)}}", written
in read.blade.php state that the route student/delete be invoked.

d) Adding Action-based Route for Delete button on the read webpage

iii. On the read page, when user clicks the Delete button of a record, the record of
student is deleted, after user confirmation.
iv. To achieve this, we add the Route::get() function in resources > web.php file.

▪ Route::get('student/delete/{cnic}', 'StudentController@delete')-
>name('student.delete');
▪ Here,
o student/delete/{cnic} is the user-defined URL which takes one
argument which is the cnic of the student for whom Update is initiated

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

o StudentController@delete means call the delete() function in the

StudentController
o name(‘student.delete’) is a user-defined alternate name of the route

C. StudentController exists, so add functions related to update operation

c) The delete() function is given below which is invoked when Delete button in the
Action column on the read webpage is clicked. This function deletes the record
of cnic from students table and reloads the read webpage with the new contents
of students table
public function delete($cnic) {

// Delete the row pointed to by this CNIC

Student::destroy($cnic);

// --------------------------------------
// Help on the following code is given at the following URL
// https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/redirects#redirecting-with-flashed-session-data
//
return redirect('student/read')
->with('status', 'CNIC '.$cnic.' deleted Successfully!');
// --------------------------------------
}

D. How delete operation takes place?

a) When user clicks the Delete button of any student record on the read webpage, it
asks for confirmation.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

b) If confirmed, the cnic is passed to the delete() function of StudentController. The cnic
record is deleted from the students table. the updated contents of students table are
fetched and passed to the read webpage as shown below.

This completes our tutorial on Entity-wise CRUD in Laravel using MVC. Once you
make files for the entity Student, copy them and re-use them with some
modification for the entities Department, Course, Teacher, Admission_Office,
etc.

***

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

One-to-Many (1xM) Relationships in Laravel

In a one-to-many relationship, one record in a table is normally associated with one or more
records in another table.

ER Diagram:

The relation between the entities Department and Student is One-to-Many. A department can have
many students while a student has only one department. The primary key(‘id’) in the table
departments should be foreign key (‘department_id’) in the table students. This is shown in the
above ER diagram.

The above diagram speaks that foreign key needs to be added to Student entity and database level
relationships needs to be defined on both sides.

Note: Make sure you have created Department entity and written its CRUD operations.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

1. Applying MVC on the Create operation of Student

A. Update Student Model

a) Update migration script to add foreign key in the table students
i. According to Laravel convention, foreign key name should be
<entity_name>_<primay_key>. Thus, in our case, foreign key in the students
table will become department_id
ii. Add the following lines in the up() function of CreatesStudentsTable migration
// The departments table MUST exist and MUST have ‘id’ as Primary key
$table->unsignedbiginteger('department_id');

iii. Migrate using the following command

▪ php artisan migrate:fresh

iv. The snapshot of students table below does have department_id fields but does
not have a foreign key symbol

v. Making foreign key relationship at the database level. Add the following
lines in the up() function of CreatesStudentsTable migration

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

// This will create relationship at the DBMS level.

// So, a grey colour foreign key must appear in the students table
// after performing this migration
$table->foreign('department_id')->references('id')->on('departments')
->onDelete('cascade');

vi. After adding foreign key and the foreign key constraint, the up() function looks
as below
public function up()
{
Schema::create('students', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->string ('cnic', 15)->primary();
$table->string('name', 35);
$table->string('address', 75);
$table->string('telNo', 15);
$table->double('age');
$table->boolean('marital_status')->default(false);

// The departments table MUST exist and MUST have ‘id’ as Primary key
$table->unsignedbiginteger('department_id');

// This will create relationship at the DBMS level.

// So, a grey colour foreign key must appear in the students table
// after performing this migration
$table->foreign('department_id')->references('id')->on('departments')
->onDelete('cascade');

$table->timestamps();
});
}

vii. Rename Migration Files when having Foreign Key constraint

▪ In my case, Department migration was done later, so the timestamp of
student migration is earlier than the timestamp of department migration
▪ Since Primary Key of departments table is Foreign Key in students
table, therefore, timestamp of Department must be earlier than Student
otherwise students table having foreign key would be created earlier than
the departments table thereby giving Foreign Key constraint issue

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

viii. Use the following command to perform migration so that students table can
have foreign key constraint at the database level.
▪ php artisan migrate:fresh

ix. The snapshot of students table below now has foreign key symbol which
means MySQL database will make sure the foreign key constraint.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

x. Making foreign key relationship at the Laravel level.

▪ In the Department model, write the function students(). It will be read as,
a department hasMany students.
class Department extends Model
{
/**
* Get the students (Many) for the department (One).
*/
public function students()
{
return $this->hasMany(Student::class);
}
}

▪ In the Student model, write the function department(). It will be read as,
one student belongsTo one department.
class Student extends Model
{
protected $primaryKey = 'cnic'; // Set as primary key
public $incrementing = false; // Non auto-incrementing

/**
* Inverse relationship: Get the Department that owns the Student.
*/
public function department()
{
return $this->belongsTo(Department::class);
}

▪ Hint: Use belongsTo in the Model whose table contains Foreign Key

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

B. Write code for the create Webpage (View) and add Routes
a) Add code for Department dropdown in create.blade.php

b) Updated code of create.blade.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Add New Student</title>

<!-- For Success alert that appears after deletion -->

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.c
ss">
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</head>

<body>
<h2 style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; text-align:center;">
Add New Student
</h2>

<!-- For Redirecting With Flashed Session Data when 'Submit' button -->
<!-- is pressed in the 'create.blade.php' view which calls the relevant -->
<!-- function 'store' in the StudentController and then this -->

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<!-- view, 'create.blade.php' is again called -->

<!-- START -->
@if (session('status'))
<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="close">&times;</a>
{{ session('status') }}
</div>
@endif
<!-- END -->

<form action="{{ route ('student.store') }}" method="post">

@csrf
<label for="cnic">Student CNIC: &nbsp;</label>
<input type="text" id="cnic" name="cnic" value="12101-1133234-8"><br><br>

<label for="name">Name: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" value="Maaz Rehan"><br><br>

<label for="address">Address: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="address" name="address" value="DCS, CUI, Wah"><br><br>

<label for="telNo">Tel. No.: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="telNo" name="telNo" value="03339974992"><br><br>

<label for="age">Age: &nbsp;</label>

<input type="text" id="age" name="age" value="35"><br><br>

<!-- For the dropdown Department-->

<label for="department">Department: &nbsp;</label>
<select id="dropdown" name="department">
@foreach($departments as $department)
<option value="{{$department->id}}">
{{$department->name}}
</option>
@endforeach
</select>
<br><br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

c) All routes in web.php for create webpage will remain the same. No change.
Only mentioning here for the sake of completeness.

▪ Route::get('student/create}', 'StudentController@create')-
>name('student.create');

▪ Route::post('student/store}', 'StudentController@store')-
>name('student.store');

C. Update create related functions in the StudentController

a) Include the Model Department in StudentController

▪ use App\Department;

b) Updated create() function is given below. It now contains department.

public function create() {
$departments = Department::all(); // Load all departments. To add in the dropdown
return view ("student/create")
->with(['departments' => $departments]);
}

c) Updated store() function is given below. It now contains department_id.

public function store(Request $request) {

$student = new Student; // Must import the Model file: use App\Student;
$student->cnic = $request->get('cnic');
$student->name = $request->get('name');
$student->address = $request->get('address');
$student->telno = $request->get('telNo');
$student->age = $request->get('age');

// This is Foreign Key value in Student Table

// It is taken from Drop Down list which was
// populated in Create() from the Department Table
$student->department_id = $request->get('department');

// Since the marital_status field has a default value of ZERO,

// therefore, even if no text is copied from the text box
// the value ZERO would be stored.
//$student->marital_status = $request->get('marital_status');

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
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$student->save(); /* Store data inside the table */

// --------------------------------------
// Help on the following code is given at the following URL
// https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/redirects#redirecting-with-flashed-session-data
//
return redirect('student/create')
->with('status', 'CNIC '.$student->cnic.' added Successfully!');
// --------------------------------------
}

D. How create webpage opens and data is stored ?

a) When user types the URL http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/create in the
browser, , route with the name student.create is searched in web.php file. When
found, the StudentController function create() is searched and executed. The create()
function displays the Add New Student webpage, as shown below.

i. When user presses the submit button, the route student.store is searched in web.php.
When student.store route is found, the StudentController function store() is searched
and executed. The store function stores form data in the students table and then
displays the create page.
ii. Add few students so that we can view / update / delete them

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

2. Applying MVC on the Read operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. Update code for the ‘read’ Webpage (View)

a) Add the following code in read.blade.php to support fetch name from the
departments table based on the department_id in the students table

i. Add column Department in the table on read.blade.php

<th>Department</th>

ii. Add Department name in the each row of the table on read.blade.php
<!--
We shall only get the department id that have been inserted in
the table Student.
<td>{{$student->department_id}}</td>

Using the inverse relation defined in Student.php model,

laravel helps us fetch any attribute of "departments" table
based on the Foreign Key stored in "students" table.
Below, the name of inverse relationship in Student.php model
is department().
-->
<td>{{$student->department->name}}</td>

a) All routes in web.php for read webpage will remain the same. No change. Only
mentioning here for the sake of completeness.

▪ Route::get('student/read}', 'StudentController@read')-
>name('student.read');

C. The read() function in StudentController does not need change

D. How read webpage opens and shows data?

a) When user types the URL http://localhost/CUI_LMS/public/student/read in the
browser, route with the name student.read is searched in web.php file. When found,

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
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the StudentController function read() is searched and executed. The read() function
fetches data from the database and displays them as shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

3. Applying MVC on the Update operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. Add code for the ‘update’ Webpage (View)

a) Add the following code in update.blade.php to accommodate department
dropdown
<!-- For the Department dropdown -->
<label for="department">Department: &nbsp;</label>
<select id="dropdown" name="department">
@foreach($departments as $department)
<option value="{{$department->id}}">
{{$department->name}}
</option>
@endforeach
</select>
<br><br>

b) No change in routes for update operation. Providing routes for the sake of
completeness.

▪ Route::get('student/edit/{cnic}', 'StudentController@edit')-
>name('student.edit');

▪ Route::post('student/update/{cnic}', 'StudentController@update')-
>name('student.update');

C. Adding code to the functions related to update operation

a) After adding code to accommodate Department, new edit() function looks as
below.
public function edit($cnic) {

$students = Student::find($cnic); // Load student using the model 'Student'

$departments = Department::all(); // Load departments using the model Department'

// Pass the $students to the view, 'student/update'

// so that user can update.
return view('student/update')

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
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->with(['students' => $students])

->with(['departments' => $departments]);
}

a) Add the following line of code to accommodate department in the update()

function.
$student->department_id = $request->get('department');

D. How update webpage opens and saves data?

b) When user clicks the Edit button of any student record on the read webpage, the cnic
is passed to the edit() function of StudentController. The cnic record is fetched from
the students table and then passed to the update webpage as shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

a. When user clicks the Update button, the record is saved in the students table, the
updated contents of students table are fetched and passed to the read webpage as
shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

4. Applying MVC on the Delete operation of Student

A. Student Model Already Exists. So, skip this step.

B. No change required in Views. Skip this step.
C. No change required in Controller functions. Skip this step.
D. How delete operation takes place?
a) When user clicks the Delete button of any student record on the read webpage, it
asks for confirmation.

b) If confirmed, the cnic is passed to the delete() function of StudentController. The cnic
record is deleted from the students table. the updated contents of students table are
fetched and passed to the read webpage as shown below.

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

You can now implement all sort of 1xM relations in Laravel. Next, we guide the implementation
of 1xM relation in Laravel
***

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.
Created by: Dr. Maaz Rehan - CSC336 Web Programming - COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan

Many-to-Many (MxM) Relationships in Laravel

In a many-to-many relationship, one record in a table is normally associated with more than one
records in the table and vice-versa. If two entities have MxM relationship, we break it into two
1xM relationships. A new table, called join table or pivot table, is created which connects those
two tables. The relation from table 1 and table 2 to pivot table is 1xM, so there are two 1xM
relations.

***

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Dr. Maaz Rehan, Web Engineering, CUI Wah Cantt.