1678100677-2 - T20H0455 - SMPC - Approved - Reviewed
1678100677-2 - T20H0455 - SMPC - Approved - Reviewed
3. Pharmaceutical form
Dosage form: Injection
Description: White to off white Lyophilized cake or powder in Type-I 10 ml Tubular vials sealed
with 20 mm grey bromobutyl rubber stopper and White color flip off aluminum seal.
When constituted as directed the solution should be colorless to light yellow color, clear
solution.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease Associated with a History of Erosive Esophagitis
Pantoprazole sodium is indicated for short-term treatment (7 to 10 days) of adult patients with
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and a history of erosive esophagitis (EE).
Safety and efficacy of Pantoprazole sodium as a treatment of patients with GERD and a history
of EE for more than 10 days have not been demonstrated.
Discontinue treatment with PROTONIX® I.V. as soon as the patient is able to receive treatment
with PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets or Oral Suspension.
Data on the safe and effective dosing for conditions other than those described such as life-
threatening upper gastrointestinal bleeds, are not available. Pantoprazole sodium once daily
does not raise gastric pH to levels sufficient to contribute to the treatment of such life-
threatening conditions.
2. Further dilute with 100 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection,
USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP, to a final concentration of approximately 0.4 mg/mL.
3. Inspect the diluted Pantoprazole sodium solution visually for particular matter and
discoloration prior to and during administration.
Storage
The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 6 hours at room temperature prior to further
dilution. The admixed solution may be stored at room temperature and must be used within 24
hours from the time of initial reconstitution. Both the reconstituted solution and the admixed
solution do not need to be protected from light.
2. Inspect the diluted Pantoprazole sodium solution visually for particular matter and
discoloration prior to and during administration.
Storage
The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature prior to
intravenous infusion and does not need to be protected from light.
2. Combine the contents of the two vials and further dilute with 80 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection,
USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP, to a total
volume of 100 mL with a final concentration of approximately 0.8 mg/mL.
3. Inspect the diluted Pantoprazole sodium solution visually for particular matter and
discoloration prior to and during administration.
Storage
The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 6 hours at room temperature prior to further
dilution. The admixed solution may be stored at room temperature and must be used within 24
hours from the time of initial reconstitution. Both the reconstituted solution and the admixed
solution do not need to be protected from light.
2. Inspect the diluted Pantoprazole Sodium solution visually for particular matter and
discoloration prior to and during administration.
3. Administer the total volume from both vials intravenously over a period of at least 2 minutes.
Storage
The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature prior to
intravenous infusion and does not need to be protected from light.
Compatibility Information
• Administer Pantoprazole Sodium intravenously through a dedicated line or through a Y-
site.
• Flush the intravenous line before and after administration of Pantoprazole Sodium with
either 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated
Ringer's Injection, USP.
• When administered through a Y-site, Pantoprazole Sodium is compatible with the
following solutions: 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP,
or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP.
• Midazolam HCl has been shown to be incompatible with Y-site administration of
PROTONIX I.V.
• Pantoprazole Sodium may not be compatible with products containing zinc.
• When Pantoprazole Sodium is administered through a Y-site, immediately stop use if
precipitation or discoloration occurs.
3. Contraindications
PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity
reactions including anaphylaxis to the formulation or any substituted benzimidazole.
Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema,
bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, and urticaria.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), including PROTONIX I.V., are contraindicated in patients
receiving rilpivirine-containing products.
Bone Fracture
Several published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy may be associated with an
increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. The risk of fracture
was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-
term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration
of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated. Patients at risk for osteoporosis-
related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines.
Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been
reported in patients taking PPIs, including pantoprazole sodium. These events have occurred as
both new onset and an exacerbation of existing autoimmune disease. The majority of PPI-
induced lupus erythematous cases were CLE.
The most common form of CLE reported in patients treated with PPIs was subacute CLE
(SCLE) and occurred within weeks to years after continuous drug therapy in patients ranging
from infants to the elderly. Generally, histological findings were observed without organ
involvement.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is less commonly reported than CLE in patients receiving
PPIs. PPI associated SLE is usually milder than non-drug induced SLE. Onset of SLE typically
occurred within days to years after initiating treatment primarily in patients ranging from young
adults to the elderly. The majority of patients presented with rash; however, arthralgia and
cytopenia were also reported.
Avoid administration of PPIs for longer than medically indicated. If signs or symptoms consistent
with CLE or SLE are noted in patients receiving PROTONIX I.V., discontinue the drug and refer
the patient to the appropriate specialist for evaluation. Most patients improve with
discontinuation of the PPI alone in 4 to 12 weeks. Serological testing (e.g. ANA) may be positive
and elevated serological test results may take longer to resolve than clinical manifestations.
Hepatic Effects
Mild, transient transaminase elevations have been observed in clinical studies. The clinical
significance of this finding in a large population of subjects administered Pantoprazole Sodium
is unknown.
Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated
with PPIs for at least three months, and in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse
events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of
hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications
such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), health care
professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI
treatment and periodically.
5. Drug Interactions
Table 2 includes drugs with clinically important drug interactions and interaction with diagnostics
when administered concomitantly with Pantoprazole Sodium and instructions for preventing or
managing them.
Consult the labeling of concomitantly used drugs to obtain further information about interactions
with PPIs.
Antiretrovirals
Clinical Impact: The effect of PPIs on antiretroviral drugs is variable. The clinical
importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not
always known.
• Decreased exposure of some antiretroviral drugs (e.g.,
rilpivirine, atazanavir, and nelfinavir) when used
concomitantly with pantoprazole may reduce antiviral effect
and promote the development of drug resistance.
• Increased exposure of other antiretroviral drugs (e.g.,
saquinavir) when used concomitantly with pantoprazole
may increase toxicity of the antiretroviral drugs.
• There are other antiretroviral drugs which do not result in
clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole.
Intervention: Rilpivirine-containing products: Concomitant use with
Pantoprazole Sodium is contraindicated. See prescribing
information.
Atazanavir: See prescribing information for atazanavir for dosing
information.
Nelfinavir: Avoid concomitant use with Pantoprazole Sodium See
prescribing information for nelfinavir.
Saquinavir: See the prescribing information for saquinavir and
monitor for potential saquinavir toxicities.
Warfarin Other antiretrovirals: See prescribing information.
Clinical Impact: Increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs,
including pantoprazole, and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in
INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and
even death.
Intervention: Monitor INR and prothrombin time. Dose adjustment of warfarin
may be needed to maintain target INR range. See prescribing
information for warfarin.
Clopidogrel
Clinical Impact: Concomitant administration of pantoprazole and clopidogrel in
healthy subjects had no clinically important effect on exposure to
the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet
inhibition.
Intervention: No dose adjustment of clopidogrel is necessary when
administered with an approved dose of Pantoprazole Sodium.
Methotrexate
Clinical Impact: Concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high
dose) may elevate and prolong serum concentrations of
methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate, possibly
leading to methotrexate toxicities. No formal drug interaction
studies of high-dose methotrexate with PPIs have been
Intervention: conducted.
A temporary withdrawal of Pantoprazole Sodium may be
considered in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.
Drugs Dependent on Gastric pH for Absorption (e.g., iron salts, erlotinib, dasatinib,
nilotinib, mycophenolate mofetil, ketoconazole/itraconazole)
Clinical Impact: Pantoprazole can reduce the absorption of other drugs due to its
effect on reducing intragastric acidity.
Intervention: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Co-administration of pantoprazole
sodium in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving
MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active
metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease
in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical
relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not
been established in transplant patients receiving Pantoprazole
Sodium and MMF. Use Pantoprazole Sodium with caution in
transplant patients receiving MMF.
See the prescribing information for other drugs dependent on
gastric pH for absorption.
Interactions with Investigations of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Clinical Impact: CgA levels increase secondary to PPI-induced decreases in
gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive
results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors.
Intervention: Temporarily stop Pantoprazole Sodium treatment at least 14 days
before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if
initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g. for
monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for
testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary.
False Positive Urine Tests for THC
Clinical Impact: There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving PPIs.
Intervention: An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify
positive results.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Advise pregnant women
of the potential risk of fetal harm. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive
of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit
justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers
Pantoprazole and its metabolites are excreted in the milk of rats. Pantoprazole excretion in
human milk has been detected in a study of a single nursing mother after a single 40 mg oral
dose of pantoprazole sodium. The clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Many drugs
which are excreted in human milk have a potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing
infants. Based on the potential for tumorigenicity shown for pantoprazole sodium in rodent
carcinogenicity studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to
discontinue the drug, taking into account the benefit of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of Pantoprazole Sodium have not been established in pediatric
patients.
Geriatric Use
Of 286 patients in clinical studies of intravenous pantoprazole sodium in patients with GERD
and a history of EE, 86 (43%) were 65 years of age and over. No overall differences in safety or
effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported
clinical experience with oral pantoprazole sodium has not identified differences in responses
between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals
cannot be ruled out.
Not Applicable
8. Adverse Reactions
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling:
Worldwide, approximately 80,500 patients have been treated with pantoprazole in clinical trials
involving various dosages and duration of treatment.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported in Clinical Trials of Adult Patients with GERD at a
Frequency of >2%
Additional adverse reactions that were reported for oral PROTONIX in US clinical trials with a
frequency of ≤2% are listed below by body system:
Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of PROTONIX
and Pantoprazole Sodium. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population
of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a
causal relationship to drug exposure.
9. Overdose
Experience in patients taking very high doses of pantoprazole (greater than 240 mg) is limited.
Adverse reactions seen in spontaneous reports of overdose generally reflect the known safety
profile of pantoprazole.
Pantoprazole is not removed by hemodialysis. In case of overdose, treatment should be
symptomatic and supportive.
Single intravenous doses of pantoprazole at 378, 230, and 266 mg/kg (38, 46, and 177 times
the recommended human dose based on body surface area) were lethal to mice, rats and dogs,
respectively. The symptoms of acute toxicity were hypoactivity, ataxia, hunched sitting, limb-
splay, lateral position, segregation, absence of ear reflex, and tremor.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Mechanism of Action
Pantoprazole is a PPI that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently
binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal
cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective
of the stimulus. The binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase results in a duration of anti-secretory effect
that persists longer than 24 hours for all doses tested (20 mg to 120 mg).
Pharmacodynamics
Anti-secretory Activity
The magnitude and time course for inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (PSAO) by
single doses (20 to 120 mg) of Pantoprazole Sodium were assessed in a single-dose, open-
label, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. The results of this study are shown in Table 3.
Healthy subjects received a continuous infusion for 25 hours of pentagastrin (PG) at 1 mcg/kg/
h, a dose known to produce submaximal gastric acid secretion. The placebo group showed a
sustained, continuous acid output for 25 hours, validating the reliability of the testing model.
Pantoprazole Sodium had an onset of antisecretory activity within 15 to 30 minutes of
administration. Doses of 20 to 80 mg of Pantoprazole Sodium substantially reduced the 24-hour
cumulative PSAO in a dose-dependent manner, despite a short plasma elimination half-life.
Complete suppression of PSAO was achieved with 80 mg within approximately 2 hours and no
further significant suppression was seen with 120 mg. The duration of action of Pantoprazole
Sodium was 24 hours.
Table 3: Gastric Acid Output (mEq/hr, Mean ± SD) and Percent Inhibition* (Mean ± SD) of
Pentagastrin-Stimulated Acid Output Over 24 Hours Following a Single Dose of
PROTONIX I.V.† in Healthy Subjects
In one study of gastric pH in healthy subjects, PROTONIX was administered orally (40 mg
enteric coated tablets) or Pantoprazole Sodium (40 mg) once daily for 5 days and pH was
measured for 24 hours following the fifth dose. The outcome measure was median percent of
time that pH was ≥4 and the results were similar for intravenous and oral medications; however,
the clinical significance of this parameter is unknown.
In a 5-day study of oral pantoprazole with 40 and 60 mg doses in healthy subjects, following the
last dose on day 5, median 24-hour serum gastrin concentrations were elevated by 3-to 4-fold
compared to placebo in both 40 and 60 mg dose groups. However, by 24 hours following the
last dose, median serum gastrin concentrations for both groups returned to normal levels.
Endocrine Effects
In a clinical pharmacology study, pantoprazole 40 mg given orally once daily for 2 weeks had no
effect on the levels of the following hormones: cortisol, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3),
thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyronine-binding protein, parathyroid hormone,
insulin, glucagon, renin, aldosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin
and growth hormone.
In a 1-year study of GERD patients treated with pantoprazole 40 mg or 20 mg, there were no
changes from baseline in overall levels of T3, T4, and TSH.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of pantoprazole is approximately 11 to 23.6 L, distributing
mainly in extracellular fluid. The serum protein binding of pantoprazole is about 98%, primarily
to albumin.
Elimination
Metabolism
Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver through the cytochrome P450 (CYP)
system. Pantoprazole metabolism is independent of the route of administration (intravenous or
oral). The main metabolic pathway is demethylation, by CYP2C19, with subsequent sulfation;
other metabolic pathways include oxidation by CYP3A4. There is no evidence that any of the
pantoprazole metabolites have significant pharmacologic activity. CYP2C19 displays a known
genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some sub-populations (e.g., 3% of Caucasians
and African-Americans and 17 to 23% of Asians). Although these sub-populations of slow
pantoprazole metabolizers have elimination half-life values from 3.5 to 10 hours, they still have
minimal accumulation (23% or less) with once daily dosing.
Excretion
After administration of a single intravenous dose of 14C-labeled pantoprazole sodium to healthy,
extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers, approximately 71% of the dose was excreted in the urine
with 18% excreted in the feces through biliary excretion. There was no renal excretion of
unchanged pantoprazole.
Specific Populations
Geriatric Patients
After repeated intravenous administration in elderly subjects (65 to 76 years of age), the AUC
and elimination half-life values of pantoprazole were similar to those observed in younger
subjects.
Other Drugs
In vivo studies also suggest that pantoprazole does not significantly affect the kinetics of other
drugs (cisapride, theophylline, diazepam [and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam],
phenytoin, metoprolol, nifedipine, carbamazepine, midazolam, clarithromycin, diclofenac,
naproxen, piroxicam and oral contraceptives [levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol]). In other in vivo
studies, digoxin, ethanol, glyburide, antipyrine, caffeine, metronidazole, and amoxicillin had no
clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole.
Although no significant drug-drug interactions have been observed in clinical studies, the
potential for significant drug-drug interactions with more than once daily dosing with high doses
of pantoprazole has not been studied in poor metabolizers or individuals who are hepatically
impaired.
Antacids
There was also no interaction with concomitantly administered antacids.
Pharmacogenomics
CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some subpopulations
(e.g., approximately 3% of Caucasians and African-Americans and 17% to 23% of Asians are
poor metabolizers). Although these subpopulations of pantoprazole poor metabolizers have
elimination half-life values of 3.5 to 10.0 hours in adults, they still have minimal accumulation
(23% or less) with once-daily dosing. For adult patients who are CYP2C19 poor metabolizers,
no dosage adjustment is needed.
Similar to adults, pediatric patients who have the poor metabolizer genotype of CYP2C19
(CYP2C19 *2/*2) exhibited greater than a 6-fold increase in AUC compared to pediatric
extensive (CYP2C19 *1/*1) and intermediate (CYP2C19 *1/*x) metabolizers. Poor metabolizers
exhibited approximately 10-fold lower apparent oral clearance compared to extensive
metabolizers.
In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, Fischer 344 rats were treated orally with pantoprazole
doses of 5 to 50 mg/kg/day, approximately 1 to 10 times the recommended human dose based
on body surface area. In the gastric fundus, treatment with 5 to 50 mg/kg/day produced
enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and benign and malignant neuroendocrine cell
tumors. Dose selection for this study may not have been adequate to comprehensively evaluate
the carcinogenic potential of pantoprazole.
In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with pantoprazole doses
of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, 0.5 to 15 times the recommended human dose based on body surface
area. In the liver, treatment with 150 mg/kg/day produced increased incidences of hepatocellular
adenomas and carcinomas in female mice. Treatment with 5 to 150 mg/kg/day also produced
gastric fundic ECL cell hyperplasia.
A 26-week p53 +/- transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive.
Pantoprazole was positive in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assays, in
one of two mouse micronucleus tests for clastogenic effects, and in the in vitro Chinese hamster
ovarian cell/HGPRT forward mutation assay for mutagenic effects. Equivocal results were
observed in the in vivo rat liver DNA covalent binding assay. Pantoprazole was negative in the in
vitro Ames mutation assay, the in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay with rat
hepatocytes, the in vitro AS52/GPT mammalian cell-forward gene mutation assay, the in vitro
thymidine kinase mutation test with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, and the in vivo rat bone
marrow cell chromosomal aberration assay.
There were no effects on fertility or reproductive performance when pantoprazole was given at
oral doses up to 500 mg/kg/day in male rats (98 times the recommended human dose based on
body surface area) and 450 mg/kg/day in female rats (88 times the recommended human dose
based on body surface area).
6. Clinical Studies
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Associated with a History of Erosive
Esophagitis
A multicenter, double-blind, two-period placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the
ability of Pantoprazole Sodium to maintain gastric acid suppression in patients switched from
PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets to Pantoprazole Sodium GERD patients (n=65, 26 to 64
years; 35 female; 9 Black, 11 Hispanic, 44 White, 1 other) with a history of EE were randomized
to receive either 20 or 40 mg of oral pantoprazole once per day for 10 days (period 1), and then
were switched in period 2 to either daily Pantoprazole Sodium or placebo for 7 days, matching
their respective dose level from period 1. Patients were administered all test medication with a
light meal. Maximum acid output (MAO) and basal acid output (BAO) were determined 24 hours
following the last day of oral medication (day 10), the first day (day 1) of intravenous
administration and the last day of intravenous administration (day 7). MAO was estimated from
a 1 hour continuous collection of gastric contents following subcutaneous injection of 6.0 mcg/
kg of pentagastrin.
This study demonstrated that, after 10 days of repeated oral administration followed by 7 days
of intravenous administration, the oral and intravenous dosage forms of PROTONIX 40 mg are
similar in their ability to suppress MAO and BAO in patients with GERD and a history of EE (see
TABLE 4). Also, patients on oral PROTONIX who were switched to intravenous placebo
experienced a significant increase in acid output within 48 hours of their last oral dose (see
TABLE 4). However, at 48 hours after their last oral dose, patients treated with Pantoprazole
Sodium had a significantly lower mean basal acid output (see TABLE 4) than those treated with
placebo.
Study 2 was a single-center, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare the clinical effects of
Pantoprazole Sodium and PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets. Patients (n=45, median age
56 years, 21 males and 24 females) with acute endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis
(Savary/Miller Stage II or III) with at least 1 of 3 symptoms typical for reflux esophagitis (acid
eructation, heartburn, or pain on swallowing) were randomized to receive either 40 mg
Pantoprazole Sodium or 40 mg PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets once daily for 5 days.
After the initial 5 days, all patients were treated with 40 mg oral pantoprazole daily to complete a
total of 8 weeks of treatment. Symptom relief was assessed by calculating the daily mean of the
sums of the average scores for these 3 symptoms and the daily mean of the average score for
each of the symptoms separately. There was no significant difference in symptom relief between
Pantoprazole Sodium and PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets within the first 5 days. A repeat
endoscopy after 8 weeks of treatment revealed that 20 out of 23 (87%) patients treated with
Pantoprazole Sodium plus PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets and 19 out of 22 (86%) of the
patients treated with PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets had endoscopically proven healing
of their esophageal lesions.
7. Pharmaceutical particulars
7.1 List of excipients
Edetate Disodium USP, Sodium Hydroxide USP-NF, Water for Injection IH
7.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
7.3 Shelf life
24 Months
7.4 Special precautions for storage
Store below 30°C, Protect from light.