CHAPTER

Air Refrigeration
Cycles 2
1. Introduction.
2. Units of Refrigeration.
3. Coefficient of Performance of a
Refrigerator.
4. Difference Between a Heat Engine,
Refrigerator and Heat Pump.
5. Open Air Refrigeration Cycle.
6. Closed or Dense Air Refrigeration Cycle.
7. Air Refrigerator Working on Reversed
Carnot Cycle.
8. Temperature Limitations for Reversed
Carnot Cycle.
9. Air Refrigerator Working on a Bell- 2.1 Introduction
Coleman Cycle (or Reversed Brayton or
Joule Cycle). In an air refrigeration cycle, the air is
used as a refrigerant. In olden days, air was
widely used in commercial applications because
of its availability at free of cost. Since air does
not change its phase i.e. remains gaseous
throughout the cycle, therefore the heat carrying
capacity per kg of air is very small as compared
to vapour absorbing systems. The air-cycle
refrigeration systems, as originally designed and
installed, are now practically obsolete because
of their low coefficient of performance and high
power requirements. However, this system
continues to be favoured for air refrigeration
because of the low weight and volume of the

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles 39
equipment. The basic elements of an air cycle
refrigeration system are the compressor, the Warm Air Cool air
cooler or heat exchanger, the expander and the
refrigerator.
Before discussing the air refrigeration
cycles, we should first know about the unit of
refrigeration, coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator and the difference between the
heat engine, a refrigerator and a heat pump.
1 tonne of Ice
2.2 Units of Refrigeration
The practical unit of refrigeration is One tonne (1000 kg) of ice requires 335 kj/kg to
melt. When this is accomplished in 24 hours, it
expressed in terms of 'tonne of refrigeration' is known as a heat transfer rate of 1 tonne of
(briefly written as TR). A tonne of refrigeration refrigeration (1TR).
is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect
produced by the uniform melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at 0°C in 24 hours.
Since the latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg, therefore one tonne of refrigeration,
1TR = 1000 x 335 kJ in 24 hours
1000x335
= 232.6 kJ/min
24x60
In actual practice, one tonne of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 210 kJ/min or 3.5 kW
(i.e. 3.5 kJ/s).

2.3 Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator

The coefficient of performance (briefly written as C.O.P.) is the ratio of heat extracted in the
refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant. It is also known as theoretical coefficient of
performance. Mathematically,
Q
Theoretical C.O.P. = —
Vv
where Q = Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator (or the amount
of refrigeration produced, or the capacity of a refrigerator),
and
W = Amount of work done.
a
Notes: 1. For per unit mass, C.O.P. = •
w
2. The coefficient of performance is the reciprocal of the efficiency (i.e. 1/T|) of a heat engine. It is
thus obvious, that the value of C.O.P is always greater than unity.
3. The ratio of the actual C.O.P to the theoretical C.O.P. is known as relative coefficient of
f>i'rj»nnnnce. Mathematically,
Actual C.O.P.
Relative C.O.P. =
Theoretical C.O.P.
Example 2.1. Find the C.O.P. of a refrigeration system if the work input is 80 kJ/kg and
refrigeration effect produced is 160 kJ/kg of refrigerant flowing.
Solution. Given : w = 80 kJ/kg ; q = 160 kJ/kg
We know that C.O.P. of a refrigeration system
q_q _ 160
= 2 Ans.
w 8(1
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 40 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

2.4 Difference Between a Heat Engine, Refrigerator and

Heat Pump
In a heat engine, as shown in Fig. 2.1 (a), the heat supplied to the engine is converted into
useful work. If Q2 is the heat supplied to the engine and Q{ is the heat rejected from the engine,
then the net work done by the engine is given by
WE = Q2 - Q,
Hot body Hot body T, Hot body
(High temp.)

Refrigerator
Heat
engine Heat pump (
f O,

Cold body T, Cold body Cold body

(Low temp.)
Tt<Tt
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 2.1. Difference between a heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump.
The performance of a heat engine is expressed by its efficiency. We know that the efficiency
or coefficient of performance of an engine,

f|E or (C.O.P.)E =
Work done G 2 -G,
Heat supplied G2
A refrigerator as shown in Fig. 2.1 (b), is a reversed heat engine which either cool or
maintain the temperature of a body (7,) lower than the atmospheric temperature (7"a). This is done
by extracting the heat ((?,) from a cold body and delivering it to a hot body (Q2). In doing so, work
WR is required to be done on the system. According to First Law of Thermodynamics,
WR = G 2 - G ,
The performance of a refrigerator is expressed by the ratio of amount of heat taken from the
cold body (Q,) to the amount of work required to be done on the system (WR). This ratio is called
coefficient of performance. Mathematically, coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,

G,
(C.O.P.)R = %- =
G 2 -G,
Any refrigerating system is a heat pump as shown in Fig. 2.1 (c), which extracts heat ((2,)
from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. Thus there is no difference between the cycle of
operations of a heat pump and a refrigerator. The main difference between the two is in their
operating temperatures. A refrigerator works between the cold body temperature (7",) and the
atmospheric temperature (Ta) whereas the heat pump operates between the hot body temperature
(T2) and the atmospheric temperature (Ta). A refrigerator used for cooling in summer can be used
as a heat pump for heating in winter.
In the similar way, as discussed for refrigerator, we have
WP = G2 - G,

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 41

The performance of a heat pump is expressed by the ratio of the amount of heat delivered
to the hot body (Q2) to the amount of work required to be done on the system (Wp). This ratio is
called coefficient of performance or energy performance ratio (E.P.R.) of a heat pump.
Mathematically, coefficient of performance or energy performance ratio of a heat pump,

22
(C.O.P.VOTE.P.R. = & = ^_

•aV 1 •<«"**'
From above we see that the C.O.P. may be less than one or greater than one depending on
the type of refrigeration system used. But the C.O.P. of a heat pump is always greater than one.

2.5 Open Air Refrigeration Cycle

In an open air refrigeration cycle, the air is directly led to the space to be cooled (i.e. a
refrigerator), allowed to circulate through the cooler and then returned to the compressor to start
another cycle. Since the air is supplied to the refrigerator at atmospheric pressure, therefore,
volume of air handled by the compressor and expander is large. Thus the size of compressor and
expander should be large. Another disadvantage of the open cycle system is that the moisture is
regularly carried away by the air circulated through the cooled space. This leads to the formation
of frost at the end of expansion process and clog the line. Thus in an open cycle system, a drier
should be used.

2.6 Closed or Dense Air Refrigeration Cycle

In a closed or dense air refrigeration cycle, the air is passed through the pipes and
component parts of the system at all times. The air, in this system, is used for absorbing heat from
the other fluid (say brine) and this cooled brine is circulated into the space to be cooled. The air
in the closed system does not come in contact directly with the space to be cooled.
The closed air refrigeration cycle has the following thermodynamic advantages :
1. Since it can work at a suction pressure higher than that of atmospheric pressure,
therefore the volume of air handled by the compressor and expander are smaller as
compared to an open air refrigeration cycle system.
2. The operating pressure ratio can be reduced, which results in higher coefficient of
performance.

2.7 Air Refrigerator Working on Reversed Carnot Cycle

In refrigerating systems, the Carnot cycle considered is the reversed Carnot cycle. We know
that a heat engine working on Carnot cycle has the highest possible efficiency. Similarly, a
refrigerating system working on the reversed Carnot cycle, will have the maximum possible
coefficient of performance. We also know that it is not possible to make an engine working on the
Carnot cycle. Similarly, it is also not possible to make a refrigerating machine working on the
reversed Carnot cycle. However, it is used as the ultimate standard of comparison.
A reversed Carnot cycle, using air as working medium (or refrigerant) is shown on p-v and
T-s diagrams in Fig. 2.2(a) and (b) respectively. At point I, let p,, v,, 7", be the pressure.volume
and temperature of air respectively.

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 42 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Isen. exp.
1
» 2

pt 4
4

p,
3' 2'
v, v, «4 = «3 S, = %
• Volume

(a)/>-v diagram. (/>) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.2. Reversed Carnot cycle.

The four processes of the cycle are as follows :
1. hentropic compression process. The air is compressed isentropically as shown by the
curve 1-2 on p-v and 7"-s diagrams. During this process, the pressure of air increases from p{ to p2,
specific volume decreases from v, to v2 and temperature increases from 7", to T2. We know that
during isentropic compression, no heat is absorbed or rejected by the air.
2. Isothermal compression process. The air is now compressed isothermally (i.e. at
constant temperature, 7"2 = 7"3 ) as shown by the curve 2-3 on p-v and T-s diagrams. During this
process, the pressure of air increases from p2 to p} and specific volume decreases from v2 to v3. We
know that the heat rejected by the air during isothermal compression per kg of air,
gR = q2 3 = Area 2-3-3'-2'
= r 3 (S 2 -S 3 )=7;(S 2 -5 3 )
3. Isentropic expansion process. The air is now expanded isentropically as shown by the
curve 3-4 on p-v and T-s diagrams. The pressure of air decreases from p3 to p4, specific volume
increases from v, to v4 and the temperature decreases from T3 to T,. We know that during isentropic
expansion, no heat is absorbed or rejected by the air.
4. Isothermal expansion process. The air is now expanded isothermally (i.e. at constant
temperature, T4 = 7",) as shown by the curve 4-1 on p-v and T-s diagrams. The pressure of air
decreases from />4 to p,, and specific volume increases from v4 to v,. We know that the heat
absorbed by the air (or heat extracted from the cold body) during isothermal expansion per kg of
air.
air,
<7A = <74_, = Area 4-l-2'-3'
= r, (st - s4) = T4 (s2 - Sj) = r, (s2 - s})
We know that work done during the cycle per kg of air
H'R = *Heat rejected-Heat absorbed = <7 R -g A = 9 2 3 - < 7 4 ,
= T2 (s2 - s}) - T, (s, - s3) = (7, - 7\)(j2 - S3)
.: Coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system working on reversed Carnot cycle,

Heat absorbed qA <?4 -1

(C.O.P.)
(C.O.P.)R0 = ———
Work done <?R-< <?2-3

In a refrigerating machine, heat rejected is more than heat absorbed.

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 43

Ti(*2-%) ?!
<rj-7j)(5 2 -s 3 > TJ-TJ
Though the reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient between the fixed temperature limits,
yet no refrigerator has been made using this cycle. This is due to the reason that the isentropic
processes of the cycle require high speed while the isothermal processes require an extremely low
speed. This variation in speed of air is not practicable.
Note : We have already discussed that C.O.P. of a heat pump,

(C.O.P.)P = (C.O.P. ) l t + l=^r + l = ^r

and C.O.P. or efficiency of a heat engine,

E
^W R = (r i -r 1 Xf 2 -^) = r 2 - r l _ i
<? R ~ T2(s2-s3) T2 -(c.o.p.)P
2.8 Temperature Limitations for Reversed Carnot Cycle
We have seen in the previous article that the C.O.P. of the refrigeration system working on
reversed Camot cycle is given by

(C.O.P.)B =

where r, = Lower temperature, and

72 = Higher temperature.
The C.O.P. of the reversed Carnot cycle may be improved by
1. decreasing the higher temperature (i.e. temperature of hot body, T2)t or
2. increasing the lower temperature (i.e. temperature of cold body, 7",).
This applies to all refrigerating machines, both theoretical and practical. It may be noted that
temperatures 71, and 7", cannot be varied at will, due to
certain functional limitations. It should be kepi in mind
that the higher temperature (T2) is the temperature of
cooling water or air available for rejection of heat and the
lower temperature (7",) is the temperature to be
maintained in the refrigerator. The heat transfer will take
place in the right direction only when the higher
temperature is more than the temperature of cooling water
or air to which heat is to be rejected, while the lower
temperature must be less than the temperature of
substance to be cooled.
Thus, if the temperature of cooling water or air (i.e.
T2) available for heat rejection is low, the C.O.P. of the
Carnot refrigerator will be high. Since T2 in winter is less
than T-, in summer, therefore, C.O.P. in winter will be
higher than C.O.P. in summer. In other words, the Carnot
refrigerators work more efficiently in winter than in
summer. Similarly, if the lower temperature fixed by the
refrigeration application is high, the C.O.P. of the Carnot
refrigerator will be high. Thus a Carnot refrigerator used
Domestic Air Conditioner.

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 44 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
for making ice at 0°C {273 K) will have less C.O.P. than a Camot refrigerator used for air-conditioned
plant in summer at 20°C when the atmospheric temperature is 40°C. In other words, we can say that
the Carnot C.O.P. of a domestic refrigerator is less than the Carnot C.O.P. of a domestic air-
conditioner.

Example 2.2. A machine working on a Camot cycle operates between 305 K and 260 K.
Determine the C.O.P. when it is operated as: I. a refrigerating machine; 2. a heat pump; and 3,
a heat engine.
Solution. Given ; T2 = 305 K ; 7*, = 260 K
1. C.O.P. of a refrigerating machine
We know that C.O.P. of a refrigerating machine,

T,
7j 260
260
(CaR)
« v^T 3b7^=5'78Ans-
a =

2. C.O.P. of a heat pump

*We know that C.O.P. of a heat pump.

r, 305
(CaF) =
' ^ = 3QT^=6-78An8-

3. C.O.P. of a heal engine

**We know that C.O.P. of a heat engine,
^..X-Si*. . \Jl 14 IllsML TW I l£_- I I J lr ,

^.s^.-gs.™,.
Example 2 J. A Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at 270 K and rejects it at 300 K.
1. Calculate the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle.
2. If the cycle is absorbing 1130 kj/min at 270 K, how many kJ of work is required per
second ?
3. If the Camot heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above
refrigeration cycle, what is the coefficient of performance ?
4. How many U/min will the heat pump deliver at 300 K if it absorbs 1130 kJ/min at 270 K.
Solution. Given : Tt = 270 K ; T2 = 300 K
Coefficient of performance of Carnot refrigeration cycle
We know that coefficient of performance of Carnot refrigeration cycle,

<cap)
« = 7T^ = ^:k=9An8-

We know that C.O.P. of a heat pump, (C.O.P.), = (C.O.P.),, + 1 = 5.78 + 1 = 6.78 Ans.

** We know that C.O.P. of a heat engine, (C.O.P.)E = Qp =— = O.J47 Ans.

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 45

2. Work required per second

Let WR = Work required per second.
Heat absorbed at 270 K (i.e. Tt),
Qi = U30kJ/min= 18.83 kJ/s ...(Given)
Q, 18.83
We know that (C.O.P.)R = • or 9 = ——
W
"R R

WK = 2.1kJ/sAns.
3. Coefficient of performance of Carnot heat pump
We know that coefficient of performance of a Carnot heat pump,
T2 300
(C.O.P.) p = — -^-^KJAns.

4. Heat delivered by heat pump at 300 K

Let Q2 = Heat delivered by heat pump at 300 K.
Heat absorbed at 270 K (i.e. Tt),
Q} = L130kJ/min ...(Given)
We know that

< c * w '-a*a - '°=a^

IOC : - 11 300 = Q2 or Q,= 1256 kJ/min Ans.
Example 2.4. A cold storage is to be maintained at -5°C while the surroundings are at
35°C. The heat leakage from the surroundings into the cold storage is estimated to be 29 kW. The
actual C.O.P. of the refrigeration plant is one-third of an ideal plant working between the same
temperatures. Find the power required to drive the plant.
Solution. Giver. : Tt = -5°C = -3 + 273 = 268 K;
Surroundina
T2 = 35°C = 35 + 273 = 308 K ; Q, = 29 kW ; r z -308K

(C.O.P.)a,,uo, = - (C.O.P.)idfal , Q

The refrigerating plant operating between the temperatures 7, wa __*/R) Refrigerating

and 7"2 is shown in Fig, 2.3. plant
Let WR = Work or power required to drive the plant. , , Q,
We know that the coefficient of performance of an ideal
refrigeration plant, Cold storage
r. = 268 K
T; 268
;CO F)
- «- =1^T\ = 308-268 =
«g. 2.3
.-. Actual coefficient of performance,

(C-O.P.)^ = ^(C.O.P.)ldM/ = I x 6.7 = 2.233

We also know that (C.O.P.)aclaal = £-

W

w
'-K^:-^'a^m^
K

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 46 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Example 2.5. Two refrigerators A and B operate in series. The refrigerator A absorbs
energy at the rate of IkJ/sfrom a body at temperature 300 K and rejects energy as heat to a body
at temperature T. The refrigerator B absorbs the same quantity of energy which is rejected by the
refrigerator A from the body at temperature T, and rejects energy as heat to a body at temperature
1000 K. If both the refrigerators have the same C.O.P., calculate:
/. The temperature T of the body;
2. The C.O.R of the refrigerators; and
3. The rate at which energy is rejected as heat to the body at 1000 K.
Solution. Given : Qt = 1 kJ/s; 7, = 300 K ; T2 = T; T3 = 1000 K
The arrangement of the refrigerators A and B is shown in Fig. 2.4.
1. Temperature T of the body 1000 K

We know that C.O.P. for refrigerator A,

lQ 4 -<VtV B

^•k-^VrSo ™« &-"•
and C.O.P. for refrigerator fl, T ^* °*
T2 T
(C.O.P.)B = —— = : .„(/,•)
m=o,+ IVA
Since C.O.P. of both the refrigerators is same, therefore equating A\^ w
equations (i) and (»"),
300 T P
r-300~iooo-r [SOOK
2
or 300 x 1000 - 300 T = T - 300 T FJg_24

r = V300x 1000 = 547.7 K Ans.

2. C.O.P. of the refrigerators
Since C.O.P. of both the refrigerators is same, therefore substituting the value of T in
equation (i) or equation (»'),
•»oo
(C.O.P.)A=(CO.P.)B =^-^ = 1.21 Ans.

3. Kate at which energy is rejected as heat to the body at 1000 K

We know that work done by refrigerator A,

WA = ^ = — = 0.826 kJ/s
(C.O.P.)A 1.21
and heat rejected by refrigerator A,
G2 = e, + WA = 1 + 0.826 = 1.826 kJ/s
Now workdone by refrigerator B,
Q\ 1,826
WB =—=* = = 1.51kJ/s (--o-O)
(C.O.P.)B 1.21 ivft-CW
.-. Heat rejected to the body at 1000 K,
Q4 = Q3 + WB= 1.826 + 1.51 = 3.336 kJ/s Ans.
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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 47

Example 2.6. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Camot cycle. The higher
temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 35°C and the lower temperature is - 15"C. The
capacity is to be 12 tonnes. Determine : 1. C.O.P. ; 2. Heat rejected from the system per hour ;
and 3. Power required.
Solution. Given : T2 = 35°C = 35 + 273 = 308 K ; 7, = -15°C = - 15 + 273 = 258 K ;
fi, = 12 TR = 12 x 210 = 2520 kJ/min
The refrigerating system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is shown in Fig. 2.5.

Tt Higher temperature

"W* IT, ,
w-%/R) Refrigerating system 8.

H r, 4 _^_ Ji
,, o,

7 ^ I Lower temperature Entropy +•

(a) (b)

Fig. 2.5

1. C.O.P.
We know that
T 258
(C.O.P.)» =—— = - - = 5.16 Ans.
T2-Ti 308-258

2. Heat rejected from the system per hour

Let WK = Work or power required to drive the system.

L
We know that (C.O.P.)R = —
W
R

0\ 2520
WR= = - - = 488.37 kJ/min
(C.O.P.)R 5.16
and heat rejected from the system,
Q2 = Qt + WK = 2520 + 488.37 = 3008.37 kJ/min
= 3008.37 x 60 = 180 502.2 kJ / h Ans.
3. Power required
We know that work or power required,
488 T7
WR = 488.37 kJ/min = =8.14 kJ/sor kW Ans.
ot/

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 48 A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Example 2.7. 7.5 kW per tonne of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature of
- 40°C in the refrigerator. If the refrigeration cycle works on Carnal cycle, determine the following:
L C.O.P. of the cycle; 2. Temperature of the sink; 3. Heat rejected to the sink per tonne of
refrigeration ; and 4. Heat supplied and E.P.R., if the cycle is used as a heat pump.
Solution. Given : WR = 1.5 kW ; Q, = 1 TR ; T, = - 40°C = - 40 + 273 = 233 K
1. C.O.P. of the cycle
The refrigeration cycle working on Carnot cycle is shown in Fig 2.6.
Since 1.5 kW per tonne of refrigeration is required to maintain the temperature in the
refrigerator, therefore amount of work required to be done,
WR = 1.5 kW = 1.5 kJ/s = 1.5 x 60 = 90 kJ/min
and heat extracted from the cold body,
Ql = 1 TR = 210kJ/min
Q\ 210
We know that (C.O.P.)R = — = — — = 2.33 Ans.
"R

7i Sink 4

' Q2=Q, + WR *Tt • -3i- —•— -|2

Refrigerator (R\*— WH
£ T, • -4L —— 1
O,

r 1 Cold Entropy *•
M | body

(«) (b)
Fig. 2.6
2. Temperature of the sink
Let T2 = Temperature of the sink.

We know that (C.O.P.)R = ^— or 2.33 = -

/2 ~~ /| '2 ~~ ^3$

7-, = ]*L + 233 = 333 K = 333 - 273 = 60°C Ans.

2.33
3. Heat rejected to the sink per tonne of refrigeration
We know that heat rejected to the sink,
C?2 = QI + WR =21° + 90 = 300 U/min Ans.
4. Heat supplied and E.P.R., if the cycle is used as a heat pump
We know that heat supplied when the cycle is used as a heat pump is
C?2 = 300kJ/min Ans.
and E.P.R. = (CO.P.)R + 1 = 2.33 + 1 = 3.33 Ans.

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 49
Example 2.8. The capacity of a refrigerator is 200 TR when working between - 6°C and
25°C. Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 25°C. Also find the power
required to drive the unit. Assume that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and latent heat
of ice is 335 kJ/kg.
Solution. Given : Q = 200 TR ; 7", = - 6°C = - 6 + 273 = 267 K ; F2 = 25°C = 25 + 273
= 298 K ; /„ = 25°C ; A/g(ice) = 335 kJ/kg
Mass of ice produced per day
We know that heat extraction capacity of the refrigerator
= 200 x 210 = 42 000 kJ/min . . . ( • / 1TR = 210 kJ/min)
and heat removed from 1 kg of water at 25°C to form ice at 0°C
= Mass x Sp. heat x Rise in temperature + hf<ia)
= 1 x 4.187(25 - 0) + 335 = 439.7 kJ / kg
.'. Mass of ice produced per min
42000
= T^J =95.52 k g / m m

and mass of ice produced per day = 95.52 x 60 x 24 = 137 550 kg = 137.55 tonnes Ans.
Power required to drive the unit
We know that C.O.P. of the reversed Carnot cycle
7j 267
=
r2-7j 298 - 267 = 8'6

Heat extraction capacity

Also C.O.P. = -
Work done per min
42000
« Q f\
Work done per min
or Work done per min = 42 000 / 8.6 = 4884 kJ/min
.'. Power required to drive the unit
= 4884 / 60 = 81.4 kW Ans.
Example 2.9. Five hundred kgs of fruits are supplied to a cold storage at 20°C. The cold
storage is maintained at -5°C and the fruits get cooled to the storage temperature in 10 hours.
The latent heat of freezing is 105 kJ/kg and specific heat of fruit is 1.256 kJ/kg K. Find the
refrigeration capacity of the plant.
Solution. Given : m = 500 kg ; T2 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K; 7, = -5°C = -5 + 273
= 268 K ; hfg = 105 kJ/kg ; C F = 1.256 kJ/kg K
We know that heat removed from the fruits in 10 hours,
Q, = m c f ( T , - 7*,)
= 500 x 1.256 (293 - 268) = 15 700 kJ
and total latent heat of freezing,
Q2 = m x hfg = 500 x 105 = 52 500 kJ
.•. Total heat removed in 10 hours,
Q = 2, + G2 = 15 700 + 52 500 = 68 200 kJ

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 50 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

and total heat removed in one minute

= 68 200/10 x 60 = L 13.7 kJ/min
.'. Refrigeration capacity of the plant
= 113.7/210 = 0.541 TRAns. ...(-.- 1TR = 210 kJ/min)
Example 2.10. A cold storage plant is required to store 20 tonnes offish. The fish is
supplied at a temperature of 30"C. The specific heat offish above freezing point is 2.93 kJ/kg K.
The specific heat offish below freezing point is 1.26 kJ/kg K. The fish is stored in cold storage
which is maintained at - 8°C. The freezing point offish is - 4°C. The latent heat offish is
235 kJ/kg. If the plant requires 75 kW to drive it, find :
1. The capacity of the plant, and 2. Time taken to achieve cooling.
Assume actual C.O.P. of the plant as 0.3 of the Corner C.O.P.
Solution. Given : m = 201 = 20 000 kg; T2 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303 K ; CAF = 2.93 kJ/kg K ;
B F = 1.26
CBF 1.26kJ/kgK
kJ/ ; 7\ = - 8°C = - 8 + 273 = 265 K. ; 7j = - 4°C = - 4 + 273 = 269 K;
VRlh,. = 235kJ
235 kJ/kg; P = 75 kW = 75 kJ/s
1. Capacity
Capacity of
of the plant
We know that Camot C.O.P.
7, 265
=
T2 - T; 303 - 265 = 6'97

.-. Actual C.O.P. = 0.3 x 6.97 = 2.091

and heat removed by the plant = Actual C.O.P. x Work required
= 2.091 x 75 = 156.8 kJ/s
= 156.8 x 60 kJ/min = 9408 kJ/min
Capacity of the plant
= 9408 / 210 = 44.8 TR Ans. ... (v 1TR = 210kJ/min)
2. Time taken to achieve cooling
We know that heat removed from the fish above freezing point,
6, = « x c A F ( r ; - r , )
= 20 000 x 2.93 (303 - 269) = 1.992 x 106 kJ
Similarly, heat removed from the fish below freezing point,
Qi = m x CW(TI-T\)
= 20 000 x 1.26 (269 - 265) = 0.101 x 106kJ
and total latent heat of fish,
Q3 = m x /iA(Rsli) = 20 000 x 235 = 4.7 x 106 kJ
/. Total heat removed by the plant
= Qi + Q, + Qy
= 1.992 x 106 + 0.101 x 106 -i- 4,7 x 106 = 6.793 x 106 kJ
and time taken to achieve cooling
Total heat removed by the plant
Heat removed by the plant per min
6.793 xlO 6
= 722 min = 12.03 h Ans.
9408

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 51

2.9 Air Refrigerator Working on a Bell-Coleman Cycle (or

Reversed Brayton or Joule Cycle)
A Bell-Coleman air refrigeration machine was developed by Bell-Coleman and Light Foot
by reversing the Joule's air cycle. It was one of the earliest types of refrigerators used in ships
carrying frozen meat. Fig. 2.7 shows a schematic diagram of such a machine which consists of a
compressor, a cooler, an expander and a refrigerator.
2 I

Cooling Cooling
water out water out

Cooling Cooling
water In water in

Expander Expander

Fig. 2.7. Open cycle air Bell-Coleman Fig. 2.8. Closed cycle or dense air Bell-Coleman
Refrigerator. Refrigerator.
The Bell-Coleman cycle (also known as reversed Brayton or Joule cycle) is a modification
of reversed Camot cycle. The cycle is shown on p-v and T-s diagrams in Fig. 2.9 (a) and (b). At
point I, let />,, v, and 7", be the pressure, volume and temperature of air respectively. The four
processes of the cycle are as follows:
I. hentropic compression process. The cold air from the refrigerator is drawn into the
compressor cylinder where it is compressed isentropically in the compressor as shown by the curve
1-2 on p-v and T-s diagrams. During the compression stroke, both the pressure and temperature
increases and the specific volume of air at delivery from compressor reduces from v, to v>2. We know
that during isentropic compression process, no heat is absorbed or rejected by the air.

Entropy
Volume
(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.9. Bell-Coleman cycle.

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 52 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2. Constant pressure cooling process. The warm air from the compressor is now passed
into the cooler where it is cooled at constant pressure p3 (equal to p2), reducing the temperature
from T2 to 7", (the temperature of cooling water) as shown by the curve 2-3 on p-v and 7"-$
diagrams. The specific volume also reduces from v2 to vv We know that heat rejected by the air
during constant pressure per kg of air,
^ = 22-3 = cp(T2-Tj
3. Isentrapic expansion process. The air from the cooler is now drawn into the expander
cylinder where it is expanded isentropically from pressure p} to the refrigerator pressure p4 which
is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The temperature of air during expansion falls from 7"3 to 7"4
(i.e. the temperature much below the temperature of cooling water, 73). The expansion process is
shown by the curve 3-4 on the p-v and T-s diagrams. The specific volume of air at entry to the
refrigerator increases from v, to v4. We know that during isentropic expansion of air, no heat is
absorbed or rejected by the air.
4. Constant pressure expansion process. The cold air from the expander is now passed to
the refrigerator where it is expanded at constant pressure p4 (equal to /),). The temperature of air
increases from T4 to T}. This process is shown by the curve 4-1 on the p-v and T-s diagrams. Due
•to heat from the refrigerator, the specific volume of the air changes from v4 to v,. We know that
the heat absorbed by the air (or heat extracted from the refrigerator or the refrigerating effect
produced) during constant pressure expansion per kg of air is
<7A = ^=cp(T,-T,)
We know that work done during the cycle per kg of air
= Heat rejected - Heat absorbed = qR - <?A
= " p ^(Tt-Tj-c^-TJ
V-2 '3' w p v *
.-. Coefficient of performance,
c
Heat absorbed _ </</ A\ cpCTj
p (7j ~T
-7*44))
Work done <?R - qA cp (7"2 - T 3 ) - c p (7", - 7"4)

(7j-7- 4 )
(T,-T3)-(T,-T4)

=
*(H ...eo
<i.-MH
HSr'J-HiH
We know that for isentropic compression process 1-2,
¥
f\ - H
TL
T
\P\)
(piV^

Similarly, for isentropic expansion process 3-4,

£ - (^f
7
4 \.PJ
Since, p2 = PJ and p, = p4, therefore from equations (11) and (Hi),
%
- =
ZL r
2 =
or -
IL ...(/v)
T4 r<

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 53
Now substituting these values in equation (i), we get
TA 1
C.O.P. = —i- = j-
h~'A -1--1
1 7*4
t 1
= " f-| = Y-I ~ = f_- ! • • • (v)

(PLY _, f f t ] ' ., (',)' -I

(p*J \PI)
where r = Compression or Expansion ratio = Pi - p$
Pi Pi,
Sometimes, the compression and expansion processes take place according to the law
pv" — Constant. In such a case, the C.O.P. is obtained from the fundamentals as discussed below :
We know that work done by the compressor during the process 1-2 per kg of air,

wc = —{(Pi V2 ~ Pi "i) = ~((RTi ~ RT^ ••• (v Pv = Kr)

and work done by the expander during the process 3-4 per kg of air,

WE = ^Tyta V3 - P4 v4) = ~^(RT3 ~ RT*)

.•. Net work done during the cycle per kg of air,

w = w c -w E =-^ T x/?[{r 2 -7;)-(r3-r 4 )]

We also know that heat absorbed during constant pressure process 4-1,
= ^(^-7- 4 )

CQp _ Heat absorbed _ ?A c p Oi -T4)

Workdone ~ w ~ _l_x/?[{r2 -7]) -ft -7,)] '

We know that R = cp-cv = cv (y - 1)

Substituting the value of R in equation (w),

C
COP, , ^" n)
-±Txe;(Y-i)[(r1-rI)-(r,-r4)]
Y^I-^) r c^ I
^x
n 1(7
-i)[(7 2 -7- l )-(r 3 -r 4 )]
= r,-r 4 ( .
-^xiI^[(7- 2 -r 3 )-(r,-r 4 )]
Notes : I. In this case, the values of T2 and T4 are to be obtained from the following relations:

n^l n-l
T2 ( OT\ a TT. ( p3} "
f- = I — I and ^ = l - ^ l
'I V Pi ) >4 \ P*)

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 54 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2. For isentropic compression or expansion, n = Y- Therefore, the equation (wi) may be written as

7i-7i
C.O.P. = ... (same as before)
<r 2 -r 3 )-(r,-r 4 )
-V We have already discussed that the main drawback of the open cycle air refrigerator is freezing of
the moisture in the air during expansion stroke which is liable to choke up the valves. Due to this reason, a
closed cycle or dense air Bell-Coleman refrigerator as shown in Fig. 2.8 is preferred. In this case, the cold
air does not come in direct contact of the refrigerator. The cold air is passed through the pipes and it is used
for absorbing heat from the brine and this cooled brine is circulated in the refrigerated space. The term
'dense air system' is derived from the fact thai the suction to the compressor is at higher pressure than the
open cycle system (which is atmospheric).
Example 2.11. In a refrigeration plant working on Bell Coleman cycle, air is compressed
to 5 bar from 1 bar. Its initial temperature is IO°C. After compression, the air is cooled up to 20°C
in a cooler before expanding back to a pressure of 1 bar. Determine the theoretical C.O.P. of the
plant and net refrigerating effect. Take cp = 1.005 U/kg K and cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K.
Solution. Given : p2 = p% = 5 bar ; pl = p4 = 1 bar : T, = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K ; T3 =
20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K ; cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K ; c,= 0.718 U/kg K
The p-v and T-s diagrams for a refrigeration plant working on Bell-Coleman cycle, is shown
in Fig. 2.10 (a) and (b) respectively.
Let T2 and T4 = Temperature of air at the end of compression and expansion respectively.

1
1'---[—i t* -.-^j.
« \ I 293 ---r—
\ \ I 283 •- ---^ 1
H r
| 1 -\4 , \i '--r
Volume »• Entropy »•
(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.
Fig. 2.10
We know that isentropic index for compression and expansion process,
Y = C p / c v = 1.005/0.718= 1.4
For isentropic compression process I -2,

Zl^F^-f^Sf286 =1.584
TI ( P I ) U)
and for isentropic expansion process 3-4

Zi=f£i^=r^=(5)0,86=1584
?; (P4j V!)
T4 = 7"3/1.584 = 293/1.584 = 185 K

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 55

Theoretical C.O.P. of the plant

We know that "theoretical C.O.P. of the plant,
T4 185
=1.713 Ans.
293-185
Net refrigerating effect
We know that net refrigerating effect (i.e. heat absorbed during constant pressure
process 4-1)
= cf (71, -T4) = 1.005 (283 -185) = 98.5 kJ/kg Ans.
Example 2.12. A refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman cycle operates between pressure
limits of 1.05 bar and 8.5 bar. Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 10°C, compressed and then
it is cooled to 30°C before entering the expansion cylinder. The expansion and compression
follows the law pv13 = constant. Determine the theoretical C.O.P. of the system,
Solution.Given :pl=pt=l.05 bar ; p 2 = p3 = 8.5 bar ; T{ = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K ;
r3 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303 K ; n = 1.3
The p-v and T-s diagrams for a refrigerator working on the
Bell-Coleman cycle is shown in Fig. 2.11 (a) and (b) respectively.
Let T2 and T4 = Temperature of air at the end of
compression and expansion
respectively.
Since the compression and expansion follows the law
l3
pv
/ » ' = C, therefore
— ^*t u»w*w»v«v

. 1^1 1.3-^

fntf -(isf •*"""•'«

U

r2 = 7, x 1.62 = 283 x 1.62 = 458.5 K

"-' i.J-i
ZL (Pi\ • ( 8.5^1 1.3
Similarly ^ = ^J - [—J =1.62

74 = T3/1.62 = 303/1.62 = 187 K

Closed cycle refrigerator.

I
8.5

1.05

— Votums Entropy

(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.11
The theoretical C.O.P. of the plant may also be obtained as follows:
We know that compression or expansion ratio,
Mfc
*•*•**!•' - ^3ffTnfcrL'B -
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 56 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

We know that theoretical coefficient of performance,

COP = Ii^J±
^xitfifo-fl-fo-ii)]

(283 187)
- |3 "4 n " ..-C-NT-M)
x 458 5 303) (283 187)
FTT 14 ^ ' ~ " " J
96
= =
1.24x59.5
Example 2.13. The atmospheric air at pressure 1 bar and temperature -J°C is drawn in the
cylinder of the compressor of a Bell-Coleman refrigerating machine. It is compressed
isentropically to a pressure of 5 bar. In the cooler, the compressed air is cooled to 15°C, pressure
remaining the same. It is then expanded to a pressure of 1 bar in an expansion cylinder, from
where it is passed to the cold chamber. Find: 1. the work done per kg of air, and 2. C.O.P. of the
plant.
For air assume law for expansion, pv1-* = constant; law for compression, pv1-4 » constant
and specific heat of air at constant pressure = 1 kJ/kg K.
Solution. Given : p, = p4 = 1 bar ; 7", = - 5°C = - 5 + 273 = 268 K ; p2 = p3 = 5 bar ;
73 = 15°C = 15 + 273 = 288 K ; n = 1.2 ; y = 1.4 ; cp = 1 kJ/kg K
The p-v and T-s diagrams for a refrigerating machine working on Bell-Coleman cycle is
shown in Fig. 2.12 (a) and (b) respectively.
1. Work done per kg of air
Let T2 and T4 = Temperatures at the end of compression and expansion
respectively.
The compression process 1-2 is isentropic and follows the law pv 1 4 = constant.

u
r . (PL]
£- y
-(!} - ^0.286 _ , <85
- UJ W
or T2 = Tt x 1.585 = 268 x 1.585 = 424.8 K

45 3,—«—,2 T2 -*2
/2=C
>" i ^
r\ v\ 1
§288 — :-- ^^
\ vpv'^C 9-268'-- r> 1

1
\4 * V
s
^Ai
| ^"^/
T ----- 4

Volume > Entropy >

(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.12

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 57

Bell-Coleman Refrigeration Machine

The expansion process 3-4 follows the lawpv 1 2 = constant.

or Tt = 7- 3 /1.31=288/1.31 = 2 2 0 K
We know that workdone by the compressor during the isentropic process 1-2 per kg of air,

w
c= wi-2 = ~i*R(T2~Tl)
= -^-x 0.287(424.8-268) = 159kJ/kg
1.4-1
... (Taking K for air = 0.287 kJ/kg K)
and workdone by the expander during the process 3-4 per kg of air,

X xfl )
^ - ^ « - 7TT
*-»M- ^TT * ^-^
1
= J^-xC -x0.287(288-220) = 118.3 kJ/kg
1.2-1
1.2-1
ne per kg of air,
.•. Net work done air.
w = wc - WE = 159 - 118.3 = 40.7 kJ/kg Ans.
2. C.O.P. of the plant
We know that heat absorbed during constant pressure process 4-1 per kg of air,
C T
<^^ = P ( i ~ TJ = H268 - 220) = 48 kJ/kg
Heat absorbed q.
C.O.P. of the plant = - - = 2i = —— = i . j g Ans.
Work done w 40.7

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 58 A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Example 2.14. A refrigerating machine of 6 tonnes capacity working on Bell-Coleman
cycle has an upper limit of pressure of 5.2 bar. The pressure and temperature at the start of
compression are 1 bar and 16°C respectively. The compressed air is cooled at constant pressure
to a temperature of 41°C, enters the expansion cylinder. Assuming both expansion and
compression processes to be isentropic with y = 1.4, Calculate :
1. Coefficient of performance;
2. Quantity of air in circulation per minute;
3. Piston displacement of compressor and expander;
4. Bore of compressor and expansion cylinders. The unit runs at 240 r.p.m. and is double
acting. Stroke length is 200mm ; and
5. Power required to drive the unit.
For air, take y = 1.4, and cp = 1.003 kJ/kg K.
Solution. Given : Q = 6 TR = 6 x 210 = 1260 U/min ; p2 = />, = 5.2 bar ; p, = p4 = 1 bar
= 1 x 10* N/m2 ; 7", = 16°C = 16 + 273 = 289 K ; T, = 41°C = 41 +273 = 314 K ; y = 1.4
The Bell-Coleman cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams is shown in Fig. 2.13 (a) and (b)
respectively.

5.2
£
e
314

'289

Volume +• Entropy

(a) p-v diagram. (h) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.13
1. Coefficient of performance
Let T2 and T4 = Temperature at the end of compression and expansion respectively.
The compression and expansion are isentropic (i.e. pv'< = C) and y for air = 1.4.

We know that M^f =f~l " »<«>"" =1.6

TI (pj ( \ )
T2 = T{ x 1.6 = 289 x 1.6 = 462.4 K

Hrf-(")"-<">--"
T4 = T}/ 1.6 = 314/1.6= 196.25 K
We know that coefficient of performance,
/• 196.25
L.U.r. = = = 1.0/4 \ns
r,-T 4 314-196.25
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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 59
2. Quantity of air in circulation per.minute
Let ma = Mass of air in circulation in kg per minute.
We know that heat extracted from the refrigerating machine (or refrigerating effect
produced) per kg of air
= cp (7\ - T4) = 1.003 (289 - 196.25) = 93 kJ/kg
and refrigerating capacity of the machine
= 6TR =6x210=1260kJ/min
.-. Mass of air in circulation,
ma = 1260 / 93 = 13.548 kg/min Ans.
3. Piston displacement of compressor and expander
Let v, and v4 = Piston displacement per minute of compressor and
expander respectively.
We know that characteristic gas constant.

*/?a = Cp [—} = l-OOaf ^—-] = 0.287 kJ/kg K = 287 J/kg K

We also know that p,v, = maRJ{

m RJ 13.548x287x289 3.
v, = 'a ' }' = ;3 = 11.237 nr/nun Ans.
p, IxlO
For constant pressure process 4-1,

^. = ^L
T 4 Tt

T.
v 4 =v,x-^- = 11.237x- - = 7.63 mVmin Ans.
T; 289
4. Bore of compressor and expansion cylinders
Let D and d = Bore of compressor and expansion cylinder in metres,
respectively.
N = Speed of the unit = 240 r.p.m. ...(Given)
L = Length of stroke = 200 mm = 0.2 m ...(Given)
We know that piston displacement of compressor cylinder,

v, = — x D 2 x L x 2 \N •••(:• of double acting)

* We know that cf - cv = Ra
Dividing by cp throughout,
i.i^A U-i]
'" ( <r rj
-fe)
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 60 • A Ttxtbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

1237 = -xD 2 x0.2x2 240 = 75.4 D2

L4
D2= 11.237/75.4 = 0.149 or D = 0.386 m = 386 mm Ans.
Similarly piston displacement of expansion cylinder,

V4 s —X6'X2XZ \N
[4 J

7,63 = |-xrf : x0.2x2~|240 = 75.4d 2

L4 J

d1 = 7.63/75.4 = 0.1012 or d = 0.318 m = 318 mm Ans.

5. Power required to drive the unit
We know that heat absorbed during the constant pressure process 2-3
= macp(7; -T 4 ) = I3.548xl.003 (289-196.25) =1260 kJ/min

Heat absorbed 1260

Workdone per minute = = = 752.7 kJ/min
C.O.P. 1.674
and power required to drive the unit
= 752.7/60 = 12.54 kJ/s or kW Ans.
Note: The power required to drive the unit may also be calculated from the following relation:

Refrigerating capacity or heat absorbed (Q)

We know that C.O.P. =
Workdone

16?4 = _6x210_
Workdone
Workdone = 6 x 210/1.674 = 752.7 kJ/min
and power required = 752.7/60 = 12.54 kJ/s or kW Ans.
Example 2.15. An air refrigerator works between the pressure limits of] bar and 5 bar. The
temperature of the air entering the compressor and expansion cylinder are 10°C and 25°C
respectively. The expansion and compression follow the law pv1'3 = constant. Find the following :
1. The theoretical C.O.P. of the refrigerating cycle ;
2. If the load on the refrigerating machine is 10 TR,find the amount of air circulated per
minute through the system assuming that the actual C.O.P. is 50% of the theoretical
C.O.P.
3. The stroke length and piston diameter of single acting compressor if the compressor runs
at 300 r.p.m. and the volumetric efficiency is 85 %.
TakeL/d = 1.5 ; cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K;cv = 0.71 kJ/kg K.

Solution. Given : pt = pt = I bar ; p2 = p3 = 5 bar ; 7, = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K ;

73 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K ; n = 1.3 ; Q = 10 TR ; Actual C.O.P. = 50% Theoretical C.O.P.;
N = 300 r.p.m. ; T|v, = 85% = 085 ; LI d = 1.5 ; cf = 1.005 kJ/kg K ; cv = 0.71 kJ/kg K

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 61
The p-v and T-s diagrams of the refrigerating cycle are shown in Fig. 2.14 (a) and (b)
respectively.

t,
298
• 283

Volume »• Entropy

(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.14
1. Theoretical C.O.P. of the refrigerating cyclt
Let T2 and 7*4 = Temperature at the end of compression and expansion
respectively.
n-l 1.3-1
5} 1.3
We know that = (5) 023 = 1.45
'! .PIJ u:
x 1.45 = 283 x 1.45 = 410.3 K

Similarly £ . fft-V = f|f^ = (5)0.23 = U5

T4 = T3/ 1.45 = 298 /1.45 = 205.5 K

We know that heat extracted from the refrigerating system per kg of air.
= cp(Tt - r4) = 1.005 (283 - 205.5) = 78
and characteristic gas constant,
R = cp - c,, = 1.005 - 0.71 = 0.295 kJ/kg K
Workdone during compression process 1-2 per kg of air,

wc=w., = — x R (T2 - f,) = -^- x 0.295 (410.3 - 283) kJ/kg

n-l 1.3-1
= 162.7 kJ/kg
and workdone during expansion process 3-4 per kg of air,

w =w x/?(7 3 -r 4 ) = ^-j-x 0.295 (298 -205.5) kJ/kg

* " - ^T
= 118.2kJ/kg
/. Net workdone per kg of air supplied.
w = wc - w£ = w,_ 2 - w^ = 162.7 - 118.2 = 44.5 kJ/kg
We know that theoretical C.O.P. of the refrigerating cycle
Heat extracted _ qA 78 (
Workdone w 44.5
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 62 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2. Amount of air circulated per minute
Let ma = Mass of air circulated per minute.
Since the actual C.O.P. is 50% of the theoretical C.O.P., therefore actual heat extracted or
refrigerating capacity of the system per kg of air
= 78 x 0.5 = 39 kJ/kg
We know that refrigerating capacity of the system
= 10 TR = 10x210 = 2100 kJ/min ...(Given)
.•. Mass of air circulated per minute,
ma = 2100/39 = 53.8 kg/min Ans.
3. Stroke length and piston diameter of the compressor
Let L = Stroke length, and
d = Piston diameter.
Since the mass of air supplied to the compressor at point 1 is ma = 53.8 kg / min, therefore
its volume,
maRT\ 53.8x295x283
v, = = ; = 45 nr/min
p, IxlO 5
... (R is taken in J/kg K and p is in N/m2)
We also know that volume (v.).

45 „ f ^ x d 2 x Z , V X T l v = [74 x d 2 x 1.5 d 1 300x0.85

\4 ) L J
= 300 d3 ... (v Ud=l.5)
d3 = 45/300 = 0.15 or d = 0.53 m = 530 mm Ans.
and L= 1.5 d= 1.5 x 530 = 795 mm Ans.
Example 2.16. A dense closed cycle refrigeration system working between 4 bar and 16 bar
extracts 126 MJ of heat per hour. The air enters the compressor at 5°C and into the expander at
20°C. Assuming the unit runs at 300 r.p.m., find out 1. Power required to run the unit; 2. Bore of
compressor; and 3. Refrigerating capacity in tonnes of ice at 0°Cper day. Take the following:
The compressor and expander are double acting and stroke for compressor and expander
is 300 mm. The mechanical efficiency of compressor is 80%. The mechanical efficiency of
expander is 85%. Assume the compression and expansion are isentropic.
Solution. Given : p, = p4 = 4 bar = 4 x 105 N/m 2 ; p2 = p3 = 16 bar = 16 x 105 N/m2;
Q = 126 MJ/h = 2100 kJ/min ; 7, = 5°C = 5 + 273 = 278 K ; T3 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K ;
N = 300 r.p.m ; L = 300 mm = 0.3 m; t|c = 80% = 0.8 ; r|E = 85% = 0.85
The cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams is shown in Fig. 2.15 (a) and (b) respectively.
I. Power required to run the unit
Let T2 and 7~4 = Temperatures at the end of compression and expansion
respectively.
The compression and expansion are isentropic (i.e. pv1 = O and y for air = 1.4. We know that
I 1.4-1

= 1.486
Pi

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 63
T2 = 7, x 1.486 = 278 x 1.486 = 413 K

1.4- I

Similarly = | - | '•* = (4)0.28« = , 486

4
7, = 73/1.486 = 293 /1.486 = 197 K

16 u
s
5 293
&
I 278

Volume »• Entropy

(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.15
We know that heat extracted from the refrigeration system per kg of air,
<7A - c D (r,-r.)= 1(278-197) = 81
... (Taking cp for air = 1 kJ/kg K)
.'. Mass of air circulated.
Heat extracted /mm 2100
m = -rr —-— = .. = 25.9 kg / min
" Heat extracted/kg 81
We know that workdone during compression process 1-2 per kg of air.

Y-l TIC

•z = 169.5 kJ/kg
l.T Jh V.O

and workdone during expansion process 3-4 per kg of air,

W
E=W^ = -~XR(T3-T4^E

= Y~ x 0.287(293 -197)0.85 = 82 kJ/kg

.-. Net workdone per kg of air supplied in the system,

w = wc - WE = *v,_2 - w^ = 169.5 - 82 = 87.5 Id/kg
and power required to run the system
ma x w 25.9 x 875
= 37.8 kW Ans.
60 60
2. Bore of compressor
Let D = Bore of compressor in metres.

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 64 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Since the mass of air supplied to the compressor at point 1 is ma = 25.9 kg/min, therefore
its volume,
m RT. 2'vQx 2 8 7 x 2 7 8
= 5.17 mVmin
Pi 4xl0 5
... (v R for air = 287 J/kg K)
We also know that volume,

= \-xD2xLx2\N ...(•.• of double acting)

U J

5 . 1 7 = |- 300 = 141.4 D2
D2 = 5.17/141.4 = 0.037 or D = 0.192 m = 192 mm Ans.
3. Refrigerating capacity in tonnes of ice at 0°Cper day
We know that heat extracted or refrigerating capacity of the system per day
= 126 x 24 = 3024 MJ = 3024 x 103 kJ
Since the latent heat of ice is 335 Id/kg, therefore ice formation capacity of the system per day
= 3024 x 10V335 = 9000 kg = 9 tonnes Ans.
Example 2.17. In an open cycle air refrigeration machine, air is drawn from a cold
chamber at-2°C and 1 bar and compressed to U bar. It is then cooled at this pressure, to the
cooler temperature of 20°C and then expanded in expansion cylinder and returned to the cold
room. The compression and expansion are isentropic, and follows the lawpvlA = constant. Sketch
the p-v and T-s diagrams of the cycle and for a refrigeration of 15 tonnes, find : 1. theoretical
C.O.P; 2. rate of circulation of the air in kg/min ; 3, piston displacement per minute in the
compressor and expander; and 4. theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration.
Solution. Given : T, = -2°C = -2 + 273 = 271 K ; pl = p4 = 1 bar = 1 x 10s N/rn2;
P2 = p3 = 11 bar ; 73 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K ; y = 1.4 ; Q = 15 TR

3
I"
293
271

Volume Entropy

(a) p-v diagram. (6) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.16
The p-v and T-s diagrams of die cycle are shown in Fig. 2.16 (a) and (b) respectively.
1. Theoretical C.O.P.
Let T2 and T4 = Temperatures at the end of compression and expansion
respectively.
Y-l 1.4-1

We know that = I '••- I = 1 — 1 " =(11) 0286 =1.985

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 65

T2 = 7, x 1.985 = 271 x 1.985 = 538 K

Y-I u-i
Similarly r = ~V = ("1 " = (H)™« = 1.985
'« (PA) \U
r, = T3/ 1.985 = 293/1.985 = 147.6 K
We also know that theoretical C.O.P.
Tt-T4 271 - 147.6
(T2-Tj)-(Ti-T4) ~ (538 - 293) - (271 - 147.6)
123.4
= L015Ans
- T^ -
2. Rate of circulation of the air in kg/min
Refrigeration capacity = 15 TR ...(Given)
Heat extracted/min = 15 x 210 = 3150 kJ/min ... (v 1 TR = 210kJ/min)
We know that heat extracted from cold chamber per kg of air,
<?A = S (r i ~ r4> = 1(271 - 147 6) = 123 4
' ' Vfc&
... ( v c p f o r a i r = IkJ/kg K)
.'. Rate of circulation of air,
Heat extracted / min 3150
*nn = "77 ~ = ... . = 25.5 kg/min Ans.
Heat extracted / kg 123.4
3.1'istiin displacement per minute in the compressor and expander
Let v, and v4 = Piston displacement per minute in the compressor and
expander respectively.
We know that plvl = maRaTt
maRJLt 25.5x287x271
v. = • =- - = 19.8 m3/min Ans.
Pi IxlO 5
... (Taking Ra = 287 J/kg K)
For constant pressure process 4-1,
V4_ V,_

r4 r,
v4 = v, x-^- = 19.8 x-i^ = 10.8 m3 Ans.
/i 271
4. Theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration
We know that net workdone on the refrigeration machine per minute
= ma (Heat rejected - Heat extracted)
= '" Q c p [(7- 2 -7- 3 )-(7; 1 -r 4 )]
= 25.5 x 1[(538 - 293) - (271 - 147.6)] = 3100 kJ/min
.-, Theoretical power of the refrigerating machine
= 3100/60 = 51.67 kW
and theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration
= 51.67/15 = 3.44 kW/TR Ans.

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 66 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Example 2.18. A dense air machine operates on reversed Brayton cycle and is required for
a capacity of 10 TR. The cooler pressure is 4.2 bar and the refrigerator pressure is 1.4 bar. The
air is cooled in the cooler at a temperature of 50°C and the temperature of air at inlet to
compressor is -20°C. Determine for the ideal cycle : 1. C.O.P.; 2. mass of air circulated per
minute ; 3. theoretical piston displacement of compressor; 4. theoretical piston displacement of
expander; and 5. net power per tonne of refrigeration. Show the cycle on p-v and T-s planes.
Solution. Given : Q = 10 TR; p2 = p3 = 4.2 bar ; p, = p4 = 1.4 bar = 1.4 x 10s N/m 2 ;
7*3 = 50°C = 50 +,273 = 323 K ; r, = -20°C = -20 + 273 = 253 K
The cycle on p-v and T-s planes is shown in Fig. 2.17 (a) and (b) respectively.

l 4 - 2 -f-n 2 } r.-------^

I \ \ t323"f^^^ '
* \ \ I 253-- -^Jl

1.4— -\ . \1 " T.-L—^

Volume +• Entropy *-
(a) p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.
Fig. 2.17

1. Coefficient of performance (C.O.P.)

Let T2 and T4 = Temperatures at the end of compression and expansion
respectively.
Let us assume the compression and expansion to be isentropic and y for air as 1.4. We know that

£ = f^ = r^p=(3)o.2S6=U69
r
> {Pi) U-4J
T2 = Tl x 1.369 = 253 x 1.369 = 346 K

Similarly £ = \S»fr = t^}~ = (3)°™ = 1.369

(4 (P4J (1.4 J

T4 = T3 /1.369 = 323 /1.369 = 236 K

7j - T4 253 - 236
We know that C.O.P. = ——————— = — • —
(72 - r 3 )-(7, -74) (346-323) -(253-236)
17
= — = 2.83 Ans.
o
2. .Mfl.vs of air circulated per minute
Since the capacity of the machine is 10 TR, therefore heat extracted per min
= 10x210 = 2100kJ/min ... (•/ 1 TR = 210 U/min)
We know that heat extracted from the refrigerator per kg of air
= cp(r, - T4) = 1 (253 - 236) = 17 kJ/kg

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 67

.•. Mass of air circulated per minute.

Heal extracted / min 2100
m = • - = - - = 123.5 ke/min Ans.
Heat extracted / kg 17
3. Theoretical pistnn displacement of compressor
Let i', =: Theoretical piston displacement of compressor per min.
m.RJ, 123.5x287x253
We know that v. = -= 64m 1 Ans.
Pi 1.4xl(T
4. Theoretical displacement of expander
Let v4 =: Theoretical displacement of expander per minute.
We know that for constant pressure process 4-1,
^ .11
T< T,
r, x 74 236
lJ
or v4 = y:L = 64X
253= 6 0 m Alls
-

5. A/«r power per tonne of refrigeration

We know that net work done on the refrigerating machine per minute
= niu (Heat rejected - Heat extracted)
= ™acpw2-Tj-(Ti-Tt)\
: 123.5 x 1 [{346 - 323) - (253 - 236)] = 741 kJ/min
/. Net power of the refrigerating machine
= 741/60= 12.35kW
and net power per tonne of refrigeration
= 12.35/10= 1.235 kW/TR Ans.
Example 2.19An air refrigeration used for food storage provides 25 TR. The temperature
of air entering the compressor is 7°C and the temperature at exit of cooler is 27°C. Find :1. C.O.P.
of the cycle; and 2. power per tonne of refrigeration required by the compressor. The quantity of
air circulated in the system is 3000 kg / h. The compression and expansion both follows the law
pv13 = constant and take y = 1.4; and c= 1 kJ/kg Kfor air.
Solution-Given : Q = 25 TR ; 7", = 7°C = 7 + 273 = 280 K ; T} = 27°C = 27 + 273 = 300 K ;
ma = 3000 kg / h = 50 kg / min
The refrigeration cycle on/>-v and T-s diagram is shown in Fig. 2.18 (a) and (ft) respectively.
1. C.O.P. of the cycle
Let T2 and TA = Temperature of air at the end of compression and
expansion respectively.
Since the capacity of the refrigerator is 25 TR, therefore heat extracted from the refrigerator
= 25 x 2 1 0 = 5250kJ/min ... (/)
Also the heat extracted from the refrigerator
= m f l c p ( r l - r 4 ) = 50x 1 (280 - 74)
= 50(280- r 4 )kJ/min ... (ii)

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 68 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
From equations (/) and (;'/),
50(280-7;) = 5250
280-T 4 = 105 or T4 = 280 - 105 = 175 K
n- 1 n-I

We know that PI] " ..(///)

TA ( Pp*J
*j {PI
(Pi)
n-l

and
r, fp,l " ... (/V)
T
\ \P\ )
From equations (Hi) and (iV),
T2 Tj 7j xT, 280x300
^ = ^ or r 2 = - y L = - ^ - = 4 8 0 K

"ft-ft"-*-—1« I r2 2
» .x*^
W'-c | ^x ,
i V \
3
! t _x\ « T~^

\ \ " ^r'-"'
P,=p4 \ », A1 "4
4
Volume »• Entropy >•
(a) p-v diagram. (k) T-s diagram.
Fig. 2.18
We know that C.O.P. of the cycle

= r,-r,
" ^^[to-TJ-fr-Tj]

280-175
= —pr j-j—: = 1.13 AM,
x 480 300 280 175
BTT -Tr[( - )-( - )]
2. Power per tonne of refrigeration
We know that heat absorbed during the constant pressure process 4-1
= m«cP(7"i - 7"4) = 50 x 1 (280 - 175) = 5250 kJ/min
Heat absorbed 5250
Work done/min = • = —— = 4646 kJ/min

and power per tonne of refrigeration

4646
=
^?=3'lkW/TRAnS-

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 69
Example 2.20. A dense air refrigeration system of 10 tonnes capacity works between 4 bar
and 16 bar. The air leaves the cold chamber at 0"C and discharges air at 25°C to the expansion
cylinder after air cooler. The expansion and compression cylinders are double acting. The
mechanical efficiency of compressor and expander are 85% and 80% respectively. The
compressor speed is 250 r.p.m. and has a stroke of 250 mm. Determine:
1. C.O.P. ; 2. Power required; and 3. Bore of compression and expansion cylinders.
Assume isentropic compression and expansion as polytropic with n = 1.25.
Solution. Given : Q = 10TR ; p, =p 4 = 4 bar ; p, =p_, = 16 bar ; T} = 0°C = 273 K ; T,
= 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K ; Timr = 85% = 0.85 ; T\me = 80% = 0.8 ; N = 250 r.p.m.; L = 250 mm
= 0.25m ; « = 1.25
Thep-v and T-s diagrams for the cycle are shown in Fig. 2.19 (a) and (£) respectively.

16 3
pv "C

Volume Entropy

(o)p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.19
Let T2 = Temperature of air at the end of isentropic compression in
the compressor, and
T4 = Temperature of air at the end of polytropic expansion in
the turbine.
We know that for isentropic compression process 1-2,

f- f ^ = a * f ^ = ( 4 ) « - = 1.486
'i =
(PI) U)
... (Taking 7 for air = 1.4)
T2 = T, x 1.486 = 273 x 1.486 = 405.7 K
Similarly, for polytropic expansion process 3-4,

1
£ . f^V = flif'^ = (4)^=1.32
'4 {P*J l4j
r4 = 7, /1.32 = 298 /1.32 = 225.7 K

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 70 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. C.O.P.
We know that workdone by the compressor during the isentropic process 1-2 per kg of air,

"c=^=^x*(r 2 -7i>x-L

_ - -x 0.287(405.7-273) x — = 156.8 U/kg

... (Taking R for air = 0.287 U/kg K)

and workdone by the expander during the process 3-4 per kg of air,

W
E =w^ = •tl —T^^-T^TU
1

= -^-x 0.287(298- 225.7)0.8 = 83 kJ/kg

/. Net workdone per kg of air,

w = WC-WE = w,.2 - w3^ = 156.8 - 83 = 73.8 U/kg
We know that heat absorbed during constant pressure process 4-1 per kg of air (or
refrigerating effect produced per kg of air)
qA = cp (r, - T4) = 1.005 (273 - 225.7) = 47.3 Id/kg
... (Taking cp = 1.005kJ/kgK)
Heat absorbed <?A 47.3
C.O.P. = - - = ^- = -— = 0.641 Ans.
Workdone w 73.8
2. Power required
Let ma = Mass of air circulated in kg per minute.
We know that refrigeration capacity of the system,
Q = 10 TR = 10x210 = 2100 kJ/min
and refrigerating effect per kg of air
= c/i(Tl - T4) = 1.005 (273 -225.7) = 47.3 U/kg
.'. Mass of air circulated,
ms = 2100/47.3 = 44.4 kg/min
and workdone per minute = ma x w = 44.4 x 73.8 = 3277 kJ/min
Power required = 3277/60 = 54.6 kJ/s or kW Ans.
3. Bore of compression and expansion cylinders
Let D and d = Bore of compression and expansion cylinders
respectively, and
v, and v4 = Piston displacement of compressor and expander
respectively.
We know that
Pi v i = ""A7".

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 71

maRJi 44.4x287x273 3.
v, = " " ' =— 3
- = 8.7 nr/min
Pi 4xl0
...(v tfo = 287 J/kg K)
We also know that

v, = - x D 2 x L x 2 \N ...(v of double acting)

87 = [-xD 2 x0.25x2 250 = 98.2 D2

[4 J
D2 = 8.7/98.2 = 0.0886 or D = 0.2976 m = 297.6 mm Ans.
Now for constant pressure process 4-1,

V±=VL
T< 7]

7"4 225.7 . ,
v . v.x— = 8.7x =7.2 m3 /mm
" * 7] 273

We know that v4 = I ^*</ 2 xLx2 U

72 = | -xd 2 x0.25x2 250 = 98.2 d2

L.4 J
2
d = 7.2/98.2 = 0.0733 or d = 0.271 m = 271 mm Ans.
Example 2,21. A dense air refrigeration cycle operates between pressures of 4 bar and
16 bar. The air temperature after heat rejection to surroundings is 37°C and air temperature at
exit of refrigerator is 7°C. The isentropic efficiencies of turbine and compressor are 0.85 and 0.8
respectively. Determine compressor and turbine work per TR ; C.O.P.; and power per TR. Take
"1*1.4andcf = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
Solution. Given : pt = p4 = 4 bar ; p2 = p3 = 16 bar ; 73 = 37°C = 37 + 273 = 310 K ;
r, = 7°C = 7 + 273 = 280 K ; T)T = 0.85 ; T|c = 0.8 ; y = 1.4 ; cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K
The p-v and T-s diagrams for the cycle are shown in Fig. 2.20 (a) and (b) respectively.

l"-pt' t s jk=^r

«• V-, \ |S8.--.^.....-.-ji
'[--V^' q----¥^
- Volume > — Entropy - —>

(a)p-v diagram. (b) T-s diagram.

Fig. 2.20

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 72 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Let T2 - Temperature of air at the end of isentropic compression in
the compressor,
r:> = Actual temperature of air leaving the compressor,
T4 = Temperature of air at the end of isentropic expansion in
the turbine, and
F4/ = Actual temperature of air leaving the turbine.
We know that for isentropic compression process 1-2,

f = f£l)^ = M^ =(4) o- =1 .4 86
(PI) U)
T2 = 7, x 1.486 = 280 x 1.486 = 416 K
Similarly, for isentropic expansion process 3-4,

f = WV = f ^ = (4)- =1-486
'< (P*) U)

T< = 73/1.486 = 310/1.486 = 208.6 K

We know that isentropic efficiency of the compressor,
Isentropic increase in temperature 7^-7]
Actual increase in temperature Tt>-T{
416-280 136
TV - 280 ~ Tj> - 280

TV = ^- + 2 8 0 = 4 5 0 K
and isentropic efficiency of the turbine,
Actual increase in temperature f, - 7/
Isentropic increase in temperature 7"} - T4

310-7> 3io-r 4 *
:
310-208.6 = 101.4
T4' = 310 -0.85 x 101.4 = 223.8 K
We know that heat extracted from the refrigerator or refrigerating effect
= cp(Tt - TV) = 1.005 (280 - 223.8) = 56.48 kJ/kg
and mass of air flowing per TR per minute,

Heat extracted per min 210

ma = — ;— = ., ., = 3.72 kg/min
Heat extracted per kg 56.48
...(v 1 TR = 210 kJ/min)
Compressor work per TR
We know that compressor work,
^c = «.s< r 2'-r,)
= 3.72 x 1.005 (450 - 280) = 635.6 kJ/min Ans.
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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 73
Turbine work per TR
We know that turbine work,
WT = "acp(T3-T4')
= 3.72 x 1.005 (310 - 223.8) = 322.3 kJ/min Ans.
C.O.P.
We know that net workdone per TR,
Wml = WC-WT = 635.6 -322.3 = 313.3 kJ/min

Heat extracted per min 210

CO P =
- Net workdone ~ = 3133 = °'67 AnS>

Power per TR
We know that net workdone per TR,
WM = 313.3kJ/min
Power per TR = 313.3/60 = 5.22 kW Ans.

EXERCISES
^••••^

1. A Camot cycle machine operates between the temperature limits of 47°C and -30°C. Determine the
C.O.P. when it operates as 1. a refrigerating machine ; 2. a heat pump ; and 3. a heat engine,
[Am. 3.16; 4.16; 0.24)
2. A heat pump is used for heating the interior of a house in a cold climate. The ambient temperature is
-5°C and the desired interior temperature is 25°C . The compressor of the heat pump is to be driven
by a heat engine working between 1000°C and 25°C, Treating both cycles as reversible, calculate the
ratio in which the heat pump and the heal engine share the heating load. [An§. 7)
3. A refrigerating plant is required to produce 2.5 tonnes of ice per day at - 4°C from water at 20°C. If
the temperature range in the compressor is between 25°C and - 6°C, calculate power required to
drive the compressor. Latent heat of ice = 335 kJ/kg and specific heat of ice = 2.1 kJ/kg K.
[Ans. 1.437kWJ
4. A refrigerator using Carnot cycle requires 1.25 kW per tonne of refrigeration to maintain a
temperature of - 30°C. Find : 1. C.O.P. of the Carnot refrigerator; 2. Temperature at which heat is
rejected: and 3. Heat rejected per tonne of refrigeration. [Ans. 2.8 ; 55.4°C ; 284 kj/min]

5. Ten tonnes of fish is frozen to -30°C per day. The fish enters the freezing chamber at 30"C and
freezing occurs at -3°C. The frozen fish is cooled to -30°C. The specific heats of fresh and frozen
fish are 3.77 kJ/kg K and 1.67 id/kg K respectively while latent heat of freezing is 251.2 kJ/kg K.
Find the tonnage of the plant which runs for 18 hours per day. The evaporator and condenser
temperatures are -40°C and 45°C respectively. If the C.O.P. of the plant is 1.8, determine the power
consumption of the plant in kW. Also find the refrigerating efficiency of the plant.
[Ans. I8.6TR :36.l kW ; 65.7%]
6. A Camot refrigeration system has working temperature of -30°C and 40°C. What is the maximum
C.O.P. possible ? If the actual C.O.P. is 75% of the maximum, calculate the actual refrigerating effect
produced per kilowatt hour. [Ans. 3.47 ; 0.743 TR]
7. A refrigerator storage is supplied with 30 tonnes of fish at a temperature of 27°C. The fish has to be
cooled to - 9°C for preserving it for long period without deterioration. The cooling takes place in
10 hours. The specific heat of fish is 2.93 kJ/kg K above freezing point of fish and 1.26 kJ/kg K below
freezing point of fish which is - 3°C. The latent heat of freezing is 232 kJ/kg. What is the capacity of
the plant in tonnes of refrigeration for cooling the fish ? What would be the ideal C.O.P. between this
temperature range ? If the actual C.O.P. is 40% of the ideal, find the power required to run the cooling
plant. [Ans. 78 TR ; 7.33 : 93.3 kW]

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 74 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
8. A refrigerating system working on Bell-Coleman cycle receives air from cold chamber at - 5°C and
compresses it from I bar to 4.5 bar. The compressed air is then cooled to a temperature of 37°C
before it is expanded in the expander. Calculate the C.O.P. of the system when compression and
expansion are (/') isentropic ; and (11) follow the law pi'1:5 = constant. | Ans. 1.86 ; 1.98|
9. A Bell-Coleman refrigerator works between 4 bar and 1 bar pressure limits. After compression, the
cooling water reduces the air temperature to 17'C. What is the lowest temperature produced by the
ideal machine ? Compare the coefficient of performance of this machine with that of Ihe ideal Carnot
cycle machine working between the same pressure limits, the temperature at Ihe beginning of
compression being -13°C. [Ans. -78°C ; 2.07, 1.02]
10. An air refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman cycle takes air into the compressor at 1 bar and 268 K.
It is compressed in the compressor to 5 bar and cooled to 298 K at the same pressure. It is further
expanded in the expander to 1 bar and discharged to take the cooling load. The isentropic efficiencies
of the compressor and expander are 85% and 90% respectively. Determine : 1. refrigeration capacity
of the system if the air circulated is 40 kg / min ; 2. power required for the compressor ; and 3. C.O.P.
of the system. [Ans. 13.14 TR ; 46 kW; (I.S 121
11. An air refrigeration system having pressure ratio of 5 takes air at 0°C. It is compressed and then
cooled to 19°C at constant pressure. If the efficiency of the compressor is 95% and that of expander
is 75%, determine: 1. the refrigeration capacity of Ihe system, if the flow of air is 75 kg/min ;
2. the power of the compressor ; and 3. C.O.P. of the system. Assume compression and expansion
processes to be isentropic. Take y = 1.4 ; c = I kJ/kg K ; and c, = 0.72 kJ/kg K.
| Am. 31.68 TR; 106.6 kW; 1.71]
12. A 5 tonne refrigerating machine operating on Bel! Coleman cycle has an upper limit of pressure of
12 bar. The pressure and temperature at the start of compression are 1 bar and 17°C respectively. The
compressed air cooled at constant pressure to a temperature of 40°C enters the expansion cylinder.
Assuming both the expansion and compression processes to be isentropic with y = 1.4 ; Determine :
1. C.O.P.; 2. quantity of air in circulation per minute; 3. piston displacement of compressor and
expander; 4. bore of compressor and expansion cylinders. The unit runs at 250 r.p.m, and is double
acting. Stroke length is 200 mm ; and 5. power required to drive the unit.Take c = 1 kJ/kg K ;
c, = 0.71 kJ/kg K ; K = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
I Ans. 0.952 ; 7.65 kg/min ; 6.37 mVmin, 3.35 nrVmin ; 284 mm ; 18.4 kW]
13. An air refrigerator used for food storage, provides 50 TR. The temperature of air entering the
compressor is 7°C and the temperature before entering into the expander is 27°C. Assuming a 70%
mechanical efficiency, find : 1. actual C.O.P; and 2. the power required to run the compressor,
The quantity of air circulated in the system is 100 kg/min. The compression and expansion follow the
law pv]i = constant.
Takey= 1 . 4 ; ^ = 1 kJ/kg K for air. |Ans. 1.13 ; 110.6 kW]

14. A dense air refrigerating system operating between pressures of 17.5 bar and 3.5 bar is to produce
10 tonnes of refrigeration. Air leaves the refrigerating coils at -7°C and it leaves the air cooler at
15.5°C, Neglecting losses and clearance, calculate the net work done per minute and the coefficient
of performance. For air cf = 1.005 kJ/kg K and y = 1.4. (Am. 1237 U/min : 1.7]

15. Adense air refrigeration machine operating on Bell-Coleman cycle operates between 3.4 bar and 17 bar.
The temperature of air after the cooler is 15°Candafter the refrigerator is 6°C. For arefrigerationcapacity
of 6 tonnes, find : 1. Temperature after compression and expansion; 2. Air circulation required in the
cycle per minute; 3. Work of compressor and expander; 4. Theoretical C.O.P.; and 5. Rate of water
circulation required in the cooler in kg/min, if the rise in temperature is limited to 30°C.
(Ans. I69°C,-91.2°C; 12.9 kg/min; 2U2kJ/min; 1377 kJ/min; 1.72; 199.6 kg/min)

QUESTIONS
1. How is the effectiveness of a refrigeration system measured ?
2. Explain the term "tonne of refrigeration".

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 Chapter 2 : Air Refrigeration Cycles • 75
3. Discuss the advantages of the dense air refrigerating system over an open air refrigeration system.
4. What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat pump ? Derive an expression for the
performance factor for both if they are running on reversed Carnot cycle.
5. Prove that the performance factor of a Bell-Coleman cycle refrigeration system is given by
TI
c.o.p. = Tr 3 -r
v2
where T^ and T3 are the temperatures of air at the inlet and discharge of compressor respectively.
Explain, with a neat sketch, the working of this cycle.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The heat removing capacity of one tonne refrigerator is equal to
(a) 21 kJ/min (b) 210kJ/min (c) 420 kJ/min (d) 620kJ/min
2. One tonne refrigerating machine means that
(a) one tonne is the total mass of the machine
(b) one tonne of refrigerant is used
(c) one tonne of water can be converted into ice
(d) one tonne of ice when melts from and at 0°C in 24 hours, the refrigeration effect produced is
equivalent to 210 kJ/min
3. The coefficient of performance is always one.
(a) equal to (*) less than (c) greater than
4. The ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the workdone on the refrigerant is called
(a) coefficient of performance of refrigeration (b) coefficient of performance of heat pump
(c) relative coefficient of performance (d) refrigerating efficiency
5. The relative coefficient of performance is equal to
Theoretical C.O.P. Actual C.O.P.
(fl) (fc)
Actual C.O.P. Theoretical C.O.P.
(c) Actual C.O.P. x Theoretical C.O.P.
6. In a refrigerating machine, if the lower temperature is fixed, then the C.O.P. of the machine can be
increased by
(a) increasing the higher temperature (b) decreasing the higher temperature
(c) operating the machine at a lower speed (d) operating the machine at a higher speed
7. If the condenser and evaporator temperatures are 312 K and 273 K respectively, then reversed Carnot
C.O.P. is
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 10
8. The C.O.P. of a reversed Carnot cycle is most strongly depend upon
(a) evaporator temperature (b) condenser temperature
(c) specific heat (d) refrigerant
9. The efficiency of Camot heat engine is 80%. The C.O.P. of a refrigerator operating on the reversed
Carnot cycle is equal to
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.40 (c) 0.60 (d) 0.80
10. The C.O.P. for a reversed Carnot refrigerator is 4. The ratio of its highest temperature to the lowest
temperature will be
(a) 1 (b) 1.25 (c) 1.75 (d) 2
11. In a closed or dense air refrigeration cycle, the operating pressure ratio can be reduced, which results
in coefficient of performance.
(a) lower (b) higher
12. Air refrigeration cycle is used in
(a) commercial refrigerators (b) domestic refrigerators
(c) air-conditioning I<1) gas liquefaction

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 76 • A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
13. In a refrigerating machine, heat rejected is heat absorbed.
(a) equal to (b) less than (c) greater than
14. Air refrigerator works on
(a) Carnot cycle (b) Rankine cycle
(c) reversed Carnot cycle (rf) Bell-Coleman cycle
15. In air-conditioning of aeroplanes, using air as a refrigerant, the cycle used is
(a) reversed Carnot cycle (b) reversed Joule cycle
(<r) reversed Brayton cycle (d) reversed Otto cycle

——-^y*r? Fcy/i j *^cw—*

I. (ft) 2- (A 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (b) 1. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
U.(b) 12. (d) 13. (C) 14. (c). (d) 15. (c)

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