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NSR-10 – Chapter G.12 – Guadua structures

CHAPTER G.12
GUADUA STRUCTURES

G.12.1 — ALCANCE
G.12.1.1 — This chapter establishes the requirements for the structural design and earthquake resistance of structures whose main
resistant element is Guadua angustifolia Kunth bamboo. A guadua structure designed in accordance with the requirements of this
Regulation will have a level of security equivalent to that of structures designed with other materials.

G.12.1.2 — The requirements of this Chapter can be used for the design of elements of structures built entirely with guadua, or for
mixed structures of guadua and other materials.

G.12.1.3 — The design of housing constructions will be limited to two stories, masonry or concrete walls will not be allowed on the
upper level of the buildings. This standard may not be used for the design of any type of bridge or different building structures, being
limited to those whose use is housing, commerce, industry and education.

G.12.1.4 — When structures with an area greater than 2000 m2 are built , it is recommended to test
charge before operating.

G.12.1.5 — This Chapter can be complemented with Chapter E.7 — “Cemented bahareque”, chapter E.8 — “Cemented bahareque
mezzanines and joints”, and chapter E.9 — “Cemented bahareque construction roofs ” of Title E — “One and two-story houses” of
this Regulation. In addition, it may be complemented with the Colombian technical standards NTC-5300 Harvesting and post-
harvesting of guadua angustifolia kunth culms, NTC 5301 Preservation and drying of guadua angustifolia kunth culms, NTC 5407
Unions of guadua angustifolia kunth structures, NTC 5525 Test methods for determine the physical and mechanical properties of
guadua angustifolia kunth, published by the Colombian Institute of Technical Standards and ICONTEC Certification.

In addition, in its writing, the design guides for guadua angustifolia kunth structures, from the National University of Colombia, Bogotá
Headquarters, were used as base material. The complementary use of the aforementioned standards is recommended, but in any
case, what is stated in this chapter will always prevail.

G.12.2 — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

G.12.2.1 — The most commonly used terms in this Chapter will be defined below:

Joint action — Participation of three or more structural elements with a separation between them not greater than 600 mm, to
support a load or a system of loads, and which are continuously linked together.

Alfarda — Pair or knife of a deck armor that is placed perpendicular to the façade.

Anisotropy — Property of certain materials that, like guadua, present different properties depending on the direction considered.

Washer — Crown-shaped metal piece, used in bolted joints to spread the force over a larger area.

Armor — Set of guadua elements that assembled in flat or spatial triangular configurations make up a structural system or sub-
system that resists and transfers load in all directions, towards the foundation or the supporting elements.

Base — Second segment of the culm of guadua, below the strain, with length between 4 and 6 m.

Capacity of a structural element or component — It is the maximum axial force, shear force and bending moment that a structural
element or component is capable of resisting.

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Modified capacity for design — It is the capacity of a structural element or component affected by the modification
coefficients.

Service charge — Charges stipulated in Title B of these Regulations.

Load — Apply forces to a structure or structural element.

Lattice — Parallel chord beam with pendolons and diagonals that form continuous triangles.

Strain — First basal segment of the guadua culm with lengths that fluctuate between 3 to 4 m; It is the part of the guadua
that presents the greatest diameter and the greatest wall thickness.

Truss — Triangulated structural element that receives roof loads

Modification coefficient — These are the coefficients by which the admissible stresses and the admissible moduli of
elasticity are affected, to take into account the particular use conditions of a structural element or component and thus
obtain the modified values that can be used in the structural design.

Column — Part whose main work is compression.

Armored column — Column made up of several assembled pieces.

Spaced Column — Column formed from two or more individual pieces of guadua, bolted together to function as one.

Condition of use — Refers to the condition of exposure to the environment, the form of use and the type of loads that will
apply to the element during its service stage.

Taper — Defined as the difference of the averages of the diameters at the ends, divided by the length between them. For
Guadua angustifolia, the taper of the culm should not be greater than 0.006.

Shrinkage — Reduction in the dimensions of a piece of wood caused by the decrease in moisture content below the zone
of saturation of the fibers, which occurs in the radial, tangential and longitudinal directions.

Chords — Top or bottom member of a truss or truss.

Knife — Alfarda or pair of deck armor or vertices.

Culm — Segmented aerial axis of bamboos, formed by nodes and internodes, emerging from the rhizome; It is the
equivalent of the stem of a tree.

Ridge or Ridge — Highest part of the roof where the gables meet.

Initial deformation of the axis — It is the deformation that a piece of guadua can experience due to the curvature of the
axis of the piece, understanding by curvature the deviation of the axis of the piece with respect to the straight line that
joins the centroids of its extreme sections.

Unload — Remove forces from a structure or a structural element.

Basic density (DB) — is defined as the quotient between the mass in anhydrous state (oven-dried guadua) and the
volume of the guadua in the green state (VV).

Diaphragm — Structural subsystem responsible for the transmission and resistance of horizontal forces mainly by action
in its plane. The diaphragms can be horizontal (mezzanines and roofs), vertical (short walls) or inclined (roofs).

Distance to the end — Distance from the center of a joining element (connector) to the tip of the piece of guadua.

Center to center distance — Distance from the center of a guadua element to the center of another adjacent guadua
element or distance from the center of a connection element to the center of the adjacent connection element.

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Displacement Ductility — Ratio of the displacement corresponding to the breaking stress of the material to the
displacement corresponding to the yield stress of the material.

Main element — In the design of joints subjected to simple shear, it is the guadua element with the largest diameter.

Lateral or secondary element — in connections subjected to simple or multiple shear, are the elements of guadua or
steel plates not covered by the previous definition.

Framework — A set of structural elements such as beams and joists on mezzanines and roofs or as studs in walls, which
are responsible for supporting the lining material.

Internode — Portion of the culm between two nodes; It is also known as a tube or tube, its length varies along the culm.

Allowable Efforts — These are the efforts of parallel compression, perpendicular compression, parallel cutting, bending,
parallel traction and perpendicular traction, which the guadua structural elements resist.

Modified Allowable Stresses for Design — It is the stress resulting from multiplying the reference allowable stress by
the applicable modification coefficients. It is the effort that must be used to carry out the structural design and to review
the acceptance criteria.

Calculated Effort — Effort resulting from service requests.

Mat — Mat formed after making longitudinal incisions on the guadua culm in its green state and opening it flat.

Faldón — Slope or each one of the planes or waters that forms a roof.

Fiber — Elongated cell with pointed ends and almost always thick-walled.

Permissible Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity — Modulus of elasticity of a wood element measured in the direction
parallel to the grain, multiplied by the applicable coefficients of modification.

Minimum admissible longitudinal modulus of elasticity — It is the previous modulus, taken to the 5th percentile,
obtained from the pure bending test and affected by a safety factor.

Upright or banner — Piece of guadua, normally in a vertical position on the work plane, which is part of a frame.

Mortar — Mixture of sand, cement, and water, which for the purposes of this Chapter is used to fill the internodes in bolted
connections, is also used to glue bricks and plaster walls or ceilings.

Shear wall — Vertical element of the lateral load resistance system of the structure.

Bolt — Steel element for joining guaduas, provided with a hexagonal head at one end and a thread at the other.

Right foot — vertical element that works in compression. Vertical pieces of the frameworks or shear walls.

Preservation — Treatment that consists of applying substances capable of preventing or counteracting the action of one
or several types of organisms that destroy or affect the integrity of the guadua.

Preservative — substance that is applied to prevent or counteract, for a period of time, the action of one or several types
of organisms capable of destroying or affecting the guadua.

Rot — This type of defect corresponds to the decomposition of the guadua culms due to the attack of biological agents or
humidity, which produce changes in their appearance, color, and physical and mechanical properties.

Structural Coating — Material that covers the surface of a shear wall or horizontal diaphragm.

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Plaster or Pañete — Layer of mortar on wall.

Stiffener — Piece of guadua whose purpose is to reduce the buckling of elements subjected to parallel compression.

Brace or Brace — structural element used to stabilize a roof in its plane. Piece that placed obliquely or transversely
ensures the invariability of the shape of a framework.

Drying — Natural or mechanical process by which the moisture content of the guadua is reduced.

Section — Profile or figure that results from cutting any piece or body along a plane.

Composite section — Section formed by the union of two or more guaduas.

Cross section — is that section that results from cutting a guadua perpendicular to the fibers.

Structural system — It is the set of structural elements or components or structural subsystems designed, detailed and
assembled to resist all or a portion of the loads (vertical, horizontal or both) acting on a building, and to transfer them to
an end point. application (foundation) through one or more continuous load paths.

Overbase — Third segment of the culm of guadua, localized below the base with lengths up to 4 m.

Screed — Upper or lower element of the wall framework.

Solicitation — Internal force (axial, shear, bending moment, or traction) acting on a given section of a structural element
or component. It will also be understood as the efforts associated with each of the internal forces that act in a determined
section of a structural element or component and that are calculated from the theory of elasticity.

Tie — Element of a structural system that works in tension under service loads.

Nut — Metallic complement, generally hexagonal, provided with a head and built-in helical thread.

Threaded rod — Cylindrical steel element with helical thread along its entire length for joining guaduas.

Varillion — Terminal segment of the culm of guadua, localized below the overbase, with lengths up to 4 m. It is traditionally
used on decks as a support for clay shingles.

Beam — Part whose main job is bending.

Composite section beam — Beam made up of two or more guaduas connected in such a way that joint work is
guaranteed.

Joist — Piece whose main job is bending, but which is part of a set of elements that work together.

Zuncho — Metal clamp that wraps around the circumference of the guadua

G.12.2.2 — NOMENCLATURE — The symbols applied in this Chapter are described below:

De = external diameter of the guadua

f0.05i = effort of the 5th percentile in the request i

fki = characteristic value at stress i

m = average of a statistical sample
n = number of test tubes in a statistical sample
s = standard deviation of a statistical sample
t = espesor de la pared de la guadua

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The rest of the nomenclature used in this Chapter coincides with that used in the chapters on wooden structures of this
Title.

G.12.3 — MATERIALS

G.12.3.1 — QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GUADUA — The round guadua used as a structural
support element in the form of columns, beams, joists, studs, frameworks, mezzanines, etc., must meet the following
requirements:

(a) The guadua must be of the species Guadua angustifolia Kunth. This chapter does not cover the
possibility of using other bamboo species as a structural element.
(b) The harvest age for structural guadua should be between 4 and 6 years.
(c) The moisture content of the guadua should correspond to the equilibrium moisture content of the site. When
buildings are built with guadua in a green state, all possible precautions must be taken into account to
guarantee that the pieces, when dry, have the dimensioning foreseen in the design.

(d) The structural guadua must have good natural durability or be adequately preserved.
In addition, all resources must be applied to protect it through the design from contact with humidity, solar
radiation, insects and fungi.

G.12.3.2 — VISUAL CLASSIFICATION BY DEFECTS

G.12.3.2.1 — Structural guadua pieces cannot present an initial deformation of the axis greater than 0.33% of
the length of the element. This deformation is recognized by placing the piece on a flat surface and observing if
there is a gap between the support surface and the piece.

G.12.4.2.2 — Structural guadua pieces must not have a taper greater than 1.0%

G.12.3.2.3 — Structural guadua pieces cannot present perimeter cracks at the nodes or longitudinal cracks along
the neutral axis of the element. In case of having elements with cracks, these must be located in the upper
external fiber or in the lower external fiber.

G.12.3.2.4 — Pieces of guadua with cracks greater than or equal to 20% of the length of the culm will not be
considered suitable for structural use.

G.12.3.2.5 — Structural guadua pieces must not have perforations caused by xylophagous insect attacks before
being used.

G.12.3.2.6 — Guaduas that show some degree of rot are not accepted.

G.12.3.2.7 — All processes for the preservation and drying of round guadua pieces must follow the provisions of
the NTC 5301 standard.

G.12.3.4 — MECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION — The mechanical classification of guadua has been carried out as
stipulated in the NTC 5525 standard, in relation to its ability to resist loads of parallel compression, parallel cut, bending
and traction, as well as, in its modulus of elasticity. The properties of the guadua are listed in table G.12.7-1 and G.12.7-2

G.12.3.4.1 — To calculate the weight of the structure, it is recommended to use a specific mass of 800 kg/m3 for
guadua angustifolia kunth. This specific mass can also be calculated following the procedures of NTC 5525. See
B.3.2.

G.12.4 — PROCUREMENT AND MARKETING

The obtaining and commercialization of structural guadua must comply with the provisions issued by the Ministry of
Environment, Housing and Territorial Development and by the local environmental authority.

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G.12.5 — SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

The design of guadua structures must take into account the characteristics of complementary materials such as nails,
bolts, connectors, adhesives, supports and boards, according to the manufacturers' recommendations. All appropriate
measures must be taken to protect these materials against humidity, corrosion or any agent that degrades their structural
integrity.

G.12.6 — BASIS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN

G.12.6.1 — DESIGN REQUIREMENTS — A guadua structure must be designed and built taking into account the following
requirements

G.12.6.1.1 — All the guadua elements of a structure must be designed, constructed, and spliced to resist the
stresses produced by the combinations of the service loads listed in B.2.3.1 of this Regulation and the deflection
limitations. stipulated in G.12.8.9

G.12.6.1.2 — All guadua construction must have a structural system that conforms to one of the types defined in
A.3.2 of this Regulation.

G.12.6.1.3 — The structural design must reflect all the possible loads acting on the structure during the construction
and service stages; as well as environmental conditions that may cause changes in design assumptions or that
may affect the integrity of other structural components.

G.12.6.1.4 — The analysis and design of guadua structures must be based on the principles of structural
mechanics, the basic requirements described in A.3.1 of this Regulation and the particular requirements that are
listed in this chapter G.12

G.12.6.1.5 — The elements will be considered homogeneous and linear for the calculation of the efforts produced
by the applied loads.

G.12.6.1.6 — The basic energy dissipation capacity coefficient for guadua structures, whose seismic resistance
=
system is that of diagonal frames, will be R 2.0 . In the event that the seismic resistance
0 system is provided by
laminated wood walls or cemented bahareque walls, the corresponding value of R0 must be taken for the chosen
system.

G.12.6.2 — QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR GUADUA STRUCTURES — To guarantee the proper functioning of the
guadua structure throughout its useful life, the following must be taken into account.

G.12.6.2.1 — The structures are designed by a professional who meets the requirements of Law 400 of 1997.

G.12.6.2.2 — The construction of the building must be carried out by personnel duly trained for this purpose and
under the direction of a professional as prescribed by Law 400 of 1997, Law 1229 of 2008 and their regulatory
decrees.

G.12.6.2.3 — The materials and products used in construction must be used as specified in this Regulation and
following the use specifications given by the manufacturer.

G.12.6.2.4 — Because the guadua structures are made with a material of natural origin, they must have adequate
preventive maintenance, which guarantees that the elements are not attacked by insects or fungi during their
useful life.

G.12.6.2.5 — The structure must have the same use for which it was designed throughout its useful life.

G.12.6.2.6 — When the guadua structure is used as a cover for swimming pools where chlorine is used, it must
be established in the design and construction that chlorine will not attack the guadua and that all precautions have
been taken to avoid a deterioration of the guadua and a decrease in its structural resistance for this reason.

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G.12.6.6 — To determine the diameter and real thickness of the culm wall, the following procedures must be followed:

(a) Diameter — Measure the diameter of each segment of the culm at both ends and in two mutually perpendicular directions. The
actual diameter corresponds to the average of the four (4) measurements.
(b) Thickness — Take four (4) measurements on each cross section of the culm, and also measure the thickness at the same
locations where the diameter was measured. The real thickness corresponds to the average of the eight (8)
measurements, see figure G.12.6-1

Figure G.12.6-1

G.12.6.7 — In no case should guadua structures be used when the temperature to which they will be subjected exceeds 65º C.

G.12.7 — STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD

G.12.7.1 — All elements must be designed using the allowable stress method as defined in Title B of this Regulation.

G.12.7.2 — All the joints of the structure are considered pinned and there will be no transmission of moments between the different
elements that make up a joint, except if one of the elements is continuous, in which case there will be transmission only in the continuous
element.

G.12.7.3 — ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MODULES OF ELASTICITY — All guadua that meets the quality requirements established in
numerals G.12.3.1 and G.12.3.2 must use for calculation purposes the values of allowable efforts and modulus of elasticity shown in tables
G.12.7-1 and G.12.7-2 respectively, and which were obtained as stipulated in G.12.7.4 of this Chapter.

Tabla G.12.7-1
Esfuerzos admisibles Fi (MPa), CH=12%
Fb Ft Fc Fp* Fv
Flexion Traction Compression║ Compression ┴ Cut
15 18 14 1.4 1.2

║ = compression parallel to the longitudinal axis.

┴ = compression perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

* = The perpendicular compressive strength is calculated for internodes filled with cement mortar.

Tabla G.12.7-2
Módulos de elasticidad, Ei (MPa), CH=12%
Average module 5th percentile module Minimum modulus
E0.5 E0.05 Emin
9.500 7.500 4.000

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For the analysis of structural elements, E0.5 must be used , as the modulus of elasticity of the material. The emin will

should be used to calculate the stability coefficients of beams (CL ) and Columns ( ) Cp . The E0.05 should be used
to calculate deflections when service conditions are critical or require a higher than average level of safety. In any case, the choice of the indicated
modulus of elasticity will depend on the criteria of the calculating engineer.

G.12.7.4 — Allowable Efforts — The allowable stress values are determined from the characteristic value, which is obtained with the following equation:

⎡ s ⎤
⎢ 2.7 m ⎥
fki = f0.05i ⎢1 − ⎥ (G.12.7-1)
⎢ n ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Where :
fki = characteristic value at load i
f0.05 = value corresponding to the 5th percentile of the data from the laboratory tests in the request i
m = average value of the laboratory test data
s = standard deviation of the laboratory test data
n = number of tests (at least 20)
i = subscript depending on the type of stress ( b for bending, t for parallel traction a the fibers, c for compression
parallel to the grains, p for compression perpendicular to the grains, v for shear parallel to the grains)

The experimental values used in the design must be appropriately related in the structural calculation report that is filed to request the construction
license, indicating the name of the laboratory, date of performance of the tests, description of the equipment used in the tests, number of tests performed
and professional who conducted the trials.

Once the characteristic value for each request has been determined, the allowable stresses are calculated using the following formula.

FC
Fi = f
Fs ⋅ FDC ki (G.12.7-2)

Where:

Fi = allowable effort in solicitation i

fki = characteristic value of the stress in the solicitation i
FC = reduction factor due to differences between the conditions of the laboratory tests and the actual conditions of
application of the loads on the structure (see table G.12.7-3)
Fs = Safety factor (see table G.12.7-3)
FDC = load duration factor (see table G.12.7-3)
i = subscript that depends on the type of stress (b for bending, t for tension parallel to the grains, c for compression
parallel to the grains, p for compression perpendicular to the grains, v for shear parallel to the grains)
Flexural Factor Tensile Compression ÿ Compression ÿ Shear

Table G.12.7-3
Reduction factors

Factor Flexion Traction Compression ║

-
Compression ┴
- Court
FC - 0.5 - - 0.6
Fs 2.0 2 1.5 1.8 1.8
FDC 1.5 1 1.2 1.2 1.1

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G.12.7.5 — MODIFICATION COEFFICIENTS — Based on the permissible stress values of table G.12.7-1 and the elasticity
moduli of table G.12.7-2, affected by the modification coefficients that may occur Due to size, knots, cracks, moisture content,
load duration, slenderness and any other modifying condition, the allowable stresses of all structural members are determined,
according to the prescriptions of the following numerals, with the allowable efforts modified in accordance with the general
formula:

Fi′ = Fi CDCm Ct CL CF Cr Cp Cc (G.12.7-3)

Where
i = has the same meaning as in the previous numeral
CD = coefficient of modification per load duration
Cm = coefficient of modification by moisture content
Ct = coefficient of modification by temperature
CL = coefficient of modification due to lateral stability of beams
CF = coefficient of modification by shape
Cr = coefficient of modification by redistribution of charges, joint action
Cp = coefficient of modification due to column stability
Cc = coefficient of modification by shear
Fi = admissible effort in the request i
Fi′ = modified allowable stress for application i

The generally applicable modification coefficients are indicated in the following numerals; those that depend on the type of
request are stipulated in the corresponding sections of Chapter G.12.

G.12.7.6 — FOR LOAD DURATION (CD) — It is considered that the normal duration of a load is 10 years. When a structural
element is subjected to different load durations, the values of table G12 must be multiplied. 7-1 by the values of table G.12.7-4

Table G.12.7-4
Modification coefficients by load duration

Duration of Load Bending Tension Compression ÿ Compression ÿ Shear Design Load

Permanent 0.90 0.90 0.9 0.9 0.90 Dead
Ten years 1.00 1.00 1.0 0.9 1.00 Alive
two months 1.15 1.15 1.15 0.9 1.15
7 days 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.9 1.25 Construction
ten minute 1.60 1.60 1.6 0.9 1.60
1. Wind and Earthquake
impact 2.00 2.00 2.0 0.9 2.00 Impact

The above increases are not cumulative. When there is a combination of loads, the dimensioning of the elements must be done
for the most unfavorable condition.

G.12.7.7 — BY MOISTURE CONTENT (Cm ) — Guadua, like wood, loses strength and rigidity as its moisture content
increases. The allowable stress values and elasticity modulus reported in tables G.12.7-1 and G.12.7-2 were calculated for a
moisture content of the guadua of CH=12%. If the environmental conditions at the construction site cause the moisture content
of the guadua to vary by more than 12%, the values in tables G.12.7-1 and G.12.7-2 must be adjusted, multiplying them by the
values of the table G.12.7-5

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Tabla G.12.7-5
Moisture content modification coefficients (Cm)

HIIRUWV
CH ≤ 12% CH = 13% CH = 14% CH = 15% CH = 16% CH = 17% CH = 18% CH ≥ 19%

)OH[LRQ Fb 1.0 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.70

7UDFWLRQ Ft 1.0 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80
CompresVLRn
SDUDOOHO
Fc 1.0 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.70
CompresVLRn Fp 1.0 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80
SHUSHQGLFXODU
6KHDU Fy 1.0 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80

E0.5
E0.05
PRGXOXVRI
1.0 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90
HODVWLFLW\
Emin

Once the guadua has been harvested, it tends to dry out until it reaches an equilibrium moisture content with the place
where it is found. If the drying is mechanical and the moisture content of the guadua is lowered below 12%, it may gain
moisture if the final site of the building has a very high relative humidity accompanied by a low temperature.

Table GD.1 of appendix GD of this Title shows the equilibrium moisture contents for some of the main cities in Colombia.

G.12.7.8 — BY TEMPERATURE (Ct) — When the guadua structural elements are subjected to high temperatures, the
values of admissible stresses and modulus of elasticity from tables G.12.7-1 and G.12.7-2 respectively, must be multiplied
by the values of table G.12.7-6, for the temperature condition to which they are exposed.

Tabla G.12.7-6.
Temperature modification coefficients (Ct )

Terms ( Ct )
Efforts of
Service T ≤ 37D C 37D C ≤ T ≤ 52D C 52D C ≤ T ≤ 65D C
Fb Wet 0.60 0.40
Flexion
Dry 0.85 0.60
Traction Ft Wet 0.85
0.80
Dry 0.90
Compression Fc Wet 0.65 0.40
parallel Dry 0.80 0.60
Compression Wet 1.0 0.80 0.50
perpendicular Fp
Dry 0.90 0.70
Fy Wet 0.65 0.40
Shear
Dry 0.80 0.60
modulus of Wet 0.80
elasticity E 0.80
Dry 0.90

G.12.7.9 — BY JOINT ACTION (Cr) — The allowable efforts may be increased by 10% when there is a guaranteed
joint action of four or more elements of equal rigidity, as in the case of joists and studs in frames (Cr =1.1) , as long as
the separation between elements is not greater than 0.6 m

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G.12.8 — DESIGN OF ELEMENTS SUBJECTED TO FLEXURE

G.12.8.1 — The design of flexural elements in round guadua will follow the same basic procedures used in the design of beams
made of other structural materials. Due to the fact that guadua angustifolia kunth has a very high MOR MOE ratio, which makes it a
very flexible material, the flexural analysis will be governed by the control of the admissible deflections, with some exceptions,
however, it must always be check the resistance to bending, cutting and crushing.

G.12.8.2 — In the design of members or elements of guadua subjected to bending, the following effects must be verified and in no
case can they exceed the admissible stresses modified for each request.

(a) Deflections
(b) Bending, including lateral stability in composite beams.
(c) Shear parallel to the grain.
(d) Crushing (compression perpendicular to the grain)

G.12.8.3 — It must be guaranteed that the supports of a round guadua element subjected to bending do not fail due to crushing
(perpendicular compression), to the extent possible these should end in knots, if this does not happen or the knots do not provide
sufficient resistance, the internodes (pipes) of the supports must be filled with cement mortar.

G.12.8.4 — When there is a concentrated load on an element, it must be applied on a joint; In any case, the necessary measures
must be taken to avoid failure due to cutting parallel to the grain, and/or crushing at the point of application. In these cases it is
recommended to fill the internodes adjacent to the load with cement mortar.

G.12.8.5 — When more than one culm (composite section beams) is used in the construction of beams, these must be joined
together with bolts or threaded rod and metal straps (bands), which guarantee joint work. These connectors must be designed to
resist the forces that are generated at the joint.

G.12.8.6 — PERFORATIONS — Drilling holes in the beams must be avoided; if required, they must be included in the plans and
comply with the following limitations:

G.12.8.6.1 — Drilling at the height of the neutral axis is not allowed in sections where there are point loads or near the
supports.

G.12.8.6.2 — In cases other than the previous one, the perforations must be located at the height of the neutral axis and in
no case will they be allowed in the area of tension of the elements.

G.12.8.6.3 — The maximum size of the perforation will be 3.81 mm.

G.12.8.6.4 — Perforations are allowed at the supports and point load application points, as long as they are to be able to fill
the internodes with cement mortar.

G.12.8.7 — NET AREA — The cross-sectional area made up of one (1) single culm will be calculated with the following equation:

A=
4 (
π 2
De − ( De − 2t )
2
) (G.12.8-1)

Where:

A = net area of the cross section of guadua, mm2

De = outer diameter of the guadua, mm
t = thickness of the guadua wall, mm

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In the construction process of the structure, the design parameters must be respected, especially those referring to the external
diameter and the minimum wall thickness, the elements used in the work must have at least the same measurements of the design
in its upper part (narrowest part of the guadua)

G.12.8.8 — DESIGN Span — The design span considered for beams with simple support, or cantilever, will be the free span
between support faces plus half the length of the support at each end. In the case of continuous beams, the design span considered
will be the center to center distance of the supports.

G.12.8.9 — DEFLECTIONS

G.12.8.9.1 — The guadua angustifolia kunth presents a very high MOR MOE ratio , which forces the design of flexural
elements to be governed by the admissible deflections. This subchapter establishes the requirements and limitations of the
admissible deflections, obtaining the required section and immediate and deferred deflections.

G.12.8.9.2 — The deflections in guadua elements must be calculated according to the formulas of the traditional elastic
theory, the deflection produced by the bending must be considered and, if the case of analysis, by shear (G) . requires a
ÿ

modulus of elasticity E0.5 correction of the

G.12.8.9.3 — For the calculation of the deflection in simply supported beams, the formulas of table G.12.8-1 will be used

Table G.12.8-1
Formulas for calculating deflections

LLoad Condition DDeflection

3
Pl
Point charge in the center of ∆= K (G.12.8-2)
the light 48EI

5 ωl 4
distributed load ∆= K (G.12.8-3)
384 EI

For other loading conditions, the formulas of the theory of elasticity must be used. In the formulas of table G.12.8-1, K corresponds
to a tabulated deflection factor which can be obtained in table G.12.8-2

G.12.8.9.4 — The allowable deflections will be limited to the values of table G.12.8-2

Tabla G.12.8-2
Allowable deflections δ (mm), note 3
Total loads
Live loads Wind or Hail
Service Condition
(l k ) (l k ) ( lk )
Note 2
Roof elements / Covers
pitched roofs
Plaster or plaster ceilings l/360 l/360 l/240
Other flat ceilings l/240 l/240 l/180
No ceiling l/240 l/240 l/180
Flat roofs Note 1 Note 1 l/300
Industrial roofing - - l/200
Mezzanines
Mezzanine elements l/360 - l/240
Rigid mezzanines - - l/360
Exterior walls
With brittle finishes - l/240 -
With flexible finishes - l/120 -
Notas:
1. Depending on the type of ceiling 2. By evaluation
2. Of total loads, in the long term these should not reverse slopes of drainage in roofs.
3. Considering only the initial deflection G.12.8.9.7

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G.12.8.9.5 — The deflections of beams, joists, decking, studs, will be calculated with the average elasticity modulus E0.5 , however, if the service
ÿ

conditions are severe or the required level of safety is very high, it will be You can use the 0.05 percentile modulus of elasticity, E0.05. In any
,

case, the choice of the modulus will depend on the criteria of the structural designer engineer. or the minimum modulus of elasticity, Emn ,
,

G.12.8.9.6 — SHEAR EFFECT — For elements with a ratio of lDe ≤ 15, a shear correction (Cc) must be made. ,

Table G.12.8-3 lists the values ​of Cc for the modulus of elasticityad

Tabla G.12.8-3
values o
​ f Cc

l De Cc
5 0.70
7 0.75
9 0.81
1
11 0.86
13
3 0.91
15
5 0.93
Nota: The guadua angustifolia kunth has a
relationship of E / G = 2 8

G.12.8.9.7 — LOADS FOR CALCULATION OF SECTION AND DEFLECTIONS — For the purpose of calculating the minimum cross section
required and only for that case, the deflection calculated with the loads in table G.12.8-4 must be matched with the deflection permissible from
Table G.12.8-2 and determine the required moment of inertia I. Table G.12.8-4 also shows the load combinations for the calculation of immediate
and deferred deflections at 30 years.

Table G.12.8-4
Loads w for calculation of section and deflections

Condition CH ≤ 19% ≤t37°C CH ≥ 19% ≤t37°C

Constant weather Variable weather
Section calculation (w) 2.0 D + L 2.0 D + L
Immediate Deflections (W−i) D+L D+L
Deferred deflections (W−f) 2.8 D + 1.3 L 3.8 D + 1.4 L

G.12.8.10 — BENDING

G.12.8.10.1 — The maximum tension and compression stresses produced by bending will be calculated for the maximum moment
section. These efforts must not exceed the maximum allowable bending effort Fb from table G.12.7-1, established for round guadua
culms, modified by the load duration and load redistribution coefficients, as the case may be.

G.12.8.10.2 — The specific modification coefficients for bending are indicated below.

G.12.8.10.3 — LATERAL STABILITY AND MODIFICATION COEFFICIENT (CL) — In beams or joists made up of a single guadua, the
modification coefficient will be CL = 1. When a beam is made up of two or more guaduas (composite section beam), it must be verified
whether or not it requires lateral support in the compressed area. The lateral stability modification coefficient (CL) takes into account the
reduction in the load capacity of an element subjected to bending due to lateral instability or buckling, which occurs when the compression
zone of a beam behaves like a column.

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G.12.8.10.4 — When a composite section beam is supported along the entire length of the compression zone and is also restricted in the

supports to rotation, the lateral stability modification coefficient will be CL = 1 .

G.12.8.10.5 — In the case of composite section beams (two or more guaduas), whose height (d) width (b) ratio is
greater than (1 d / b > 1), side supports must be included to prevent buckling or rotation

Figure G.12.8-1 — Example of composite section

G.12.8.10.6 — LATERAL STABILITY OF COMPOSITE BEAMS — For beams with a section made up of two or more guaduas, the
admissible flexural stress (Fb ) must be reduced by the value of CL from the table
G.12.8-5

Table G.12.8-5
CL coefficients for different d/b ratios

db CL
1 1.00
2 0.98
3 0.95
4 0.91
5 0.87

G.12.8.10.7 — LATERAL STABILITY — In beams made up of more than one guadua and whose height is greater than its width, the
need to provide lateral support to the compressed area of the element should be investigated, according to the following
recommendations:

(a) If db 2 = no lateral support will be required

(b) If db 3 = the lateral displacement of supports must be restricted.
(c) If db 4 = Lateral displacement of supports and compression edge must be
restricted by means of purlins or joists.
(d) If db 5 = Lateral displacement of the supports must be restricted and continuous
support of the compression edge must be provided by means of a decking.

G.12.8.10.8 — RESISTANT MOMENT — The acting flexural stress (fb) on any section of round guadua, must not exceed the value

of the admissible flexural stress (Fb′ ) modified by the corresponding coefficients, according to formula G. .12.8-4

M
fb = ≤ Fb'
S (G.12.8-4)

Where:

fb = acting flexural stress, in MPa

M = moment acting on the element in N.mm
Fb′ = modified allowable stress, in MPa
S = section module in mm3

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The section modulus S , for a guadua is expressed with the following equation:

S=
( 4
π De4 − ⎡⎣ De − 2t ⎤⎦ ) (G.12.8-5)
32 De

Where:

S = section modulus in mm3

De = average outer diameter of the culm in mm
t = average thickness of the culm wall in mm

G.12.8.10.9 — To verify the flexural resistance of sections composed of 2 or more guadua culms, the section modulus must
be calculated for each particular condition. Table G.12.8-6 presents some section modules for compound sections.

Tabla G.12.8-6
Section modules for some composite beams

Section S (mm3)

( 2 4
π 5De4 − 4De2 ⎡⎣De − 2t ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ De − 2t ⎤⎦ ) (G.12.8-6)
32De

( 2
π 35De4 − 4De2 ⎡⎣De − 2t ⎦⎤ − ⎣⎡ De − 2t ⎤⎦
4
) (G.12.8-7)
96De

G.12.8.10.10 — CWhen several culms are used to form a bending element, the inertia of the set is calculated
as the sum of the individual inertias of each one of the culms. ( = ∑I i ) . If the builder guarantees joint
work, the inertia can be calculated with the parallel axes theorem:

( )
I = ∑ Ai di 2 + ∑ I i
(G.12.8-8)

Where:

I = inertia of the composite section, in mm4

Ai = area for the i-th peak, in mm2
di = distance between the centroid of the set of culms and the centroid of the ith culm, in mm
Ii = the individual inertia of each culm referred to its own centroid, in mm4.

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G.12.8.11 — SHEAR

G.12.8.11.1 — The maximum shear stresses will be calculated at a distance from the support equal to the height ( h )of the
element. For beams made up of a single guadua, said height will be equal to its outer diameter (De) , except in cantilevers
where the maximum shear stress will be calculated on the face of the support. For beams made up of 2, the height (h)
corresponds to the actual height of the element. the maximum
Shear stress must be determined taking into account the non-uniform distribution of stresses in the section and must be less
than the maximum allowable stress for cutting parallel to the fibers Fv' established for
ÿ

guadua culms rolls table G.12.7-1, modified by the coefficients a as appropriate.

G.12.8.11.2 — Shear stress parallel to the fibers – The shear stress parallel to the fibers acting ( fv') vfÿ on any section
of round guadua, must not exceed the value of the admissible shear stress parallel to the fibers (Fv')
modified bythe corresponding coefficients, according to formula G.12-.8-9.
ÿ

2V ⎛ 3De2 − 4De t + 4t 2 ⎞
fv = ⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ Fv′
3A ⎝⎜ De2 − 2De t + 2t 2 ⎠
(G.12.8-9)

Where:

fv = acting shear stress parallel to the fibers, in MPa

A = cross-sectional area of the round guadua element, in mm2
De = verage thickness of the round guadua section, in mm
t = average thickness of the round guadua section, in mm
Fv′ = permissible stress for cutting parallel to the grains, modified by the coefficients to which place, in MPa
v = shear force in the section considered, in N

G.12.8.11.3 — DISTRIBUTION OF CONNECTORS IN COMPOSITE SECTION BEAMS — When beams are built with two
or more guadua culms, their stability must be guaranteed by means of transversal steel connectors, which guarantee joint
work. The maximum spacing of the connectors cannot exceed the lesser of 3 times the height of the beam (3h) , a quarter
of the span (l / 4) or the result of the formula G.12.8-10

7⋅A
j=
V (G.12.8-10)

Where:

j = spacing between composite beam connectors in mm

A = beam light on mm
V = maximum shear in the beam at kN

G.12.8.11.4 — All the tubes through which a connector passes in composite section beams must be filled with cement
mortar, see figure G.12.8-2. The first connector must be located at a distance equal to 50mm, measured from the face of
the support.

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Figure G.12.8-2 - Detail of composite section connectors

G.12.8.12 — CRUSHING

G.12.8.12.1 — Compressive stresses perpendicular to the fibers (fp ) , should be specially checked
at supports and places where there are concentrated loads in small areas. The acting compression stress perpendicular to
the fibers must not exceed the allowable stress of perpendicular compression modified by the coefficients that may apply.

G.12.8.12.2 — The compressive stress perpendicular to the acting fiber is calculated with the formula G.12.8-11

3RDe
fp = ≤ Fp′ (G.12.8-11)
2t 2 l

Where:

Fp′ = allowable compressive stress perpendicular to the grain, modified by the coefficients to which
there is place, in MPa
fp = stress acting in compression perpendicular to the grain, in MPa
' H = average external diameter of the round guadua section, in mm
t = average thickness of the round guadua section, in mm
l = support length, in mm
R = Force applied in the direction perpendicular to the fibers, in N

G.12.8.12.3 — All pipes that are subjected to compressive stresses perpendicular to the grain must be filled with
cement mortar. If this is not met, the stress value must be reduced to 4 parts Fp' admissible (Fp' / 4)
ÿ ÿ

G.12.9 — DESIGN OF ELEMENTS REQUESTED BY AXIAL FORCE

G.12.9.1 — GENERAL — The elements that will be designed by axial force are those requested in the same direction as the
longitudinal axis that passes through the centroid of its cross section.

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G.12.9.1.1 — Elements requested in axial tension — The acting axial tension stress (ft ) for any section of round guadua,
must not exceed the value of the allowable stress in axial tension (Ft')
modified by the corresponding modification coefficients, according to formula G.12.9-1

T
ft = ≤ Ft' (G.12.9-1)
An

Where:

ft = Acting tensile stress, in MPa

T = applied axial tensile force, in N
Ft′ = allowable tensile stress, modified by the coefficients that may apply, in MPa
An = net area of t​ he element, in mm2

G.12.9.1.2 — All elements that are stressed by axial stress and bending moment must be designed in accordance with the
provisions of G.12.10.

G.12.9.1.3 — Tension perpendicular to the grain — As far as possible, designs should be avoided, in which the guadua
angustifolia structural elements are subjected to tensile stress perpendicular to the grain due to their low resistance at this
request, not However, if these efforts occur, the resistance of the element must be guaranteed by providing reinforcement in
the compromised area, through metal bands or plates.

G.12.9.2 — ELEMENTS REQUESTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION

G.12.9.2.1 — Effective length — The effective length is the theoretical length of an equivalent column with hinges at its
ends. The effective length of a column can be calculated with the formula G.12.9-2.

A e = A uk
(G.12.9-2) It i

Where:

AX = unsupported laterally length of the element, in mm

N = coefficient of effective length, according to the restrictions on the supports table G.12.9-1
AH = effective length, in mm

Table G. 12.9-1
Coefficient of effective length (*)

&RQGLWLRQRIVXSSRUWV k
Both ends pinned (Both ends of the element must be
constrained from displacement perpendicular to its 1.0
longitudinal axis)
One end restricted to rotation and movement and the other
2.1
free
* when appropriately justified, values of k from Table G.4.3-1 may be used

G.12.9.2.2 — Slenderness — In columns made up of a guadua culm, the slenderness measurement is given by the formula
G.12-9-3

le
λ=
r (G.12.9-3)

Where:

λ = element slenderness ratio

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le = effective length of the element, in mm

r = radius of gyration of the section, in mm

G.12.9.2.3 — The radius of gyration of the section made up of one (1) single culm will be calculated with the following
equation:

r=
(D2
e + ( De − 2t )
2
)
(G.12.9-4)
4

Where:

De = average external diameter of the round guadua section, in mm

t = thickness of the round guadua section, in mm
r = radius of gyration of the section

G.12.9.2.4 — Elements made up of two (2) or more culms — In the design of compression-stressed elements made
up of two (2) or more culms, the slenderness measurement shall be calculated using equation G.12-9-3 , with the
radius of gyration r calculated with the following expression:

I
r=
A (G.12.9-5)

Where:

I = inertia of the section calculated according to numeral G.12.9.2.5, in mm4

A = cross sectional area, in mm2
r = radius of gyration of the section

G.12.9.2.5 When several culms are used to form a compression element, the inertia of the set is calculated as
the sum of the individual inertias of each one of the culms . If the constructor guarantees joint work, the
inertia can be calculated with the following expressions:

(a) For lattice-type compression elements, the inertia will be calculated as

where Ai the area for the i-th culm and give the distance between the centroid of the set of
culms and the centroid of the i-th culm.

(b) For members in compression joined along their entire length, the inertia will be calculated as
where Ii the individual inertia of each culm referred to its own centroid.

G.12.9.2.6 — Classification of columns — Depending on their slenderness ratio, round guadua columns are classified
as short, intermediate or long.

Table G.12.9-2
Classification of Columns by slenderness

Column Slenderness
Short λ < 30
Intermediate 30 < λ < Ck
Long Ck < λ < 150

The slenderness Ck is the limit between the intermediate columns and the long columns and is given by the following
formula.

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E0.05
Ck = 2.565
Fc′ (G.12.9-6)

Where

Fc′ = allowable compressive stress parallel to the grains, modified, in MPa

E0.05 = 5th percentile modulus of elasticity, in MPa

Under no circumstances is it acceptable to work with column elements that have slenderness greater than 150.

G.12.9.2.7.1 — Short columns ( < 30) — The maximum compression stress parallel to the acting fiber fc on

G.12.9.2.7 — Maximum stresses

G.12.9.2.7.1 —Short columns (λ < 30) —The maximum compression stress parallel to the acting fiber fc on
any section of round guadua in short columns, must not exceed the value of the compression stress parallel to the
admissible fibers (Fc') modified by the corresponding factors, according to equation G.12.9-7

N
fc = ≤ Fc′
An (G.12.9-7)

Where

fc = compressive stress parallel to the acting fiber, in MPa

N = mpressive force parallel to the acting fiber, in N
An = et cross-sectional area, in mm2
Fc′ = allowable compressive stress parallel to grain, modified, in MPa

G.12.9.2.7.2 — Intermediate columns (30 < λ < Ck) — The maximum stress of parallel compression
acting fiber (fc) on any section of round guadua in intermediate columns, must not exceed the value of the
compression stress parallel to the admissible fibers (Fc') modified by the corresponding factors, according
ÿ

to equation G.12.9-8

N
fc = ≤ Fc′
⎛ 3
2 ⎡ λ ⎤ ⎞⎟
(G.12.9-8)
An ⎜ 1 − ⎢ ⎥
⎜ 5 ⎣ CK ⎦ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Where:
fc = compressive stress parallel to the acting fiber, in MPa
N = compressive force parallel to the acting grain, in N
An = net cross-sectional area, in mm2
Fc′ = allowable compressive stress parallel to grain, modified, in MPa
λ = slenderness, formula G.12.9-3
Ck = slenderness that marks the limit between intermediate and long columns, formula G.12.9-6

G.12.9.2.7.3 — Long columns Ck <λ<150) — The maximum compressive stress parallel to thefiber
(fc ) on any section of round guadua in long columns, must not exceed the value of the compression stress
parallel to the admissible fibers (Fc') modified by the corresponding factors , according to equation G.12.9-9

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E0.05
fc = 3.3 ≤ Fc′
λ2 (G.12.9-9)

Where:
IF = compressive stress parallel to the acting grain, in MPa
Fc′ = modified allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain, in MPa
λ = slenderness, formula G.12.9-3
E0.05 = 5th percentile modulus of elasticity, in MPa
Columns with slenderness greater than 150 are not allowed.

G.12.9.2.8 — All elements that, in addition to being stressed by axial compression, are also stressed by bending moment
must be designed in accordance with the provisions of G.12.10.

G.12.10 — DESIGN OF ELEMENTS STRESSED BY BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD

G.12.10.1 — ELEMENTS REQUESTED TO BENDING WITH AXIAL TENSION — The elements of the structure that are
simultaneously subjected to forces of axial tension and bending must be designed to comply with the following equation:

f t fb
+ ≤ 1.0
Ft′ Fb′ (G.12.10-1)

Where:
ft = acting tensile stress, in MPa
Ft′ = allowable tensile stress, modified by the coefficients that may apply, in MPa
Fb = acting flexural stress, in MPa
Fb′ = modified allowable flexural stress, in MPa

G.12.10.2 — ELEMENTS REQUESTED TO BENDING-COMPRESSION — The elements of the structure that are simultaneously
subjected to compression and bending forces must be designed to comply with the following equation:

fc k m fb
+ ≤ 1.0
Fc′ Fb′ (G.12.10-2)

Where:

fc = acting compressive stress parallel to the grain, in MPa

Fc′ = modified allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain, in MPa
fb = acting flexural stress, in MPa
Fb′ = modified allowable flexural stress, in MPa
Km = moment magnification coefficient, calculated with formula G.12.10-3:

1
km =
1 − 1.5 ( Na Ncr ) (G.12.10-3)

Where:

Km = moment magnification coefficient

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Na = acting compressive load, in N

Ncr = Euler critical load, calculated with formula G.12.10-4

π 2 E0.05 I
Ncr = (G.12.10-4)
A 2e

Where:

Ncr = Euler critical load, in N

E0.05 = 5th percentile modulus of elasticity, in MPa
I = moment of inertia of the section, in mm4
Ae = effective length of the element, in mm
It is

G.12.11 — JOINTS
G.12.11.1 — GENERAL — These provisions are applicable to the joints contained in NTC 5407 “Joints of structures with Guadua
Angustifolia Kunth”. Every element constituting a joint must be designed so that it does not fail due to tension perpendicular to the
grain and shear parallel to the grain. In the case of using special cuts in the guadua, the necessary measures must be taken to
prevent them from inducing the failure of the union.

G.12.11.1.1 — In no case will nailed joints be allowed, since the nails induce longitudinal cracks due to the arrangement of
the guadua fibers.

G.12.11.2 — TYPES OF CUTS — The three most commonly used types of cuts for the manufacture of joints with guadua elements
are: straight cut, fish mouth cut and flute beak cut.

G.12.11.2.1 — Straight Cut — Plane cut perpendicular to the axis of the guadua

Figure G.12.11-1 - Straight Cut

G.12.11.2.2 — Fishmouth cut — Concave cut transversal to the axis of the guadua, generally used to couple two elements
of guadua.

Figure G.12.11-2 - Fish mouth section

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G.12.11.2.3 — Flute beak cut — This cut is used to join guaduas that arrive at angles different from 0° and 90°,
it can be done as an inclined fish mouth or with two straight cuts.

Figure G.12.11-3 - Flute Peak Cut

G.12.11.3 — BOLTED JOINTS — These provisions are applicable to bolted joints of two or more guadua elements or to
joints of guadua elements with metal plates or for fixing guadua to concrete elements by means of plates and anchors.
Bolted joints are generally used when the demands on a connection are relatively large, thus requiring the use of bolts,
usually accompanied by steel plates.

G.12.11.3.1 — Bolts and plates used in bolted connections must be made of structural steel with a yield strength
of not less than 240 MPa; the minimum diameter allowed for the bolts is 9.5 mm (#3) and the minimum thickness
of the plates will be 4.8 mm. (3/16”), All metallic elements of the joints must be designed as stipulated by Title F
of this standard.

G.12.11.3.2 — The holes made for the placement of a bolt must be well aligned with respect to its axis and have
a diameter greater than the diameter of the bolt by 1.5mm. (1/16”). The perforations made to fill the internodes
must have a maximum diameter of 26mm, and must be duly covered with the same filling mortar, in order to
guarantee the structural continuity of the element. In the case of a longitudinally bolted union with respect to the
axis of the guadua, it must be guaranteed that the partitions involved in the connection do not fail.

G.12.11.3.3 — All the bolts and other metallic elements of the union must be designed in accordance with the
requirements stipulated in Title F of this standard and in the event that the union is between one element of
guadua and another of concrete, the anchorage length must be such that it complies with the requirements of
Title C of the same standard. All metallic elements used in bolted joints that will be exposed to unfavorable
environmental conditions must have some type of anticorrosion treatment.

G.12.11.3.4 — The use of metal clamps or bands within the design of the connections is allowed, as long as the
pertinent precautions are taken to avoid crushing and compression failure perpendicular to the fiber in individual
elements, as well as the separation and sliding between connected elements.

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Figure G.12.11-4 - Straps

G.12.11.3.5 — In the case of joints in which the guadua culms are subjected to crushing loads, it is necessary to fill the
internodes adjacent to the joint and through which bolts pass with a mixture of cement mortar in relation 1 to 3, preferably
with a plasticizer additive that guarantees the fluidity of the mixture. The mortar used to fill the internodes must be type M
or S, according to the mortar classification stipulated in Title D of this Standard.

G.12.11.3.6 — In all bolted joints that do not have plates, metal washers must be used between the nut and the guadua or
between the head of the bolt and the guadua, according to table G.12.11-1.

Table G.12.11-1
Minimum dimensions of washers for bolted joints

Bolt diameter (mm) 9.5 12.7 15.9

Washer thickness (mm) 4 5 6
Outside diameter of sconces (mm) 45 50 65

G.12.11.3.7 — All metallic elements used in bolted joints, built with wet guadua elements (CH > 30%) or subjected to humid
environments or with high salinity content have an anti-corrosion treatment.

G.12.11.3.8 — The allowable loads for bolted joints subjected to double shearing will be determined from the values P ,
Q and T given in table G.12.11-2, as a function of the external diameter of the guadua (De) and of the bolt diameter (d) .

The values of P indicated will be used when the force in the joint is parallel to the fibers, both of the central element and of
the lateral elements, if any.

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P/2

P/2

Figure G.12.11-5

load P

The allowable loads when the force is parallel to the grains of the central element but perpendicular to the grains of the
lateral elements, or vice versa, are indicated as Q , as long as the central element and the lateral elements lie in parallel
planes.

Q/2

Q/2

Figure 12.11-6 - Charge Q

The allowable loads when the force is perpendicular to the fibers of one of the elements and parallel to the fibers of the
other are indicated as T , as long as the guadua elements are in the same plane.

Figure G.12.11-7 - Load T

The allowable loads P and Q correspond to two limit situations. If the force at the joint follows the direction of the central
element but makes an angle a with the direction of the grains of the lateral elements, or vice versa, the allowable load will
be determined by Hankison's equation:

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PQ
N=
P sen α + Q cos 2 α
2 (G.12.11-1)

G.12.11.3.9 — The values in table G.12.16 correspond to joints with a single internode between the bolt and the end of the element. If there
are two or more internodes between the bolt and the end of the element, the values in table G.12.11-2 may be increased by 30%, that is,
the modification coefficient for this concept is 1.3. The values of Q and T cannot be modified.

G.12.11.3.10 — The allowable loads given in table G.12.11-2 are representative of guaduas with a moisture content of less than 19% and
that will remain dry during their service time. In connections with 4 or more members, each shear plane will be evaluated as a simple shear
connection. The value of the connection will be calculated with the lowest nominal value thus obtained, multiplied by the number of cutting
planes.

Table G.12.11-2
Allowable loads for double shear bolted joints

De P Q T
Pin
(mm) (N) (N) (N)
80 7212 2885 2000
90 8008 3203 2100
100 8804 3522 2200
110 9601 3840 2300
115 10041 4016 2400
#3 120 10481 4193 2500
125 10922 4369 2600
130 11362 4545 2700
135 11802 4721 2800
140 12242 4897 2900
150 13039 5216 3000
80 9710 3884 2000
90 9916 3966 2100
100 10943 4377 2200
110 11970 4788 2300
115 12521 5009 2400
#4 120 13072 5229 2500
125 13623 5449 2600
130 14174 5670 2700
135 14725 5890 2800
140 15276 6110 2900
150 16303 6521 3000
80 11540 4616 2000
90 12806 5122 2100
100 13250 5300 2200
110 14515 5806 2300
115 15185 6074 2400
#5 120 15855 6342 2500
125 16525 6610 2600
130 17195 6878 2700
135 17865 7146 2800
140 18535 7414 2900
150 19800 7920 3000

G.12.11.3.11 — The allowable loads in Table G.12.11-2 are for single bolt connections.
When a connection requires more than two bolts in a line parallel to the direction of the load, the allowable load of the connection will be
obtained by multiplying the allowable values per bolt obtained from said table, by the number of bolts and by a reduction coefficient per
group. , Cg , according to table G.12.11-3

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Uniones con elementos de guadua 1.0 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.82
Tabla G.12.11-3
Reduction coefficient by group Cg

Number of bolts 4
join class
2 3 4 5 6
Unions with guadua elements 1.0 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.82
Unions with steel elements 1.0 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.90

The reduction coefficient per group can only be applied to the load P , the load Q and T cannot be
,

modified.

G.12.11.3.12 — If concave shaped washers are used to allow a better distribution of the load on the guadua walls and as
long as the tubes where they are located are filled with cement mortar, the loads of the guadua can be increased. table
G.12.16 by 25%, the Q values cannot be increased.

G.12.11.3.13 — The spacing between the bolts must not be less than 150 mm nor more than 250 mm, in any case there
must be an internode between each bolt. The distance from the bolt to the free end of the element must be greater than 150
mm in tension joints and 100 mm in compression joints.

G.12.11.4 — OTHER JOINTS — Other types of joints will be allowed, as long as they are verified by a scientific study with no less
than 30 tests, which makes it possible to verify that the capacity of the proposed joint is equivalent to or greater than those stated. in
this standard.

G.12.12 — PREPARATION, MANUFACTURING, CONSTRUCTION, ASSEMBLY

AND MAINTENANCE
G.12.12.1 — GENERAL — All tasks related to the preparation of the material, manufacture, construction, assembly and maintenance
of guadua structures, must be governed by the practices normally accepted by engineering and architecture and by the requirements
of this Regulation. .

G.12.12.2 — PREPARATION PROCESS

G.12.12.2.1 — Drying of guadua — All guadua destined for the construction of structures must be dried to a moisture
content (CH%), as close as possible to the equilibrium moisture content (CHE) with the environment of the area where it will
be installed.

(a) As a general rule, guaduas for structural use must be dry at the time of
manufacturing below 19% CH.
(b) Natural or air drying will be carried out by exposing the guadua to the environment.
This process should be done on covered patios with air circulation. It is recommended that the guaduas be
placed in vertical trays, if this is not possible they can be stacked horizontally, but ensuring that there are no
exaggerated curvatures in the drying process. During the process, the deterioration of the material due to the
action of the weather, biological agents or other causes must be avoided.

(c) When the required moisture content is less than the equilibrium moisture content of the local environment or
when dry guadua is desired in the shortest possible time, artificial drying methods may be used.

(d) During the artificial drying process, the integrity of the piece of guadua must be guaranteed,
preventing excessive cracking or crushing.

G.12.12.2.2 — Preservation of guadua — It is the process by which a chemical product capable of protecting it against
attack by fungi or insects is applied to the guadua.

(a) Any guadua that is going to be used as a structural element must have at least one
treatment type stipulated in the NTC 5301 standard.

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(b) If the preservation process is going to be carried out by immersion, it must be guaranteed that the
perforations of the longitudinal partitions do not exceed 130 mm.
(c) In manual application procedures, the client must be provided with the catalog or technical sheet of the immunizing
product. During the preservative application process, all industrial safety standards provided by the product
manufacturer must be followed.
(d) Under no circumstances should guadua elements be installed without immunization.

G.12.12.3 — MANUFACTURING

G.12.12.3.1 — Materials — The guaduas that will be used as structural elements must be free of insects and fungi. In the
same way, they should not present cracks that could decrease their resistance.

(a) The culms used in the construction of structures must correspond to mature guaduas, that is,
say that they must not be less than 4 years old nor more than 6 years old.
(b) The moisture content of the guaduas used for the construction of structures must not exceed 19% MC nor be
below 10% MC. Its value must be close to the equilibrium humidity of the area where it will be installed (CHE).
(c) To wash the guadua, low-abrasive materials and adequate processes
must be used that
do not damage the surface of the material.
(d) The metallic elements used in joints that will be exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions must be resistant
to corrosion or have some type of anticorrosion treatment.

G.12.12.3.2 — Dimensions — All guadua pieces must comply with the minimum length and section specifications of the
design plans.

G.12.12.3.3 — Tolerances — Imperfections in cutting, assembly, and cross sections of guadua pieces must not be greater
than 2% of the value specified in the design drawings.

G.12.12.3.4 — Identification — Every structural element must bear a visible and permanent identification that coincides with
that indicated in the design plans.

G.12.12.3.5 — Transport and storage — For the transport of the guaduas, vehicles with the appropriate capacity and
dimensions must be used, these must be covered, guaranteeing protection against the direct action of rain and solar rays. In
addition, they will have a bodywork and fixing stakes that prevent the movement of the load during the trip.

(a) Overloading of structural members during transport and storage should be avoided. He
maximum number of culms stacked one on top of the other will be seven (7).
(b) Guadua is a hygroscopic and porous material that absorbs water present in the environment in the form of vapor
or liquid. If the humidity of the guadua increases, it will become more vulnerable to biological attack, therefore,
the storage of the guadua pieces must be done in a dry place, under cover, with good ventilation, and good
drainage. They should preferably be stored in an upright position, isolated from the floor without being in contact
with organic material. (c) It will be avoided that the guadua elements come out of the vehicle body, if this is
(c) It will be avoided that the guadua elements come out of the vehicle body, if this is not possible, the elements
must be adequately strapped. Additionally, all the requirements established for the transport of cargo of Law 769 of
2002, theNational Land Transit Code and its regulatory decrees must be met.

G.12.12.4 — CONSTRUCTION

G.12.12.4.1 — Objectives — This section has the objective of giving recommendations for constructions in guadua and setting
requirements to guarantee the good behavior of the structures.

G.12.12.4.2 — Cleaning of the land — The land must be cleared of all plant material and all the necessary drainage works
must be carried out to ensure the lowest incidence of humidity. When buildings with a raised mezzanine are built, the necessary
measures must be taken to prevent the growth of vegetation and the nesting of animals under the floor.

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G.12.12.4.3 — Foundation — The foundation works must be carried out in accordance with the structural guidelines and according to the
resistance characteristics of the soil that must be established in the soil study.

G.12.12.4.4 — Protection against moisture — Guadua is a hygroscopic and porous material that absorbs water present in the environment
in vapor or liquid form. If the humidity of the guadua increases, its mechanical properties will decrease, it will begin to swell, it will transmit
heat and electricity more easily and it will become more vulnerable to biological attack.

(a) It is recommended that the guadua elements are never in direct contact with the ground, they are
they should build baseboards or pedestals that keep the guadua away from the ground.
(b) Guadua elements exposed to the elements are not allowed. (c) To prevent the
phenomenon of water condensation, poorly ventilated spaces should be avoided. In environments that are exposed to steam due
to their use, such as kitchens and bathrooms, in addition to good ventilation, exposed surfaces must be protected with
waterproof coatings.

G.12.12.4.5 — Protection against fungi and insects — Guadua in general is susceptible to attack by fungi and insects; The former attack
guaduas with high moisture content, beginning their action from the inside of the culm due to the high content of parenchyma, and insects,
especially termites, weevils and termites, attack guaduas from the moment the guadual is cut, in search of nutrients contained in the material.
The protection of the material against the attack of fungi and insects must begin from the moment of use in the guadual.

(a) It must be guaranteed that the guadua is stored in conditions of minimum humidity and that it has been treated with fumigants
during stacking. (b) Under no circumstances should
guaduas be used that show samples from areas attacked by
fungi or insects.
(c) To avoid fungal attack, the maximum moisture content of the guaduas used as structural elements must be 20%.

G.12.12.4.6 — PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE — For the design, it must be taken into account that guadua is a combustible material and
that it ignites easily, although some impregnating or coating substances can speed up or slow down the process, see Title J of this Regulation.
The following measures help protect guadua structures against fire:

(a) Heating elements that dangerously increase the temperature of the

environments.
(b) The walls and structural elements next to heat sources such as fireplaces, ovens,
stoves etc They must be insulated with incombustible materials.
(c) Under no circumstances should guadua structures be used when the temperature at which they will be
subjected throughout its useful life exceeds 65 C .
(d) The deposits destined for the storage of fuels must be located outside the buildings of guadua and be surrounded by non-
combustible materials. (e) It is advisable to limit the use of finishes such as varnishes,
lacquers, oil-soluble paints and
any other substance that accelerates the development of fire.
(f) Adjacent guadua structures must be separated by at least 1.20 m; Otherwise, the elements must have covers of incombustible
materials with a minimum resistance of 1 hour of exposure. In the event that two structures are joined, the common facing
must be separated by a firewall that must protrude at least 0.50 m at the top and 1.00 m at the ends, measured from the most
protruding part of the adjoining structures. This wall must be designed to remain stable even with the collapse of the burned
structure.

(g) In buildings for community use such as schools, health centers, shops, etc.,
The following recommendations must be considered: • There
must be quick and signposted access to the most probable sources of fire. • The distribution of fire extinguishers,
sprinklers and fire hoses must follow the recommendations given by experts. • The structure must have enough
emergency exits with easy access and

clearly marked.

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• There must be automatic smoke and/or heat detection mechanisms.

G.12.12.4.7 — Protection against earthquakes — In order to guarantee that a guadua structure has adequate performance in the
face of seismic events, the following recommendations must be followed:

(a) Guadua structures must comply with the requirements established in this standard.
(b) The architectural design complies with the following structural requirements:
• That all the elements of the construction are properly connected to each other.
structure anchored to the foundation.
• That the distribution of the walls in plan is such that the length of these at each
direction to resist the stresses produced by the earthquake. • That the roof
is not too heavy compared to the rest of the structure.
(c) The pipes used for water and drainage installations must be fixed to the construction with supports that prevent them
from breaking during seismic movements.
(d) Constructions of one or more volumes must have an independent behavior between
they
(e) The building must be as regular in plan as possible, if there are irregular plans, these
They must be divided into several regular floors, separated by expansion joints.

G.12.12.4.8 — Protection against wind — All guadua structures must be designed to resist stresses from wind loads. This design
must meet the requirements and parameters established in Title B of this standard.

G.12.12.4.9 — Mounting

G.12.12.4.9.1 — Objective — The recommendations given in this document for the assembly of guadua structures must
be considered as minimum and the builder is allowed to apply techniques derived from his experience.

G.12.12.4.9.2 — Personnel — The entity in charge of assembling the guadua structure must guarantee that the assemblers
have sufficient experience and preparation in the construction of buildings with this type of material. They must have the
appropriate tools and safety equipment.

G.12.12.4.9.3 — Assembly plans — The assembler carpenters will have plans that contain the assembly indications and
location of the structural elements, final bracing and special precautions.

G.12.12.4.9.4 — On-site supply — The builder will provide the structure assembler with the axis and heights for assembly.
It must also deliver ready the foundation and anchors in the concrete structure, it will supply electricity, scaffolding, storage
space, camp, surveillance and access roads.

G.12.12.4.9.5 — Transportation, loading and unloading — The loading and unloading operations of the guadua
elements must avoid damage to the culms such as crushing, cracking, and perforations. In the same way, they must avoid
overloads that could compromise the resistance of the material.

G.12.12.4.9.6 — Storage — Material storage yards must be as close as possible to the assembly site and the work must
have an area that allows comfortable and safe handling of the structural elements. These patios must be protected against
rain and humidity.

G.12.12.4.9.7 — Anchors, Bracing, and Splices — All structural elements shall be anchored, braced, spliced, and
installed in such a way as to ensure the strength and rigidity necessary to meet design purposes. The assembler carpenters
must have sufficient experience in accordance with the qualification established by the builder responsible for the work.

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G.12.12.4.9.7.1 — Anchors — The designer must specify on the plans the type of anchor, its dimensions,
and spacing. Anchorages to walls, foundations or to the concrete structure must be constructed in
accordance with the structural design.

G.12.12.4.9.7.2 — Temporary bracing — The objective of temporary bracing is to guarantee adequate

support for the structural elements in the perpendicular plane, in order to keep them in the position
indicated in the plans and that they can resist the loads of wind and earthquake during construction.
Temporary bracing is the responsibility of the assembler of the structure.

G.12.12.4.9.7.3 — Definitive Bracing — The designer must specify on the plans the type of definitive
bracing, its dimensions and location. These elements must guarantee the vertical and horizontal stability
of the structure. As well as prevent buckling in slender elements.

G.12.12.4.10 — Maintenance — All buildings built in guadua will need revisions, adjustments and repairs
throughout its useful life. These repairs are often due to the expansion suffered by the material due to
accommodation to the humidity and temperature of the site. In addition, periodic reviews must be carried out and
the necessary arrangements made to guarantee the correct structural operation.

(a) All the elements of guadua that have become misaligned due to contractions of the material,
must be readjusted.
(b) If any element of the structure is broken, crushed, excessively deformed or rotten, the builder must be
notified immediately so that it can replace the part.

(c) Periodic reviews must be made to verify if the material is being attacked by
some biological agent.
(d) Verify the integrity of the electrical, water supply and sanitary installations.
In the same way, in structures where there are special fire protection systems, a periodic review must
be carried out to verify their correct operation.

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