Arctic Sea Ice Mechanics with an Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Kara Peterson
Sandia National Labs Applied Mathematics and Applications

IPAM Mathematics of Sea Ice Workshop May 10, 2010

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Acknowledgements

Prof. Deborah Sulsky, UNM Prof. Howard Schreyer, UNM Dr. Pavel Bochev, SNL Funding from LDRD, NNSA BER, NSF(UNM)

earthobservatory.nasa.gov

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Outline
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Introduction Sea Ice Governing Equations Motivation Elastic-Decohesive Model Material-Point Method RGPS Data Beaufort Sea Calculations Pan-Arctic Calculations Conclusions and Future Work

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Introduction
Arctic sea ice plays important role in global climate by reecting solar radiation and insulating the ocean from the atmosphere Due to feedback effects, the Arctic sea ice cover is changing rapidly Accurate, high-resolution models must incorporate
annual cycle of growth and melt due to radiative forcing mechanical deformation due to surface winds, ocean currents, and Coriolis forces localized effects of leads and ridges
earthobservatory.nasa.gov earthobservatory.nasa.gov

alaska.usgs.gov

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Importance of Leads
In winter heat transfer between ocean and atmosphere occurs primarily in leads Where new ice production (and brine ux to ocean) occurs in winter Satellite data show deformation focused into large linear features associated with leads

www.arctic.noaa.gov

www.nsidc.org

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Sea Ice Model Components

2-D momentum equation for ice velocity v dv = (h)+ta +tw fc hg H h dt fc = 2h sin (e3 v) ta = Ca va va tw = Cw v vw (v vw ) Ice thickness distribution for variations in thickness (h) dg +( dt v)g +

(f g) = h

h=
0

hgdh

(Thorndike et al., 1975, JGR, Vol. 80, No. 33, 4501-4513)

1-D heat equation for temperature (T ) and changes in thickness (f = h/t) c Fw k T = t z k T z + I0 ez Fa + k T h = q z t

T h = q z t

(Bitz and Lipscomb, 1999, JGR, Vol. 104, C7, 15669-15677) (Maykut and Untersteiner, 1971, JGR, Vol. 76, No. 6, 1550-1575)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Sea Ice Model Components

2-D momentum equation for ice velocity v dv = (h)+ta +tw fc hg H h dt fc = 2h sin (e3 v) ta = Ca va va tw = Cw v vw (v vw ) Ice thickness distribution for variations in thickness (h) dg +( dt v)g +

(f g) = h

h=
0

hgdh

(Thorndike et al., 1975, JGR, Vol. 80, No. 33, 4501-4513)

1-D heat equation for temperature (T ) and changes in thickness (f = h/t) c Fw k T = t z k T z + I0 ez Fa + k T h = q z t

T h = q z t

(Bitz and Lipscomb, 1999, JGR, Vol. 104, C7, 15669-15677) (Maykut and Untersteiner, 1971, JGR, Vol. 76, No. 6, 1550-1575)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Viscous-Plastic Constitutive Model

Constitutive Relation N = h = 2 + ( )tr()I + = = P 2 PI 2 Yield Curve

P = 2 e 2e2

= (2 + 2 )(1 + e2 ) + 42 e2 11 22 12 + 211 22 (1 + e2 )
(Hibler, 1979, J. Phys. Oceanography, Vol.9, 815-845)

1/2

Ice Strength P = P heC(1A)

dv dt

(h) + ta + tw fc hg

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Motivation for New Model

Isotropic rheology not appropriate for high-resolutions where a single lead can dominate deformation

rkwok.jpl.nasa.gov

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Motivation for New Model

Isotropic rheology not appropriate for high-resolutions where a single lead can dominate deformation elastic-decohesive rheology

rkwok.jpl.nasa.gov

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Motivation for New Model

Horizontal transport

Articial diffusion in transport can lead to errors in thickness and smearing of ice edge

da = ( dt

v)a

dv = ( v)v dt v = (x, 0), h = v/a

Sulsky et al., 2007, Vol. 112, C02S90, doi:10.1029/2005JC003329

Lipscomb and Hunke, 2004, Mon. Weather Rev., 132(6), 1341-1354.

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Motivation for New Model

Horizontal transport

Articial diffusion in transport can lead to errors in thickness and smearing of ice edge material-point method

da = ( dt

v)a

dv = ( v)v dt v = (x, 0), h = v/a

Sulsky et al., 2007, Vol. 112, C02S90, doi:10.1029/2005JC003329

Lipscomb and Hunke, 2004, Mon. Weather Rev., 132(6), 1341-1354.

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Strong discontinuities

Leads modeled as displacement discontinuities

u = u + [[u]]H
n +

u = + ([[u]] n)s

dv dt

fc =

(h) + ta + tw

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Strong discontinuities

Leads modeled as displacement discontinuities

u = u + [[u]]H
n +

u = + ([[u]] n)s

Initiation and orientation of lead based on stress state

Damage function ( ),
2

= n

2/nf

4 4

1/nf

dv dt

fc =

(h) + ta + tw
Schreyer et al., 2006, JGR 111, C11S26, doi:10.1029/2005JC003334

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Strong discontinuities

Leads modeled as displacement discontinuities

u = u + [[u]]H
n +

u = + ([[u]] n)s

Initiation and orientation of lead based on stress state Implemented like an elastic-plastic relation

Damage function ( ),
2

= n

2/nf

Constitutive relation
= E : ( ([[u]] n )s ) [[u]] =
h dv dt fc = (h) + ta + tw

4 4

1/nf

Schreyer et al., 2006, JGR 111, C11S26, doi:10.1029/2005JC003334

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Damage function
= t sm
2

+ eBn 1
2

Bn =

tt n fn 1 nf fc2

Schulson, 2001, Engng. Frac Mech., Vol. 68, 1879-1887

[ ] = un n + ut t [u]

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Damage function
= t sm
2

+ eBn 1
2

Bn =

tt n fn 1 nf fc2

Schulson, 2001, Engng. Frac Mech., Vol. 68, 1879-1887

t tangential traction , sm shear strength

[ ] = un n + ut t [u]

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Damage function
= t sm
2

+ eBn 1
2

Bn =

tt n fn 1 nf fc2

Schulson, 2001, Engng. Frac Mech., Vol. 68, 1879-1887

t tangential traction , sm shear strength

n normal traction , nf tensile strength

[ ] = un n + ut t [u]

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

Damage function
= t sm
2

+ eBn 1
2

Bn =

tt n fn 1 nf fc2

Schulson, 2001, Engng. Frac Mech., Vol. 68, 1879-1887

t tangential traction , sm shear strength

n normal traction , nf tensile strength

tt = t t , fc compressive strength [ ] = un n + ut t [u]

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Elastic-Decohesive Constitutive Model

[[u]] = un n + ut t

Damage function

t sm

+ eBn 1
2

Bn =

tt n fn 1 nf fc2

Softening function

fn =

un u0

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Failure Evolution

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Material-Point Method (MPM)

Domain divided into material points and background grid Lagrangian material points carry mass, momentum, thickness distribution, and internal variables for constitutive model Momentum equation solved on background grid Constitutive model, ITD, and thermodynamics evaluated at material point

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

MPM Algorithm
1 2

Map MP values to nodes Calculate internal and external forces at nodes Solve momentum equation on grid Update MPs based on grid solution Evaluate constitutive model at MPs Update ITD based on mechanics/thermodynamics Regrid
Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS)

Developed by Polar Remote Sensing Group at JPL Extracts sea ice motion data from SAR imagery using area and feature based tracking Points tracked can be interpreted as nodes of a grid Grid quantities such as divergence, shear, and vorticity can be derived

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS)

Developed by Polar Remote Sensing Group at JPL Extracts sea ice motion data from SAR imagery using area and feature based tracking Points tracked can be interpreted as nodes of a grid Grid quantities such as divergence, shear, and vorticity can be derived

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Decohesive Kinematics Using RGPS

Want a procedure to extract information on cracks or leads from RGPS data Assume all deformation in cell due to discontinuity = 1 ([[u]] n)s L

Given from RGPS cell data, calculate best t [[u]] and n

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Decohesive Kinematics Using RGPS

Want a procedure to extract information on cracks or leads from RGPS data Assume all deformation in cell due to discontinuity = 1 ([[u]] n)s L

Given from RGPS cell data, calculate best t [[u]] and n

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Calculation Setup

Use RGPS data for 23 Feb - 11 Mar 2004 in Beaufort Sea region

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Calculation Setup

Use RGPS data for 23 Feb - 11 Mar 2004 in Beaufort Sea region 10 km square grid, 4 material points per cell initially Rigid material points for land boundary RGPS velocities used for boundary conditions
Y (km)
800 600

MPM Calculation

400

200

200

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

X (km)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Calculation Setup

Use RGPS data for 23 Feb - 11 Mar 2004 in Beaufort Sea region 10 km square grid, 4 material points per cell initially Rigid material points for land boundary RGPS velocities used for boundary conditions Ocean current and atmospheric wind forcing

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Calculation Setup

Use RGPS data for 23 Feb - 11 Mar 2004 in Beaufort Sea region 10 km square grid, 4 material points per cell initially Rigid material points for land boundary RGPS velocities used for boundary conditions Ocean current and atmospheric wind forcing Initialize using kinematic crack data
Y (km)
800 600

Initial Leads

400

200

200

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

X (km)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Net Deformation Results

RGPS Divergence
0.2 800 0.15
800

RPGS Shear
0.5

RGPS Vorticity
0.5 800
0.4

0.4

600

0.3

0.3 600 0.2 400

0.1

600 0.2

400

0.05

400

Y (km)

Y (km)

Y (km)

RGPS

0.1

0.1

0 200 0.05 0 0.1

0 200 0.1 0

0 200 0.1 0

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3 200

200 0.15

200 0.4

0.4

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.2

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.5

X (km)

X (km)

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.5

X (km)

MPM Divergence
0.2 800 0.15
800

MPM Shear
0.5

MPM Vorticity
0.5 800
0.4

0.4

600

0.3

0.3 600 0.2 400

0.1

600 0.2

400

0.05

400

Y (km)

Y (km)

Y (km)

MPM

0.1

0.1

0 200 0.05 0 0.1

0 200 0.1 0

0 200 0.1 0

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3 200

200 0.15

200 0.4

0.4

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.2

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.5

X (km)

X (km)

400 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

0.5

X (km)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Beaufort Sea Results March 11 (Day 70)

RGPS

MPM

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Pan-Arctic Calculations Set-up

LANL CICE Elastic-viscous-plastic rheology Finite difference, linear remapping Bitz and Lipscomb thermo Five category ITD

50 km resolution grid Rectangular azimuthal equal area projection

MPM Seaice Elastic-decohesive rheology Particle-in-cell Bitz and Lipscomb thermo Five category ITD

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Forcing Data
Atmosphere - Large and Yeager
(data1.gfdl.noaa.gov/nomads/forms/mom4/CORE.html)

Air temperature Specic humidity Atmospheric wind Downward short wave ux Precipitation

Ocean - PIOMAS
(psc.apl.washington.edu/IDAO/data piomas.html)

Sea surface temperature Sea surface salinity Ocean currents

Cloud fraction - AOMIP

(www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=30580)

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

First Year Code Comparison

March CICE Thickness MPM Thickness June September December

MPM Opening

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Conclusions
MPM sea ice model with anisotropic elastic-decohesive model
Initiation based on stress state Orientation determined at initiation Evolution of leads Allows for predetermined areas of weakness

Future work
Ridging and freezing algorithms tied to constitutive model Curvilinear grid Numerical improvements to model

Work in progess Pan-Arctic calculations More comparisons with data (metrics)

alaska.usgs.gov

Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.