I Py us \ wy gf ay EVS-Uniett fy a” Hiodiversity . (Answer Key) Define biodiversity? The existence of a number of different kinds of animals and plants whieh together make a good and healthy environment What are the three types of biodiversity? + Genetic Biodiversity + Species Biodiversity and + Ecological Biodiversity. Write the importance of biodiversity? Biodiversity and its maintenance are very important for sustaining life on arth, 1. Ecological Stability 2. Economie Importance 3. Ethical Importance. Define genetic diversity. It refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms. Every individual of a particular species differs from each other in their genetic constitution. Ex: Different varieties in the same species of rice and barley, etc How will you justify India is a mega diversity nation. ¥ India is well-known for its biological richness, with over 91,000 animal species and 45,500 plant species identified across its ten bio-geographic regions. Y In indigenous healing traditions, about 6,500 native plants still are employed extensively. Therefore, India is considered a coun mega diversity. y of Give two examples of endangered and endemic species of India. Endangered species Reptiles : Tortoise, python Mammals : Indian wolf, Red fox, Tiger Scanned with CamScanner10. 11. 12. 13. Endemic Species Flora: Sapria Himalayan, Ovaria lurid Fauna: Monitor lizards, Indian salamander. Define threatened species, A threatened species is any species that is at risk of endangerment. Without corrective measures, these species are likely to become extinct in the foreseeable future. What do you understand by the term flora and fauna? Flora: Plants present in a particular region or period. Fauna: Animals present in a particular region or period. Write the advantages and disadvantages of ex-situ conservation. Advantages: Survival of endangered species is increasing due to special care and attention. Disadvantages: The freedom of wildlife is lost. What are the activities which destroy the biodiversity by human? The farmers prefer hybrid seeds; as a result many plant species become extinct. For the production of drugs the pharmaceutical companies collect wild plants, so several medicinal plantsnow become extinct. Give any four examples for species biodiversity? Plant species: Apple, Mango, Grapes etc.. Animal species: Lion, Tiger, Deer etc.. Write any two important biodiversity hot spots in India. © Western Ghats * Eastern Himalayas What are the needs of biodiversity conservation? * It provides immediate benefits to the society such as recreation and tourism, * Drugs, herbs, food and other important raw materials can be derived from plants and animals. Scanned with CamScanner14, Name the factors whieh affecting endangered species. Pollution, Over-exploitation and climate change. w Define in-situ conservation, © Itis very cheap and convenient method. * ‘The species gets adjusted to natural disasters like drought, floods and forest fires. 16, Classify value of biodiversity. Consumptive use value, Productive use value, Social value, Ethical value Optional value and Aesthetic values, 17, -Write about consumptive use value? These are direct values, where the biodiversity products are harvested and consumed directly Example: food,drugs,fuel etc. 18. What is Productive use value? Biodiversity products have obtained a commercial value. These products are marketed and sold. These products may be derived from the animals and plants. Example: silk,wool, leather etc. sity. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation. 19. Define hotspots of biodi 20 What is endemic species? Endemic species are plant and animal species that are found in a particular geographical region and nowhere else in the world. PART-B . Describe the term hot spots in biodiversity. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation. ‘The most remarkable and threatened areas, many of them have been reduced to less than 10% of their original vegetation. Scanned with CamScanner> The hot spots are the geographical areas which possess high endemic species, > At global level these are the areas of his lost they cannot be replaced or regenerated. igh conservation priority, if they are CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HOT SPOTS > Richness of endemic species the primary criterion. > They should have significant percentage of specialize species. > The site should be under threat. > It should contain important gene pools of plants and potentially useful plants. HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA 1.Eastern Himalayas- —_ Indo-Burma region 2.Western Ghats - Sri Lanka region Eastern Himalayas Y Geographically these areas comprise Nepal, Bhutan and neighboring states of Northern India. Y There are 35,000 plant species in Himalayas of which 30% are endemic. Y The Eastern Himalayas are rich in wild plants of economic value. Y Eg., Rice, banana, citrus, jute, sugarcane, etc. Western Ghats . Y This area comprise of Maharashtra, Kamataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Y Nearly 1500 endemic, dicotyledonous plant species are found here. 62% amphibians and 50% lizards are endemic to this region Y Some common plants here are Hypercom, Rhododendron, etc. ¥ Some common animals are blue birds, hawk, lizard, ete. . Explain in-situ. and ex-situ conservation along with their merits and limitations. IN-SITU CONSERVATION > In-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora within its natural habitat, where the species normally occurs is called in-situ conservation. Scanned with CamScanner> The natural habitats or ecosystems maintained under in-situ conservation are called “protected areas”. 2 Important in-situ conservation: Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, Gene sanctuary, etc. > Biosphere reserves cover large area, more than 5000 sq.km. It is used to protect species for long time. > Some important Biosphere reserves in India are Biosphere reserves-7, National parks-80, Wild-life sanctuaries-420, Botanical gardens-120 Advantages of in-situ conservation > Itis very cheap and convenient method. > The species gets adjusted to natural disasters like drought, floods and forest fires. Disadvantages of in. u conservation > A large surface area of the earth is required to preserve biodiversity. > Maintenance of the habitats is not proper, due to shortage of staff and pollution. EX-SITU CONSERVATION > Ex-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora outside their natural habitats. > This type of conservation is mainly done for crop varieties and wild relatives of crops. > It identifies those species which are at more risk of extinction. } It prefers the species which are more important to man in near future among the endangered species. > Important ex-situ conservation are Botanical gardens, seed banks, tissue and cell cultures, museums, ete. Scanned with CamScanner> Important gene bank or seed bank facilities are used in National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), National Facility for Plant ‘Tissue Culture Repository (NFPTCR). Advantages of ex-situ conservation > Survival of endangered species is increased due to special care and attention. > _In captive breeding, animals are assured food, water, shelter and security and hence longer life span. Disadvantages of ex- conservation > It is expensive method. > The freedom of wildlife is lost. 3. Write informative notes on In-situ conservation. Y The preservation of genetic resources in naturally occurring populations of a plant or animal species is known as in-situ conservation. v It keeps the material where it was originally discovered and preserves the natural process of evolution which is not the case in ex-situ preservation. Y Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, reserved forests, protected forests, and nature reserves are all forms of legal protection for ecologically distinct and biodiversity-rich locations in India. v Turkey appears to be the first nation to have a national strategy for the preservation of genetic variation in its natural habitat. In-situ Conservation - Facilities National Parks Y They are the locations that the government has designated for the preservation of the environment. “ Y Compared to a wildlife sanctuary, a national park has additional restrictions. 5 ; ¥ A national park's primary goals are to conserve biodiversity and the local natural environment. Fi a ¥ Their limits are set and clearly defined. No human activity is permitted here. Scanned with CamScannerWildlife Sanctuaries ¥ Wildlife Sanctuaries are similar to national parks. __ ¥ In India, there are 543 wildlife sanctuaries, 50 of which are Project Tiger-managed tiger reserves. ¥ On April Ist, 1973, Kailash Sankhala introduced Project Tiger, one of the most effective conservation initiatives, to India. Biosphere Reserves Y Protection of wildlife and flora has become crucial. Although it can be difficult, protecting and conserving animal and plant species is essential if humans are to survive. Y The term "biosphere reserve" refers to a protected area of land or a coastal environment where the land is divided into separate zones for a variety of uses. . 4, Classify and explain the values of biodiversity. 1. Consumptive use value VY Food: 80-90% food crops have domesticated. A large number of wild animals are also consumed as food. Y Drugs: 70% of modern medicines are obtained from plant and animal extracts. 20,000 plant species are used in Unani, Ayurveda and Sidha forms of medicine. ¥ Buel: Firewood’s are directly consumed by villagers. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas on combustion are products of fossilized biodiversity. 2, Productive use value Y Biodiversity products can be derived from plants and animals and they have commercial value. ¥ Animal products: Silk- Silk worm, Wool- Sheep, Musk- Musk deer, Tusk- Elephant. ; Y Plant products: Wood- Paper, Cotton- Textile industry, Fruits vegetables- Food industry. 3. Social use value © a Y The value associated with social life, religious and spiritual aspects of peoples life comes under this. Y Holy plants — Neem, peepal, lotus, etc. ¥ Holy animals — Cow, snake, peacock, ete. 4. Ethical/Existence value Scanned with CamScannerThis involves | ethical issues like” all life must be preserved”. River Ganga is considered as Holy River. Vembu, tulsi, vengai are some of the trees which are worshiped by Tamilians. 5. Aesthetic value Y The beautiful nature of plants and animals insists us to protect biodiversity. ‘The most important aesthetic value of biodiversity is eco- tourism. v Eco-tourism: People from far off places spend lot of time and money to visit beautiful places, where they can enjoy aesthetic value of biodiversity and this is eco- tourism. 6. Option value v The optional values of biodiversity suggest that any species may be proved to be a valuable species after some day. v The growing biotechnology field is searching for a species for causing the diseases of Cancer and AIDS. v Medicinal plants and herbs play a very important role in our Indian economic growth. 5. What do you mean by conservation of biodiversity? State and explain the _ basic approaches to wildlife conserv: Y The variability of life on Earth is called Biodiversity. Biodiversity takes into account all the living organisms present on Earth. Healthy and good biodiversity indicate a healthy and good ecosystem. Hence, biodiversity is very important. A healthy ecosystem also includes the availability of pure water, pure air, healthy land, a good climate, and the availability of nutrients on Earth. v Therefore, biodiversity conservation plays an important role in the quality of life of all living organisms. v The protection and management of biodiversity in obtaining sustainable development of resources are called Biodiversity conservation. SAN There are three major objectives of Biodiversity conservation: e Preservation of the diversity of species. © Sustainability of species and ecosystem. © Maintaining life-supporting and essential ecological processes. Biodiversity Conservation Methods Y Two types of methods are employed to conserve biodiversity. Scanned with CamScannerY Th spe . ley are- In situ Conservation and Ex-situ conservation. In Situ Conservation Y In Situ Conservation refers to the preservation and Protection of the i: the preservati : a a Species in their natural habitat, = v A It means the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal Species. Ex Situ Conservation “ Ex Situ Conservation means conservation of life outside their natura habitat or place of occurrence. v itis the method in which part of the population or the entire endangered Species is taken from its natural habitat which is threatened and breeding and maintaining of these species take place in artificial ecosystems. Y These artificial ecosystems could be zo. ete, ries, botanical gardens, Need for Biodiversity Conservation ¥ Various types of conservation methods ensure a healthy ecosystem. A healthy ecosystem means a clean and healthy environment, smooth running food chains, availability of resources, and so on. ¥ Human beings are also majorly dependent gn the environment for basic necessities and wellbeing. Hence it is very important to conserve these species and their ecosystems which are threatened by many human activities. v A threat to biodiversity poses a threat to humankind. It can be the cause of various grave problems like pollution, habitat loss, resource exploitation, climate change, species extinction, disease outbreak, and so on. Y For economic and various life support reasons, it is very important to protect and preserve biodiversity. Scanned with CamScannerReason for Cot ion of Biodiversity Y Humans directly depend on different species of plants for numerous needs. ¥ Similarly, people depend on various animals and microbes for different reasons. Y Due to various reasons such as the loss of habitat, over-exploitation of resources, climatic changes, pollution, invasive exotic species, diseases, hunting, etc biodiversity is being lost. v It is very important to conserve biodiversity as it provides various economic and ethical benefits and adds aesthetic value. 6. Write a note on endangered and endemic species of India. Endangered Species of India > A plant, animal or microorganism that is in immediate risk of biological extinction is called endangered species or threatened species. > In India, 450 plant species have been identified as endangered species. 100 mammals and 150 birds are estimated to be endangered. > India's biodiversity is threatened primarily due to Habitat destruction, Degradation, over exploitation of resources. > The RED-data book contains a list of endangered species of plants and animals. > It contains a list of species of that are endangered but might become extinct in the near future if not protected. > Some of the rarest animals found in India are Asiatic cheetah, Asiatic Lion, Asiatic Wild Ass, Bengal Fox? Gaur, Indian Elephant, Indian Rhinocerous, Marbled Cat and Markhor. Factors Affecting Endangered Species > Human beings dispose wastes indiscriminately in nature thereby polluting the air, land and water. These pollutants enter the food chain and accumulate in living creatures resulting in death. > Over-exploitation of natural resources and poaching of wild animals also leads to their extinction. > Climate change brought about by accumulation of green houses gases in the atmosphere. Scanned with CamScannerEndemic Species of India > Species that are found only in a particular region are known as endemic species, > Almost 60% the endemic species in India are found in Himalayas and the Western Ghats > Endemic species are mainly concentrated in North-East India, North- West Himalayas, Western Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. > Endemic Flora species are Sapria Himalayana, Ovaria Lurida, Nepenthis khasiana etc > Endemic fauna of significance in the Western Ghats are Lion tailed macaque,Nilgiri langur,Brown palm civet and,Nilgiri tahr. Factors affecting endemic species: > Habitat loss and fragmentation due to draining and filling of inland wetlands. > Pollution also plays an important role. Rag Subject Cow In charge Coordinator Hi TQAC CPF Rloweus) — Cov. @ Risa Scanned with CamScanner