CLASS 9th NOTES

SCIENCE
TISSUES
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

TISSUES
TISSUES:
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and work
together to achieve a specific function in multicellular organisms.
Tissues represent clusters of specialized cells organized in a way
that maximizes efficiency in performing a particular function.
Examples of tissues include blood, phloem, and muscle.

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUES

1. In animal tissue, the cells do not comprise a

1. In plant tissue, the cells have a cell wall.
cell wall.

2. Some tissues are dead, while some are

2. In animals, all the tissues are living.
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3. As plants do not move so the tissues in 3. The tissues in animals need more energy
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plants require less energy and maintenance. and maintenance due to extensive movement.
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4. Growth is confined to the tips of roots and

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4. Growth is uniform all over the body.

stems.
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EX

5. Tissues organization is Simple. 5. Tissues organization is Complex.

6. Less Maintenance Energy required.

PLANT TISSUE- Meristematic & Permanent Tissues

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6. More Maintenance Energy required.

Meristematic Tissue (growth tissue)

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These are simple living tissues consisting of thin-walled, compactly
arranged immature cells capable of division and the formation of new
cells. The main features of meristematic tissues include:.
Main features of Meristematic tissues are :
Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic).
Absence of intercellular spaces (compact tissue).
Generally, vacuoles are absent, while dense cytoplasm and prominent
nuclei are present.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Classification on the Basis of Origin
(A) Primary Meristem (Promeristem)
Derived directly from the meristems of the embryo.
Consists of cells derived from primary meristem.
Contributes to the primary growth of plants.
(B) Secondary Meristem
These cells are derived from primary permanent tissue.
They usually contribute to the diameter growth of plants.
Classification on the Basis of Location

(i) Apical Meristem

Present at the growing tips of stems and roots.
Cell division in this tissue leads to the elongation of stems and roots,
contributing to the primary growth of the plant.

(ii) Intercalary Meristem 10

Present behind the apex and aids in longitudinal growth.
This is the part of apical meristem left behind during the growth period.
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Found at the base of the leaf and internode region, leading to an increase
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in the length of the leaf (Primary), e.g., in grass stem, bamboo stem, mint
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stem, etc.
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(iii) Lateral Meristem (Cambium)

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Also called secondary meristem.

Occurs along the side of the longitudinal axis of the plant.
Gives rise to vascular tissues.
Causes growth in the girth of the stem and root, responsible for
secondary growth by increasing the girth.

Permanent Tissue
Formed from meristematic cells that have lost their capability to divide.
The division and differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give
rise to permanent tissues.

PERMANENT TISSUES

Simple Permanent Tissues Complex Permanent Tissues

 PRASHANT KIRAD
Simple Permanent Tissues: consists of only one type of cells.
Types of Simple Permanent Tissues:
A. Parenchyma:
Found a few layers beneath the epidermis.
Comprised of relatively unspecialized living cells with thin walls.
Loosely arranged, allowing large intercellular spaces.
Functions include food storage; chlorophyll presence leads to
chlorenchyma.
In aquatic plants, parenchyma forms aerenchyma with large air
cavities for floating.
B. Collenchyma:
Provides flexibility in plants, preventing breakage in bending parts
like tendrils.
Found below the epidermis in leaf stalks.
Living cells, elongated and irregularly thickened at corners.
Minimal intercellular space. 10
C. Sclerenchyma:
Imparts hardness and stiffness to plants.
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Cells are dead, long, and narrow with thickened walls due to lignin.
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B

Common in stems, around vascular bundles, veins of leaves, and hard

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coverings of seeds.
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Strengthens plant parts.

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Various types of simple tissues: (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma (i) transverse section, (ii) longitudinal section.

Complex Permanent Tissues: made up of more then one type of cells.

[The vascular bundle is known as conducting vessel of a plant. The vascular bundle
consists of the xylem and phloem].
Types of Complex Permanent Tissues:
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Characteristic Xylem Phloem

Conducts organic solutes or

Conduction Conducts water and minerals
food materials

Mostly unidirectional (roots to May be bidirectional (leaves to

Direction of Flow
apical) storage organs or vice versa)

Conducting Channels Tracheids and vessels Sieve tubes

Three of four elements are Three of four elements are

dead (tracheids, vessels, living (sieve tubes, companion
Cell Vitality
fibers); only xylem cells, phloem parenchyma);
parenchyma is living phloem fibers are dead

Provides mechanical strength Performs no mechanical

Additional Function
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to the plant function for the plant
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Protective Tissues:
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In plants, there are important layers that keep them safe. One is the outer
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skin called the epidermis, which protects against things like bad weather and
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water loss. Inside, there's another layer called cork that helps with the plant's
shape. Both of these layers work together to make sure the plant stays strong
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and safe in its environment.

Epidermis:
The outermost shield for plant organs is the epidermis, typically formed by a
single layer of cells that are elongated and flattened, lacking intercellular
spaces. These living cells, resembling parenchyma cells internally, bear small
pores called stomata in leaves. In plants adapting to arid conditions, the
epidermis may be thicker, emphasizing the crucial role in shielding against
water loss.
Functions of Epidermis:
The primary role of the epidermis is to safeguard the plant from injuries and
infections. Additionally, the cuticle on the epidermis serves to minimize water
loss by preventing excessive evaporation and desiccation. The presence of
stomata within the epidermis facilitates gaseous exchange during both
respiration and photosynthesis, while also playing a key role in the process of
transpiration.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Cork/Phellem :
Cork cells are lifeless cells found at the outer edges of roots and stems as
they mature and expand. These cells lack spaces between them. Moreover, they
contain a substance called suberin in their walls, making them impermeable to
gases and water.

Functions of Cork
The primary role of cork in the plant body is to offer protection by shielding
plants from external injuries and infections. Additionally, it plays a crucial role
in preventing desiccation. Due to its resistance to catching fire, cork is utilized
for insulation, acting as a shock absorber and finding applications in products
like linoleum. Furthermore, cork is employed in crafting sports equipment such
as shuttlecocks, table tennis paddles, and cricket balls.

Animal Tissue:
-Animal tissue are of 4 types:
a. Muscular tissue 10
b. Nervous tissue
C. Connective tissue
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d. Epithelial tissue
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a. Muscular tissue
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Muscles are made up of long cells called muscle fibers. These cells help us
move by getting shorter and longer. Inside them, special proteins help
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make this happen by contracting and relaxing, causing our movements.

- Muscular tissue are of 3 types:
Smooth:
Smooth muscle cells are shaped like spindles and each has a single nucleus.
They're found in organs where movement happens automatically, like the
muscles in the stomach.
Cardiac
Heart muscles are shaped like branches and are found in the heart. They
have many nuclei and stripes. These muscles keep beating in a rhythmic
pattern throughout our life.
Straited (Skeletal)
Muscles with stripes, called striated muscles, have long, unbranched fibers.
They have many nuclei and stripes on the fibers. These muscles are found in
parts of our body where we can move voluntarily, like our hands, legs, neck,
and back.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
b.Nervous Tissue:
Nervous tissue is like the body's messaging system, forming the nervous
system and made of special cells called neurons. A neuron has a body
(cyton) with a nucleus and hair-like parts called dendrites. It also has a
long part called an axon. Neurons are connected to form nerves. They're
found in the brain and spinal nerves, helping us respond to things, sending
messages from body parts, and carrying orders from the brain. Together
with muscles, they control body movements in animals.
c.Connective Tissue:
Connective tissues consist of cells embedded in a matrix, which is a
chemical substance present in solid, liquid, or jelly-like form.
- Muscular tissue are of 3 types:
Bones:
Bone cells are surrounded by a matrix made of calcium and phosphate
compounds. Bones create the framework of the body, supporting muscles
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and enabling movement. Despite being hard and inflexible, bones contain
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blood vessels.
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Cartilages:
Soft tissues in the ear, nose, trachea, larynx, and between bone joints are
known as cartilage. Cartilage helps to make bone joints smooth. It
consists of cells spread out in a solid matrix of proteins and sugars but
doesn't have blood vessels.
Tendons:
Tendons, composed predominantly of white fibers, serve as crucial
connectors linking bones to muscles in the body's intricate framework,
facilitating the coordinated movement and support essential for various
physical activities.
Ligament:
Ligaments, comprised of both white and yellow fibers, play a vital role in
connecting bone to bone. Notably more flexible than tendons, ligaments
contribute to the overall flexibility and stability of joints within the body.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Areolar:
Comprising cells and fibers within a matrix, areolar tissue is situated
between the skin and underlying muscles, surrounding blood vessels, nerves,
and bone marrow. This tissue is robust enough to bind various types of
tissues and maintain structure, yet soft enough to allow flexibility.
Adipose:
Adipose tissue stores fat beneath the skin and around internal organs.
Excessive amounts lead to obesity. It not only provides cushioning to internal
organs but also shapes body parts like limbs and breasts. Additionally,
adipose acts as an insulator, offering protection from the cold.
Blood:
Blood is a fluid consisting of blood cells, platelets, and plasma (a liquid
matrix). It circulates throughout the body, transporting various materials
such as gases, digested food, and waste substances.
- Blood Plasma contains two types of blood cells:
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a. Red Blood cells (RBC)
b. White Blood Cells (WBC).
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Lymph & Liquid:

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Lymph, a whitish fluid derived from the blood, includes blood plasma,
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white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, but lacks red blood cells. It
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serves as a transport system for food materials, waste, and gases that
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cannot be carried by the blood.

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium):
Epithelium, like the skin, covers and shields our entire body. It is also
present as the inner lining of the mouth, linings of blood vessels, and
covering various organs and cavities within the body. Cells in epithelial tissue
are closely packed, with no significant intercellular spaces.
Functions:
a. It serves as a protective layer for the organs it covers.
b. It maintains the separation of different organs.
c. Epithelium forms a selectively permeable layer over the body.
d. It enables the passage of certain substances while preventing others.
e. In certain cases, it functions by secreting and acting as glands.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Types of Epithelial Tissue :
1. Squamous:
Epithelial tissue is characterized by thin, flat, disc-like cells with polygonal
or irregular shapes, accompanied by round and flat nuclei. These cells form
linings in various parts of the body, such as the nose, pericardial cavity, and
blood vessels. An essential function of epithelium is to protect underlying
body parts from mechanical injuries and prevent the entry of harmful germs.
Additionally, this tissue facilitates the diffusion of gases, contributing to
vital physiological processes within the body.
2.Cuboidal:
Cuboidal tissue is characterized by cube-like cells that have almost equal
height and width. This tissue type is commonly found in various bodily
structures such as kidney tubules and salivary glands. One of its key
functions is to provide mechanical support to organs, contributing to their
structural integrity. Additionally, cuboidal cells play a vital role in absorption
and excretion processes within the body, showcasing their significance in
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physiological functions.
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3.Columnar:
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Columnar tissue is characterized by tall, cylindrical cells with finger-like

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projections at their free ends. This type of tissue is prevalent in the

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inner surfaces of organs such as the stomach and intestine. The unique
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structure of columnar cells contributes to their functional roles, which

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include aiding in the absorption of nutrients, secretion of gastric juices,

and providing mechanical support to these vital organs. The distinctive
features of columnar tissue highlight its importance in the physiological
processes essential for maintaining the body's health and functionality.
4.Glandular Epithelium :
Glandular epithelium tissues form multicellular glands, producing various
chemicals. These glands play crucial roles in secretion processes throughout
the body, contributing to essential functions such as digestion, hormone
release, and maintaining overall physiological balance.