INTERNATIONAL IS0
STANDARD
Second edition
1995-l o-01
Plastics - Film and sheeting -
Determination of the coefficients of friction
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
P/as tiques - Film et feuille - Dk termha Con des coefficients
de frottemen t
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 8295:1995
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02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
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!JlliS&- Reference number
IS0 82953 995(E)
IS0 8295: 1995(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. lnternational organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(I EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technrcai committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
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Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0
(standards.iteh.ai)
8295 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 11, Products.
ISO 8295:1995
This second edition https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/a3a19a10-7925-4748-85f0-
cancels and replaces the first edition
02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
(IS0 8295:1986), which has been technically revised.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
0 IS0 1995
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized cn any form or by any means, electronic or mechanIcal, lncludlng photocopylng and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l Cl-i-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed In Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 8295:1995(E)
Plastics - Film and sheeting - Determination of the
coefficients of friction
1 Scope cent edition of the standard indicated below. Mem-
bers of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently
valid International Standards.
1.1 This International Standard specifies a method
for determining the coefficients of starting and sliding
IS0 291: 1977, Plastics - Standard atmospheres for
friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over
conditioning and testing.
itself or other substances. The method is intended to
be used for non-sticky plastic film and sheeting (in the
following text, referred to simply as “film”) of up to 3 Definitions
approximately 0,5 mm thickness. iTeh STANDARDForPREVIEW the purposes of this International Standard, the
1.2 This test method (standards.iteh.ai)
serves primarily for quality following definitions apply.
control. It does not give a comprehensive assessment
of the machinability on packaging or processing ISO ma-8295:1995 3.1 friction: The resistance that two surfaces lying
in contact with each other build up against sliding.
chines since other effects,https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/a3a19a10-7925-4748-85f0-
e.g. electrostatic charges,
air cushion, local rise of temperature and abrasion are, A
02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995 distinction is made between static friction and
as a rule, involved. dynamic friction.
1.3 The static frictional force increases as a rule, 3.1.1 static friction: Friction which has to be over-
with the time the surfaces are in contact. Therefore, come as a “threshold value” at the onset of sliding
to get comparable results, this time span is specified. motion.
3.12 dynamic friction: Friction which persists dur-
1.4 Slip properties are sometimes generated by ad- ing a sliding motion at a given speed.
ditives in the plastic material. The additives have
varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. 3.2 frictional force: The force necessary to over-
They may bloom or exude to the surface and change come friction. A distinction is made between the
the slip properties. Since these effects are time- static frictional force Fs and the dynamic frictional
dependent, measurements on such films have to be force F,.
related to the age of the film.
3.3 normal force, Fp: The force acting perpendicular
to the surfaces in contact.
2 Normative reference
3.4 coefficient of friction: The ratio of the frictional
The following standard contains provisions which, force to the normal force, acting perpendicular to the
through reference in this text, constitute provisions two surfaces in contact.
of this International Standard. At the time of publi-
cation, the edition indicated was valid. All standards 3.4.1 static coefficient of friction:
are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
based on this International Standard are encouraged FS
Ps = -jy-
to investigate the possibility of applying the most re- P
1
IS0 8295: 1995(E) @aIS0
3.42 dynamic coefficient of friction: Figure I shows an example of apparatus in which the
table is moved horizontally. The vertical motion of a
FD tensile tester may also be utilized; in this case, the
& = F
P test table is fixed to the crosshead of the machine and
the force is deflected to the horizontal direction by a
NOTES pulley.
1 The coefficient of friction of films usually ranges be- The force is recorded by a chart recorder or an equiv-
tween 02 and 1.
alent electrical data-processing unit.
2 Ideally, the coefficient of friction is a characteristic inde-
pendent of the test equipment and the test conditions.
Since films generally do not behave ideally, all test par-
5.2 The test device shall comply with the following
ameters are specified in this International Standard.
conditions.
4 Principle
52.1 The surface of the test table shall be flat and
The surfaces to be tested are placed together in plane smooth, and made of a non-ferromagnetic metal.
contact and under uniform contact pressure. The
force needed to displace the surfaces relative to each
other is recorded. 52.2 The normal force shall be generated by a sled
with a square-shaped contact base of 40 cm* (edge
5 Apparatus length 63 mm). To ensure uniform pressure distri-
bution, the base of the sled shall be covered with an
5.1 The test device may be constructed in different elastic material, for example felt. The structure of this
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ways. In general, it consists of a horizontal test table, covering material shall be fine enough to avoid
a sled, and a driving mechanism to produce a relative embossing thin films. The total mass of the sled shall
motion between the sled and the test table, regard- (standards.iteh.ai) be 200 g & 2 g (exerting a normal force of
less of which is the moving part. I,96 N -+ 0,02 N).
ISO 8295:1995
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02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
D F C B E G A H B G
Sled
Test specimens
Moving table
Load cell
Reinforcement plate
Spring
Double-faced adhesive tape
Felt
Figure 1 - Example of moving-table apparatus for determination of coefficients of friction
0 IS0 IS0 8295: 1995(E)
52.3 The motion that induces the friction process Unless otherwise specified, the long axis, and thus
shall be free of vibrations and shall normally have a the test direction, shall be parallel to the machine di-
speed of 100 mm/min + 10 mm/min. rection of the film.
In the case of specialist films or where difficulties are When different frictional properties are expected for
encountered, a speed of 500 mm/min + 10 mm/min the two surfaces, front (I) and back (Z), the two sur-
may be used. This shall be reported in clause 11, faces shall be identified and tested l/l, 2/Z and/or l/2
item f). as agreed between the interested parties.
Extreme care shall be taken in handling the samples
5.2.4 The force-measuring system, including the re-
and specimens. The test surfaces shall be kept free
cording instrument, shall not exceed an error of
of dust, fingerprints or any foreign matter that might
& 2 %. Its transition time fg9 Y0 shall not exceed
change the surface characteristics.
0,5 s. The pulling direction shall be in straight align-
ment with the frictional plane. NOTES
If the force-measuring system of a tensile tester is 4 Testing of three pairs of test specimens represents a
used, the transition time tg9 Y0 shall be particularly minimum for estimating the statistical tolerance interval.
checked, as the indicating systems of these machines Depending on the intended precision and the homogeneity
are often rather inert. of the material under test, the number of specimens tested
may have to be increased. IS0 2602:1980, Statistica/ infer-
pretation of test results - Estimation of the mean - Con-
5.2.5 For the measurement of the static friction, the fidence interval, gives guidance in this respect.
friction drag of the force-measuring system shall be
adjusted to 2 N/cm + 1 N/cm. This may be accom- 5 To avoid contamination of the surfaces, several test
plished by using a suitable spring. For the measure- specimens may be cut simultaneously and separated im-
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
ment of the dynamic friction in the case of slipstick
behaviour, this spring shall be replaced by a rigid
mediately before testing.
connection. (standards.iteh.ai)
7 Conditioning
NOTE 3 The inertia of the mass of the sled induces an
additional force at the start of the sled movement; thus ISOthe8295:1995Unless otherwise specified, specimens shall be con-
coefficient of friction differs from its true value by an ditioned for at least 16 h in standard atmosphere
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amount A grven by 23/50 as defined in IS0 291 prior to testing.
02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
8 Procedure
The following directions refer to an apparatus de-
V is the speed of the sled relative to the table signed in accordance with figure 1. If another equiv-
( = 100 mm/min); alent apparatus is used, the appropriate procedure
shall be followed. The testing shall be carried out in
m is the mass of the sled (= 200 g);
the same atmosphere as used for conditioning.
s is the acceleration due to gravity
(= 9 810 mm/s*); 8.1 Measurement of film against film
II is the friction drag (2 N/cm = 2 x 1 O5 g/s2).
8.1.1 Fix the right-hand end of the first test speci-
Under these conditions, the overshoot of the coefficient of men on the test table with double-faced adhesive
friction is 0,005. In the worst case, this means that, at a low
tape (or by a suitable clamp) so that the length axis
coefficient of friction of 0,2, the overshoot equals an error
of 2,5 %.
of the test specimen coincides with that of the table.
Reinforce the left-hand end of the second test speci-
men by attaching a small plate to it with double-faced
6 Test specimens adhesive tape. The mass of this plate shall not exceed
5 g. Connect this plate via a spring (see 5.2.5) to the
For each measurement, two test specimens measur- load cell. Lay the second test specimen on the first
ing about 80 mm x 200 mm are needed. At least and place the sled on top, gently and without shock,
three such pairs of test specimens taken from points in the middle of the second test specimen (for films
uniformly distributed over the width of the sample, producing high blocking or other than frictional forces
or the cjrcumference in the case of tubular film, shall the contact area, i.e. the size of the upper test speci-
be tested. men shall be reduced as closely as possible to the
3
IS0 8295: 1995(E) 0 IS0
area of the sled). Before starting the test, the appar- calculated, but not the static coefficient of friction (see
atus shall be free of stress. After 15 s, start the mo- 8.12).
tion of the test table and start up the recording
instrument. The first force peak is caused by static The static coefficient of friction ps is given by the
friction. equation
FS
8.12 After the first peak, oscillations in the force Ps = 7
may sometimes occur. In this case, the oscillating part P
of the graph cannot be used to determine the dy-
where
namic coefficient of friction. The dynamic coefficient
shall be determined by a separate measurement in is the static frictional force, expressed in
FS
which slipstick behaviour is eliminated by replacing newtons;
the spring with a rigid connection.
is the normal force exerted by the mass
This type of determination cannot be used to deter- of the sled, expressed in newtons
mine the static coefficient of friction because of the (= I,96 N).
inertia error (see note 3 in 52.5).
NOTE 6 The load cell may also be attached directly to the
sled. In this case, the second test specimen is fastened to 9.2 Dynamic coefficient of friction
the front edge of the sled with double-faced adhesive tape.
However, this procedure is not advisable for stiff films since The frictional force acting during the sliding motion
the bending moment may cause an unequal pressure dis- often differs from the constant value which would
tribution. exist in an ideal situation due to secondary effects
related to increasing path length.
8.2 Measurement of film
iTeh STANDARD
in contact
with
PREVIEW
The dynamic frictional force F, is the average force
metal or another material (standards.iteh.ai)
over the first 6 cm of movement after the start of
relative movement between the surfaces in contact,
If the frictional behaviour of a film in contact with a neglecting the static force peak F,. The dynamic co-
ISO 8295:1995
metal surface or the surface of another material is to efficient of friction IUDis calculated from the dynamic
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be determined, the lower test specimen (see frictional force using the equation
02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
figure 1) shall be replaced by a specimen of the ma-
terial in question. Otherwise, the same procedure FD
& = F
shall be used. P
The coefficients of friction determined in this way are where
dependent on the type of material as well as on its
surface finish. FD is the dynamic frictional force, expressed
rn newtons;
If subsequent measurements are made on the same
test specimen of a material, it should be noted that F, is the normal force exerted by the mass
abrasion may have occurred, which will change the of the sled, expressed in newtons
surface properties. Also, the possibility of transfer of (= I,96 N) .
slip or antislip agent shall be considered.
10 Precision
9 Expression of results
The dispersion of the coefficients of friction of several
9.1 Static coefficient of friction plastics has been investigated in a preliminary inter-
laboratory trial intended, first and foremost, to assess
The force increases linearly to a maximum which an alternative test speed, and also to provide prelimi-
represents the static frictional force Fs. Measure- nary precision data (see annex A). When further re-
ments made at a high friction drag (i.e. without a peatability and reproducibility data are obtained, they
spring) permit the dynamic coefficient of friction to be will be added at the following revision”
CJIS0 SO 8295:1995(E
11 Test report d) the individual and average vail es and, if required
the standard deviation and the number of tests for
The test report shall include the following particulars: 1) the static coefficient of friction,
a) a reference to this International Standard; 2) the dynamic coefficient of friction;
b) all information necessary for identification of the e) if measurements were made with the film in
plastic film sample, and, if known, the approxi- contact with other materials, an exact description
mate age of the film; of these surfaces;
c) which of the two surfaces was tested; f) any deviations from this International Standard.
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(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 8295:1995
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5
IS0 8295: 1995(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Preliminary precision data
A preliminary inter-laboratory trial was carried out in and A.2 have been prepared from selected data as
‘l993 to verify whether a test speed of 500 mm/min useful examples, pending a full-scale precision trial to
can be used instead of 100 mm/min for plastics hav- be conducted before the next revision. The data are
ing a high coefficient of friction which may cause in- arranged in order of magnitude and classified by co-
sufficient precision of the results. The trial was efficient of dynamic and coefficient of static friction.
conducted not only to assess the alternative test To make it easier to compare the standard deviations
speed, but also to acquire preliminary precision data. between the levels, with no regard to the absolute
The precision data obtained show that a test speed values, the coefficients of variation have been calcu-
of 100 mm/min is suitable for all the materials tested lated and included in parentheses in tables A.1 and
in the trial. A.2.
The trial was organized and the results analysed
in accordance with IS0 5725-l, IS0 5725-2 and coefficient of standard deviation
IS0 5725-3l) and involved four laboratories (in China, x 100
variation (%) = average coefficient
France, Japan and the UK) and four samples of which
of friction
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
both the internal and external surfaces were tested.
Although the number of participating laboratories did No outliers were detected by Grubb’s test.
(standards.iteh.ai)
not satisfy the requirements of IS0 5725, tables A.1
ISO 8295:1995
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Table A.1 - Precision of dynamic coefficient of friction
02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
Plastics (Nominal thickness deviation, sR
in pm), surface/surface
l/l friction between internal surface and internal surface;
I/E friction between internal surface and external surface.
1) IS0 5725-I : 1994 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part I: General principles and
definitions.
IS0 5725-23 994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 2.* Basic method for the
determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method.
IS0 5725-3:1994 Accuracy (trueness and preclslon) of measurement methods and results - Part 3: IntermedIate measures
of the precision of a standard measurement method.
6
IS0 8295: 1995(E)
Table A.2 - Precision of static coefficient of friction
Reproducibility-within-
Average Reproducibility standard
Plastics (Nominal thickness laboratory standard
coefficient deviation, SR
in pm), surface/surface deviation, sRW
(n= 5) 1 (Coefficient of variation) I (Coefficient of variation)
PP (60) l/l 0,277 0,035 0 (12,6 %) 0,077 1 (27,8 %)
PVC (ZAO, I l/l 0,857 0,136 8 (16,O %) 0,100 0 (II,7 %)
PE-LL (30) , I/E 0,765 0,173 3 (22,7 %) 0,207 5 (27,l %)
PC (100) I l/l 0,612 0,042 5 (6,9 %) 0,037 2 (6,l %)
Average 0,096 9 (14,55 %) 0,105 5 (18,18 %)
l/l friction between internal surface and internal surface;
l/E friction between internal surface and external surface.
The dynamic and static data were obtained simul- (ii) Static electricity
taneously in the same test run.
It was reported that, in some specimens, static
The inter-laboratory trial was carried out not only to charge was observed during testing, which made it
obtain precision data but also to improve the test iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
difficult to handle the specimens properly. The effect
method. The data obtained and many of the obser- of static charge should be investigated, but it is sug-
vations made during the test were of considerable (standards.iteh.ai)
gested in any case that the static charge should be
interest. They will be considered at the next revision eliminated before testing.
with the arm of improving the method. The following ISO 8295:1995
comments are particularly worth noting: (iii) Measurement of frictional force
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02a240aff6a4/iso-8295-1995
The recorded plots of the static frictional force varied
(i) Condition of sample from lab to lab. Some were rather flat while some
showed curves which rose as the test proceeded. It
The average reproducibility-within-laboratory standard is possible that the operators have interpreted these
deviations sRw given in the tables are nearly the same plots differently, thus giving values which vary more
as the reproducibility standard deviations +, and in widely than expected.
some instances sR is less than sRW. These data are
unusual because SRw is usually approximately one- The system of measuring, recording and calculating
third of +. The data suggest either that the measure- the average frictional force should therefore be in-
ments can fluctuate greatly due to the various factors vestigated in detail in order to reduce the variation in
encountered, or that the specimens tested were not the data.
identical.
(iv) Sled material and weight of sled
The samples were distributed from a single source
These two factors affect the actual contact area be-
and were identical but, judging from the reports of the
tween the surfaces of specimens. Stiff films tend to
state of the samples received and tested by some
have a smaller contact area, and hence the pressure
laboratories, it is doubtful that the specimens used in
is less uniform, when the sled is not heavy enough.
each laboratory were strictly identical. Some samples
This aspect may well be worth studying. This Inter-
were reported to have had surfaces which were not
national Standard requires that the sled be covered
flat, or even creased. These samples should not, of
with an elastic material. The sled and the elastic ma-
course, have been used for testing.
terial used should be defined as specifically as poss-
The condition of the sample should therefore be de- ible in order to keep the pressure uniform and obtain
scribed in much more detail in the test report. more reproducible results.
