INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (IT) REPORT

BY

KAKA MUSA MODU

(ID No. 19/08/05/076)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES,

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

FEBRUARY, 2024
A STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) TECHNICAL

REPORT

DONE AT

BORNO RADIO TELEVISION CORPORATION (BRTV) MAIDUGURI, BORNO

STATE.

BY

KAKA MUSA MODU (ID No. 19/08/05/076)

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES,

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE (B. SC.) IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

FEBRUARY, 2024
 Dedication

In heartfelt recognition and gratitude, I dedicate this report to My parents and all Muslim

umma, whose unwavering support and inspiration have been instrumental in my academic

and professional journey. Their encouragement has been a guiding light, shaping my

commitment to excellence.
 Acknowledgement

I extend my sincere appreciation to the individuals and entities who played pivotal roles in

the success of my SIWES programme. Their support and guidance have been invaluable, and

I would like to express my gratitude to:

- The University SIWES Coordinator for their oversight and support.

- The Departmental SIWES Coordinator for their guidance and assistance.

- The Head of the Department of Computer Science for providing a conducive learning

environment.

- The dedicated staff of the Department for their knowledge-sharing and

encouragement.

- My Institution-based Supervisor for their mentorship and feedback.

- My Industry-based Supervisor at BRTV Maiduguri for their guidance during the

internship.

- The staff at BRTV Maiduguri for their welcoming and collaborative spirit.

- Others who have contributed to my growth and learning during this program.
 Table of Contents

Dedication - - - - - - - - - -

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - -

Chapter 1: Introduction - - - - - - - -

1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

1.2 History of the Firm - - - - - - - -

1.2.1 Background - - - - - - - - -

1.2.2 Mission and Vision - - - - - - - -

1.3 Organizational Chart - - - - - - - -

1.4 Various Departments and Functions - - - - - -

1.4.1 News and Broadcasting - - - - - - -

1.4.2 Editing and Post-Production - - - - - - -

1.4.3 Technical Operations - - - - - - - -

Chapter Two: SIWES Activities Report - - - - - -

2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

2.2 Activities Undertaken - - - - - - -

2.2.1 Introduction to Computer - - - - - - -

2.2.2 Transmission Control Room at BRTV Maiduguri - - - -

2.2.3 Editing at BRTV Maiduguri - - - - - - -

2.2.4 Adobe Premiere Pro at BRTV Maiduguri - - - - -

2.2.6 Introduction to HTML at BRTV Maiduguri - - - - -

2.2.7 Different Components of Joining Unit at BRTV Maiduguri - -

2.2.9.1 Vision Mixer - - - - - - - - -

2.2.10 Introduction and Installation of Receiver at BRTV Maiduguri - -

2.6 Summary of SIWES Activities at BRTV Maiduguri - - - -

Chapter Three: Refection and Evaluation - - - - -

3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - -

3.2 Problems Encountered during SIWES - - - - -

3.2.1 Technical Challenges in Editing (Problem A) - - - -

3.2.2 Connectivity Issues in Joining Unit (Problem B) - - - -

3.2.3 Time Constraints and Multitasking (Problem C) - - - -

3.3 Relevance of the SIWES Programme - - - - -

Chapter Four: Conclusion and General Appraisal of the SIWES Programme at BRTV

Maiduguri - - - - - - - - - - -

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

4.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - -

4.3 General Appraisal of the Programme - - - - - -

4.3.1 Advice for Future Participants - - - - - -

4.3.2 Advice for SIWES Managers - - - - - -

4.3.3 Possible Ways of Improving the Programme at BRTV Maiduguri - -

Appendices - - - - - - - - - -
 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The initiation of this report serves as a comprehensive exploration of my experience during

the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). This chapter provides an overview

of the topics covered throughout the report, setting the stage for an in-depth analysis of the

various aspects of the program.

1.2 History of the Firm

1.2.1 Background

Brief History

The station started as a provincial Broadcasting Station in 1957 for relaying programmes

from the defunct N.B.C in Kaduna and Lagos. At that time, it had a total of only one hour of

broadcast of local programmes. Thus it was then seen just as a relaying station for most of its

progammes from 5:30am to 11:00pm daily on the Medium Wave (MW).

In 1970, a Short Wave Transmitter (SW) was installed giving the station a more powerful

transmitting Capacity, consequently the station was allowed to run more local programmes

but had to relay Network News, Educational Programmes and other important National

Programmes.

In April 1979, the Federal Military Government through Decree No 8 of 1979 abolished the

former N.B.C Stations and established the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)

with effect from April 1978, the same decree also handed over the former NBC stations to

their host governments in all the then nineteen (19) states.

Aca rasult of that in 1000 the Board of As a result of that, in 1980 the Board of Governors

approved the change of name of the Corporation of Borno Radio Corporation (BRC).
In August 1983, the state government set- up a State Television Station known as Borno State

Television (BSTV) to transmit on 1KW UHF transmitter.

The General Manager of the Corporation was then appointed as the Administrative Manager

to oversee the take-off of the Television Station.

1.2.2 Mission and Vision

VISION

To be the reliable and reputable media organization that broadcasts accurate, reliable and all

inclusive news and programmes that adds value and virtue to life of its audience without

compromising standard, norms and values.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives set out by the State Government immediately the Station became State-owned

in 1979 were spelled out as follows:-

(a) To give the widest publicity to government plans and obtain a response to the

authority on problems and Aspirations of the diverse people.

(b) To uphold our societal norms and values through news and programmes that would

influence societal values, and in so doing, improve and strengthen the Social, Cultural,

Economic, Political, and Technological fabric of the society.

(c) To improve the unity among the diverse people of the state in particular and the

country in general by emphasizing on the common stock of experience, customs, values, and

belief to develop a sense of unity by encouraging knowledge and promoting unfamiliar ways

of life and customs.

(d) To serve as a medium of imparting skills, ideas, and experiences that are of value to

society.

(e) To create a forum for debating on objectives and goals of the society and analyze

existing governmental institutions.

(f) To awaken the consciousness of the people to their environment and to foster the

spirit of hard work and high Productivity with a view to increasing the nation’s wealth and

the quality of its manpower.

1.2.3 Milestones and Achievements

A chronological overview of significant milestones and achievements marks the progress of

BRTV Maiduguri. This historical timeline serves to contextualize the institution's

development within its broader industry.

1.3 Organizational Chart

In this section, an organogram visually represents the hierarchical structure of BRTV

Maiduguri. The organizational chart delineates the relationships between different positions

within the institution, providing a clear understanding of the chain of command and

communication channels.
1.4 Various Departments and Functions

1.4.1 News and Broadcasting

This department is responsible for gathering, producing, and disseminating news content. The

section provides insight into the day-to-day activities, roles, and responsibilities within the

News and Broadcasting department.

1.4.2 Editing and Post-Production

Focusing on the intricacies of editing in the realm of information and communication

technology (ICT), this subsection delves into the processes involved in film editing and audio

editing. It further explores the purpose of film editing and its significance.
1.4.3 Technical Operations

Encompassing the operation and maintenance of technical equipment, this section outlines

the functions of the Technical Operations department. It sheds light on the different

components of the joining unit, video graphics array (VGA), vision mixer, sound mixer, and

the introduction and installation of receivers.

Each subsection provides a concise yet comprehensive description of the various departments

and their functions within BRTV Maiduguri. This chapter sets the stage for subsequent

chapters that will delve into each topic in greater detail.

 Chapter Two: SIWES Activities Report

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a detailed account of the diverse range of activities undertaken during

the six-month SIWES period at the Management Information System (MIS)/ICT Unit, BRTV,

Maiduguri. The experiences gained provided valuable insights into various aspects of

information and communication technology.

2.2 Activities Undertaken

2.2.1 Introduction to Computer

The "Introduction to Computer" segment of the SIWES activities was a foundational

exploration of computer science concepts. This activity aimed to equip me with a

comprehensive understanding of computers, encompassing their types, input devices, and

output devices.

Types of Computers:

The journey began with a thorough examination of the various types of computers existing in

the contemporary technological landscape. This involved studying personal computers,

servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Understanding the distinct characteristics and

applications of each type laid the groundwork for a nuanced comprehension of computer

technology.

Input Devices:

Delving into the realm of input devices, I familiarized myself with the tools and mechanisms

through which users interact with computers. This included hands-on experiences with

keyboards, mice, touchpads, and other input devices. The significance of efficient input
methods in enhancing user experience and facilitating communication with the computer

system became apparent.

Output Devices:

In parallel, the study extended to output devices, exploring the diverse means through which

computers communicate information to users. Monitors, printers, and audio output devices

were among the key components investigated. Understanding the role of output devices in

conveying processed information enriched my comprehension of the overall computing

process.

Practical Applications:

The theoretical knowledge gained was complemented by practical applications. Hands-on

sessions allowed me to connect theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios, reinforcing the

understanding of computer types, input devices, and output devices. Engaging in practical

exercises fostered a deeper appreciation for the intricacies involved in the functioning of

computer systems.

Challenges and Problem-Solving:

Throughout this activity, challenges were encountered and problem-solving skills were

honed. Addressing issues related to hardware components, compatibility, and user interface

intricacies provided valuable insights into the troubleshooting aspects of computer systems.

Integration with Subsequent Activities:

The knowledge acquired in this activity laid a solid foundation for subsequent activities

within the SIWES program. Concepts such as computer types were fundamental to

understanding the broader scope of transmission control room operations, editing processes,

and multimedia applications explored in later stages of the program.

In conclusion, the "Introduction to Computer" activity was pivotal in establishing a robust

understanding of fundamental computer science concepts. The knowledge gained in this

segment served as a cornerstone for the holistic learning experience during the SIWES

program.

2.2.2 Transmission Control Room at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of the Transmission Control Room at BRTV Maiduguri during my SIWES

program provided a deep dive into the operational heart of the broadcasting institution. This

activity aimed to impart practical knowledge and skills related to managing and controlling

data transmission systems.

Overview of Transmission Control Room:

BRTV Maiduguri's Transmission Control Room serves as a centralized hub for overseeing the

broadcasting and transmission processes. It houses a range of equipment and technology

crucial for ensuring the seamless flow of data, including audio and video signals, from the

source to the audience.

Operational Processes:
The activity involved an immersive experience in observing and participating in the day-to-

day operational processes of the Transmission Control Room. This encompassed

understanding the workflow, protocols, and coordination involved in transmitting broadcast

content to viewers.

Equipment Familiarization:

A significant portion of the activity was dedicated to familiarizing myself with the diverse

range of equipment housed in the Transmission Control Room. This included broadcast

servers, signal processors, routers, and other hardware essential for data transmission. Hands-

on interaction with the equipment enhanced my technical proficiency.

Data Flow Management:

Gaining insights into data flow management was a key aspect of this activity. I learned about

the efficient routing of audio and video signals, the role of servers in content storage, and the

mechanisms in place for ensuring the quality and integrity of transmitted data.

Troubleshooting and Maintenance:

A critical component of the Transmission Control Room activity was learning

troubleshooting techniques and preventive maintenance measures. I engaged in identifying

and resolving common issues that could disrupt the transmission process. This practical

experience added a dimension of problem-solving to my skill set.

Collaboration and Coordination:

The Transmission Control Room is a collaborative environment where effective

communication and coordination are paramount. I had the opportunity to observe and

participate in the coordination among team members responsible for different aspects of the

transmission process, fostering an understanding of teamwork in a broadcasting setting.

Integration with Broadcasting Concepts:

The knowledge gained in the Transmission Control Room activity was seamlessly integrated

with broader broadcasting concepts. Understanding the intricacies of data transmission

became instrumental in appreciating the role of technology in delivering high-quality content

to the audience.

Application to Future Endeavors:

The insights and skills acquired during this activity are not only valuable for the immediate

SIWES experience but also hold relevance for future endeavors in the field of broadcasting

and information technology. The exposure to a professional Transmission Control Room

environment equipped me with practical knowledge applicable in real-world broadcasting

scenarios.

2.2.3 Editing at BRTV Maiduguri

The "Editing" segment of my SIWES experience at BRTV Maiduguri delved into the

multifaceted world of content post-production, encompassing editing in information and

communication technology (ICT), film editing, the purpose of film editing, and audio editing.

Editing in ICT:

The initial phase involved an exploration of editing within the context of information and

communication technology. This encompassed the manipulation of digital content using

software tools, understanding the importance of precision and accuracy in editing to convey

information effectively.

Film Editing:
A substantial portion of the activity was dedicated to film editing, a critical aspect of visual

storytelling. I was exposed to the nuances of assembling raw footage into a coherent and

engaging narrative. Concepts such as shot sequencing, continuity editing, and pacing were

emphasized during this phase.

Purpose of Film Editing:

Understanding the purpose of film editing was fundamental to appreciating its role in visual

communication. The activity involved analyzing how editing choices impact storytelling,

evoke emotions, and contribute to the overall cinematic experience. Attention was given to

achieving seamless transitions and maintaining narrative flow.

Audio Editing:

The exploration extended to the realm of audio editing, where I gained insights into

manipulating and enhancing audio elements. Practical exercises involved working with

soundtracks, adjusting volume levels, and implementing effects to achieve optimal audio

quality. The synchronization of audio with visual elements was a key focus.

Practical Application of Editing Software:

A significant component of the activity revolved around hands-on experience with editing

software. Utilizing tools like Adobe Premiere Pro, I honed my skills in navigating the

interface, importing and manipulating media, and applying various editing techniques.

Practical sessions allowed for the application of theoretical knowledge in real-world

scenarios.

Collaboration in Editing Processes:

The editing activity underscored the collaborative nature of post-production work. I

collaborated with colleagues and professionals within the editing department, gaining insights
into teamwork, effective communication, and the division of responsibilities in achieving a

cohesive final product.

Integration with Broadcasting Concepts:

Understanding the editing process was integral to appreciating its role in broadcasting. The

knowledge gained in film and audio editing contributed to my comprehension of how edited

content is seamlessly integrated into broadcast programming, ensuring high-quality

presentations for viewers.

Challenges and Creative Problem-Solving:

The editing activity presented challenges that required creative problem-solving. Addressing

issues such as continuity errors, pacing discrepancies, and audio inconsistencies provided

opportunities to develop critical thinking skills and enhance attention to detail.

Future Applications:

The skills acquired in editing during my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri are not only relevant to

the broadcasting industry but also hold applicability in various multimedia and content

creation domains. The experience has laid a foundation for future endeavors in visual

storytelling and post-production, showcasing the dynamic and creative aspects of the editing

process.
2.2.4 Adobe Premiere Pro at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of Adobe Premiere Pro during my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri provided an

in- depth understanding of professional video editing software. This activity aimed to

enhance proficiency in video editing and post-production processes, utilizing one of the

industry-standard tools.
Introduction to Adobe Premiere Pro:

The journey began with an introduction to Adobe Premiere Pro, a leading video editing

software widely used in the broadcasting and film industry. This involved a comprehensive

overview of its interface, features, and functionalities.

Navigation and Interface Familiarization:

Practical sessions focused on navigating the Adobe Premiere Pro interface, understanding the

layout, and familiarizing myself with the various panels and tools available. This

foundational knowledge was crucial for efficient workflow and project management.

Importing and Organizing Media:

A significant part of the activity involved hands-on experience in importing media assets into

Adobe Premiere Pro. This included video footage, audio files, and graphics. I learned to

organize and manage media within the software for streamlined editing processes.

Timeline Editing and Sequencing:

The heart of video editing lies in the timeline, and this activity delved into the art of timeline

editing. I gained insights into assembling video clips, arranging them in chronological order,

and creating a cohesive narrative. Techniques such as cutting, trimming, and applying

transitions were explored.

Audio Editing and Mixing:

Adobe Premiere Pro's capabilities in audio editing were thoroughly examined. This included

adjusting volume levels, applying audio effects, and synchronizing audio with visual

elements. Practical exercises enhanced my skills in achieving a balanced and high-quality

audio mix.

Video Effects and Transitions:

Exploration of video effects and transitions within Adobe Premiere Pro added a layer of

creativity to the editing process. I learned to apply effects, transitions, and filters to enhance
visual appeal and storytelling. This included experimenting with color grading, motion

effects, and text overlays.

Exporting and Rendering:

The activity extended to the final stages of the editing process, involving the export and

rendering of edited content. I gained practical knowledge of selecting export settings,

ensuring optimal video quality, and generating files suitable for various platforms and

distribution.

Collaborative Editing Workflows:

Understanding collaborative workflows was emphasized, showcasing how multiple editors

can work on a project simultaneously. This involved the use of shared storage, project

organization, and collaborative tools within Adobe Premiere Pro.

Integration with Broadcasting Concepts:

The knowledge gained in Adobe Premiere Pro seamlessly integrated with broader

broadcasting concepts. Understanding the software's capabilities enhanced my appreciation

for its role in delivering polished and engaging content to viewers.

Challenges and Troubleshooting:

Practical experience in Adobe Premiere Pro involved troubleshooting common issues that

may arise during the editing process. This included addressing software glitches, managing

large project files, and ensuring project stability.

Future Applications:

The proficiency gained in Adobe Premiere Pro during my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri

extends beyond the program. The skills acquired are transferable to various professional
settings, equipping me with the capability to contribute to video production and editing

projects in diverse multimedia environments.

2.2.5 Introduction to Operating System at BRTV Maiduguri

The "Introduction to Operating System" segment of my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri provided

a foundational understanding of operating systems and their role in managing computer

hardware resources. This activity aimed to equip me with essential knowledge about the core

functionalities of operating systems within the context of broadcasting technology.

Overview of Operating Systems:

The activity commenced with an overview of operating systems, emphasizing their pivotal

role in facilitating communication between computer hardware and software applications.

Various types of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and MacOS, were explored,

highlighting their distinct features and use cases.

Fundamental Concepts:

Building upon the basics, I delved into fundamental concepts such as process management,

memory allocation, file systems, and user interface components. Practical examples and real-

world scenarios within BRTV Maiduguri's broadcasting infrastructure provided a hands-on

approach to understanding these concepts.

Hardware Resource Management:

A significant aspect of the activity focused on how operating systems manage hardware

resources efficiently. I learned about the allocation of CPU time, prioritizing tasks, and

ensuring optimal utilization of memory and storage resources. This knowledge was

particularly relevant to the smooth operation of broadcasting equipment.

User Interface and Interactivity:

Exploration of user interfaces (UIs) and interactivity within operating systems provided

insights into how users interact with computers. Practical sessions involved navigating

different operating system interfaces, configuring settings, and understanding the user

experience considerations in a broadcasting environment.

Security and Access Control:

Understanding the security features of operating systems was emphasized to ensure the

integrity and confidentiality of broadcasting data. This included exploring access control

mechanisms, user authentication, and permissions management to safeguard critical

information.

Integration with Broadcasting Systems:

The knowledge acquired in the "Introduction to Operating System" activity seamlessly

integrated with broadcasting systems at BRTV Maiduguri. Understanding the role of

operating systems in managing servers, controlling broadcasting equipment, and ensuring the

reliability of transmission contributed to a holistic comprehension of the broadcast

infrastructure.

Practical Applications in Broadcasting:

Hands-on experience involved practical applications of operating system concepts in the

broadcasting context. This included configuring and maintaining servers, troubleshooting

system errors, and implementing software updates to enhance system performance.

Collaboration with IT Professionals:

Collaboration with IT professionals at BRTV Maiduguri provided valuable insights into how

operating systems are managed in a professional broadcasting setting. Interactions with the IT
team enhanced my understanding of collaborative efforts in maintaining a stable and secure

computing environment.

Challenges and Troubleshooting Scenarios:

Engaging in real-world challenges and troubleshooting scenarios sharpened my problem-

solving skills. Addressing issues such as system crashes, software conflicts, and hardware

failures provided practical experience in resolving common problems within an operating

system.

Future Applications:

The knowledge gained in the "Introduction to Operating System" activity at BRTV

Maiduguri lays a solid foundation for future applications in IT and broadcasting. It equips me

with the skills necessary to contribute to the effective management and maintenance of

operating systems in diverse professional settings.

2.2.6 Introduction to HTML at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) during my SIWES at BRTV

Maiduguri provided a foundational understanding of web development. This activity aimed to

equip me with essential knowledge and skills in creating and structuring web pages, with a

focus on how HTML integrates into the broadcasting and multimedia environment.

Overview of HTML:

The activity commenced with an overview of HTML, the standard markup language used for

creating web pages. Emphasis was placed on understanding the fundamental structure of

HTML documents, including tags, elements, and attributes.

Basic HTML Tags and Elements:

I delved into the essential HTML tags and elements used to structure content on web pages.

This included headings, paragraphs, lists, links, images, and basic formatting elements.

Practical exercises involved hands-on application, creating simple web pages to reinforce the

learning.

Web Page Structure and Layout:

Understanding how HTML contributes to the structure and layout of web pages was a key

aspect of the activity. I learned about the Document Object Model (DOM) and how HTML

elements interact to create a visually appealing and well-organized web page.

Integration of Multimedia Elements:

Given the broadcasting context, special attention was given to the integration of multimedia

elements using HTML. I explored the inclusion of images, audio, and video elements within

web pages, understanding how these components enhance the overall user experience on

multimedia platforms.

Hyperlinks and Navigation:

The activity extended to understanding hyperlinks and navigation within web pages. I gained

insights into creating links to other pages, both internally and externally, and explored

techniques for effective navigation through a multimedia website.

Responsive Design Considerations:

Considering the diverse range of devices used to access multimedia content, I learned about

the basics of responsive design. This involved understanding how HTML and CSS

(Cascading Style Sheets) work together to create web pages that adapt to different screen

sizes, ensuring a consistent user experience.

Practical Application in Broadcasting:

During my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri, I had the opportunity to practically apply my HTML

skills in web development. Specifically, I developed a full website dedicated to post news

activities. This project involved creating an online platform that complemented multimedia

content, providing a dynamic and interactive space for disseminating news updates.

Collaboration with Web Development Teams:

Collaboration with web development teams provided valuable insights into how HTML fits

into broader web development projects. Understanding the collaborative efforts involved in

creating and maintaining multimedia websites, particularly for news dissemination, enriched

my knowledge of industry practices.

Challenges and Problem-Solving in Web Development:

Engaging in real-world challenges and problem-solving scenarios within HTML coding,

especially during the development of the news-oriented website, sharpened my ability to

troubleshoot issues related to web page design and functionality. This practical experience

enhanced my problem-solving skills in the dynamic field of web development.

Future Applications:

The proficiency gained in HTML at BRTV Maiduguri, coupled with the practical experience

of developing a full website for post news activities, positions me to contribute significantly

to the development and maintenance of multimedia websites in the broadcasting industry and

beyond. The skills acquired are fundamental for future endeavors in web development and

content creation.
2.2.7 Different Components of Joining Unit at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of the different components of the Joining Unit during my SIWES at BRTV

Maiduguri provided an in-depth understanding of the crucial elements contributing to

information and communication systems. This activity aimed to familiarize me with the

intricate components that play a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless flow of signals within

the broadcasting infrastructure.

Introduction to Joining Unit:

The activity commenced with an introduction to the Joining Unit, a critical component in the

broadcasting setup at BRTV Maiduguri. The Joining Unit is responsible for integrating

various signals, ensuring compatibility, and facilitating the smooth transition of content

through the broadcasting system.

Components of the Joining Unit:

1. Routers and Switches:

- Function: Routers and switches form the backbone of the Joining Unit, managing the flow

of data between different broadcasting systems. I gained insights into their configurations and

roles in directing signals to their intended destinations.

2. Signal Processors:

- Function: Signal processors play a vital role in enhancing the quality of audio and video

signals. I explored the functionalities of signal processors, understanding how they contribute

to refining and optimizing broadcast content.

3. Transmission Lines:

- Function: Transmission lines serve as conduits for signals within the Joining Unit. I learned

about the different types of transmission lines, their properties, and how they influence the

transmission of data between broadcasting components.

4. Amplifiers:

- Function: Amplifiers are essential for boosting signal strength, ensuring that transmitted

content maintains clarity and quality. Practical sessions involved understanding the

application of amplifiers in various broadcasting scenarios.

5. Connectors and Cables:

- Function: Connectors and cables are the physical links that enable the interconnection of

different broadcasting equipment. This component involved hands-on experience in

identifying, selecting, and properly connecting various types of cables and connectors.

Integration with Broadcasting Systems:

Understanding the different components of the Joining Unit seamlessly integrated with

broader broadcasting systems at BRTV Maiduguri. I gained insights into how these

components work collaboratively to ensure the efficient transmission of audio and video

signals, contributing to the overall quality of broadcast content.

Practical Applications and Hands-on Experience:

Hands-on experience formed a significant part of the activity, allowing me to interact with the

Joining Unit components in a real-world broadcasting environment. Practical applications

involved configuring routers, testing signal processors, and managing transmission lines

under the guidance of experienced professionals.

Collaboration with Broadcasting Teams:

Collaboration with broadcasting teams provided valuable insights into how the Joining Unit

is an integral part of the collaborative efforts within BRTV Maiduguri. Interactions with

professionals in the field enriched my understanding of how different components come

together to create a cohesive broadcasting infrastructure.

Challenges and Troubleshooting Scenarios:

Engaging in real-world challenges and troubleshooting scenarios within the Joining Unit

activity sharpened my problem-solving skills. Addressing issues such as signal interference,

connectivity issues, and equipment malfunctions provided practical experience in resolving

common problems within a broadcasting system.

Future Applications:

The knowledge gained in understanding the different components of the Joining Unit at

BRTV Maiduguri positions me to contribute to the effective management and maintenance of

broadcasting systems in diverse professional settings. The hands-on experience acquired is

fundamental for future endeavors in broadcasting and information technology.

2.2.8 Video Graphics Array (VGA) at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of Video Graphics Array (VGA) during my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri

provided a comprehensive understanding of this essential technology in visual display

systems. This activity aimed to equip me with knowledge about VGA, its applications, and its

relevance within the broadcasting environment.

Introduction to VGA:

The activity began with an introduction to Video Graphics Array (VGA), a standard for

displaying visual information on computer monitors and other display devices. I gained

insights into the history, development, and widespread use of VGA technology.

Key Components of VGA:

1. Video Signals:

- Function: Understanding video signals is fundamental to VGA technology. I delved into the

intricacies of analog signals, their transmission, and the role they play in producing visual

content on display devices.

2. Resolution and Refresh Rates:

- Function: VGA involves configuring resolutions and refresh rates to optimize visual output.

I explored the concept of screen resolution, understanding how it impacts image quality, and

the importance of refresh rates in achieving smooth visuals.

3. Connector Types:

- Function: Connectors are crucial in establishing the link between VGA-enabled devices. I

learned about different types of VGA connectors, their specifications, and how to properly

connect and troubleshoot them.

4. VGA-Compatible Devices:

- Function: The activity involved identifying and working with various VGA-compatible

devices, including computers, monitors, projectors, and other display units commonly used in

the broadcasting industry.

Applications in Broadcasting:

Understanding VGA seamlessly integrated with broadcasting systems at BRTV Maiduguri. I

gained insights into how VGA technology is employed in the broadcasting environment to

ensure high-quality visuals in programs, news segments, and other multimedia content.

Hands-on Experience:

Hands-on experience formed a significant part of the activity, allowing me to interact with

VGA- enabled devices in the broadcasting setting. Practical applications involved

configuring display settings, troubleshooting connectivity issues, and optimizing visual

output under the guidance of experienced professionals.

Collaboration with Technical Teams:

Collaboration with technical teams provided valuable insights into how VGA technology is

managed within BRTV Maiduguri's broadcasting infrastructure. Interactions with

professionals in the field enriched my understanding of collaborative efforts in maintaining

and optimizing visual display systems.

Challenges and Troubleshooting Scenarios:

Engaging in real-world challenges and troubleshooting scenarios within VGA technology

sharpened my problem-solving skills. Addressing issues such as display distortions,

resolution mismatches, and connector problems provided practical experience in resolving

common problems associated with VGA technology.

Future Applications:
The knowledge gained in understanding VGA technology at BRTV Maiduguri positions me

to contribute to the effective management and maintenance of visual display systems in

diverse professional settings. The hands-on experience acquired is fundamental for future

endeavors in broadcasting, particularly in optimizing visual content for viewer engagement.

2.2.9 Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer during my SIWES at BRTV Maiduguri

provided a comprehensive understanding of the critical components in live broadcasting

production. This activity aimed to equip me with knowledge about the functionalities,

operations, and collaborative roles of Vision Mixers and Sound Mixers in the dynamic field

of broadcasting.

2.2.9.1 Vision Mixer:

Introduction to Vision Mixer:

The activity began with an introduction to the Vision Mixer, also known as a video switcher

or production switcher. This crucial equipment is central to live broadcasting, allowing for

the seamless switching between multiple video sources during a broadcast.

Key Functions and Components of Vision Mixer:

1. Video Source Integration:

- Function: Understanding how a Vision Mixer integrates various video sources such as

cameras, graphics, and pre-recorded content. I explored the process of switching between

these sources in real-time to create a cohesive visual narrative

2. Transition Effects:
- Function: Vision Mixers enable the application of transition effects between video sources. I

gained insights into different transition styles, including cuts, fades, wipes, and dissolves, and

their impact on the overall visual presentation.

3. Live Editing and Composition:

- Function: The Vision Mixer allows for live editing and composition of video content. I

learned about creating overlays, picture-in-picture effects, and other techniques to enhance

the visual storytelling during live broadcasts.

4. Control Interface:

- Function: Understanding the control interface of a Vision Mixer was integral. Practical

sessions involved hands-on experience with the control panel, learning how to execute

precise and timely switches between video sources.

2.2.9.2 Sound Mixer:

Introduction to Sound Mixer:

The activity extended to the Sound Mixer, a crucial component in live broadcasting that

ensures the quality and balance of audio elements during a production.

Key Functions and Components of Sound Mixer:

1. Audio Source Integration:

- Function: Exploring how a Sound Mixer integrates various audio sources, including

microphones, pre-recorded soundtracks, and live feeds. I gained insights into the importance

of balancing audio levels for a clear and immersive auditory experience.

2. Equalization and Effects:

- Function: The Sound Mixer allows for the equalization of audio frequencies and the

application of effects. Practical sessions involved hands-on experience with adjusting bass,

treble, and other audio parameters to achieve optimal sound quality.

3. Live Mixing and Monitoring:

- Function: Understanding how live mixing is performed during broadcasts, ensuring a

harmonious blend of audio elements. I learned about the importance of real-time monitoring

and adjustments to address any audio imbalances.

4. Control Interface:

- Function: Practical sessions involved gaining proficiency in operating the control interface

of a Sound Mixer. I learned to navigate the panel, adjust volume levels, and implement audio

enhancements during live broadcasting.

Integration of Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer:

Understanding the collaborative roles of Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer seamlessly

integrated into the broader live broadcasting production at BRTV Maiduguri. I gained

insights into how these components work in tandem to create a polished and engaging audio-

visual experience for viewers.

Practical Applications and Hands-on Experience:

Hands-on experience formed a significant part of the activity, allowing me to operate both the

Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer in a real-world broadcasting environment. Practical

applications involved coordinating video and audio elements to deliver a cohesive live

production under the guidance of experienced professionals.

Collaboration with Production Teams:

Collaboration with production teams provided valuable insights into how Vision Mixers and

Sound Mixers are central to the collaborative efforts within BRTV Maiduguri's broadcasting

infrastructure. Interactions with professionals in the field enriched my understanding of

teamwork and coordination in live broadcasting production.

Challenges and Troubleshooting Scenarios:

Engaging in real-world challenges and troubleshooting scenarios within Vision Mixer and

Sound Mixer operations sharpened my problem-solving skills. Addressing issues such as

synchronization errors, audio feedback, and visual distortions provided practical experience

in resolving common problems associated with live broadcasting production.

Future Applications:

The knowledge gained in operating Vision Mixers and Sound Mixers at BRTV Maiduguri

positions me to contribute to the effective execution of live broadcasting events in diverse

professional settings. The hands-on experience acquired is fundamental for future endeavors

in live production and broadcasting.

2.2.10 Introduction and Installation of Receiver at BRTV Maiduguri

The exploration of the Introduction and Installation of Receiver during my SIWES at BRTV

Maiduguri provided a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role receivers play in

capturing and processing broadcast signals. This activity aimed to equip me with knowledge

about the functionalities, installation processes, and integration of receivers within the

broadcasting infrastructure.

Introduction to Receiver Technology:

The activity commenced with an introduction to receiver technology, emphasizing its

significance in the broadcasting ecosystem. I gained insights into the various types of

receivers used at BRTV Maiduguri, each designed to capture specific types of signals for

broadcasting purposes.

Key Components and Functions of Receivers:

1. Signal Reception and Demodulation:

- Function: Understanding how receivers capture broadcast signals, including audio and video

data. I explored the demodulation process, which involves extracting the original information

from modulated carrier signals.

2. Tuning and Frequency Selection:

- Function: Receivers involve tuning to specific frequencies to capture signals from

broadcasting stations. Practical sessions included hands-on experience in tuning receivers to

different frequencies, ensuring accurate signal reception.

3. Decoding and Processing:

- Function: The decoding and processing capabilities of receivers were explored. I gained

insights into how receivers decode audio and video information, preparing it for further

processing and eventual broadcast.

Installation of Receivers:

The activity extended to the practical aspects of installing receivers within the broadcasting

infrastructure at BRTV Maiduguri. This involved the following key steps:

1. Site Survey:
- Procedure: Conducting a site survey to identify optimal locations for installing receivers.

Factors such as signal strength, interference, and line of sight were considered during the

survey.

2. Mounting and Positioning:

- Procedure: Hands-on experience in mounting receivers in designated locations, ensuring

proper positioning for optimal signal reception. Practical sessions involved using appropriate

tools and equipment for secure installation.

3. Antenna Connectivity:

- Procedure: Connecting receivers to antennas to facilitate signal reception. I learned about

the importance of using suitable antenna types and ensuring proper cable connections for

efficient signal transmission.

4. Testing and Calibration:

- Procedure: Conducting testing and calibration procedures to verify the functionality of

installed receivers. This involved checking signal quality, audio and video clarity, and

addressing any issues through calibration.

Integration with Broadcasting Systems:

Understanding the integration of receivers with broader broadcasting systems at BRTV

Maiduguri was crucial. I gained insights into how receivers serve as the initial point in the

broadcast chain, capturing signals that are further processed and distributed to reach the

audience.

Practical Applications and Hands-on Experience:

Hands-on experience formed a significant part of the activity, allowing me to actively

participate in the installation of receivers in a real-world broadcasting environment. Practical

applications involved coordinating with technical teams, troubleshooting installation

challenges, and ensuring receivers were operational for broadcasting purposes.

Collaboration with Technical Teams:

Collaboration with technical teams provided valuable insights into how receivers are

managed within BRTV Maiduguri's broadcasting infrastructure. Interactions with

professionals in the field enriched my understanding of collaborative efforts in maintaining a

reliable signal reception system.

Challenges and Troubleshooting Scenarios:

Engaging in real-world challenges and troubleshooting scenarios during the installation of

receivers sharpened my problem-solving skills. Addressing issues such as signal interference,

connectivity problems, and calibration discrepancies provided practical experience in

resolving common problems associated with receiver technology.

Future Applications:

The knowledge gained in the introduction and installation of receivers at BRTV Maiduguri

positions me to contribute to the effective management and maintenance of signal reception

systems in diverse professional settings. The hands-on experience acquired is fundamental for

future endeavors in broadcasting, particularly in optimizing signal reception for quality

broadcasts.

2.6 Summary of SIWES Activities at BRTV Maiduguri

My SIWES experience at BRTV Maiduguri encompassed a diverse range of activities,

providing a comprehensive understanding of various facets within the broadcasting and

information technology domain. The following is a summarized overview of the key

activities undertaken during the SIWES program:

1. Introduction to Computer Technology:

- Explored fundamental concepts of computer technology, including types of computers,

input devices, and output devices.

2. Transmission Control Room:

- Engaged in activities related to the control room, understanding the operational aspects and

management of broadcasting signals.

3. Editing in ICT:

- Delved into the realm of editing in information and communication technology, covering

film editing, audio editing, and the use of Adobe Premiere Pro.

4. Introduction to Operating System:

- Gained insights into the core concepts of operating systems, their functionalities, and their

crucial role in managing hardware resources.

5. Introduction to HTML:

- Acquired foundational knowledge in HTML, exploring its application in web development,

including the development of a full website for post-news activities.

6. Different Components of Joining Unit:

- Explored the intricate components of the Joining Unit, understanding how routers, switches,

signal processors, transmission lines, amplifiers, and connectors contribute to seamless signal

flow.

7. Video Graphics Array (VGA):

- Investigated VGA technology, covering video signals, resolution, connector types, and

practical applications in visual display systems.

8. Vision Mixer and Sound Mixer:

- Operated Vision Mixers for video source integration and live editing, and Sound Mixers for

audio source integration, live mixing, and monitoring during live broadcasting productions.

9. Introduction and Installation of Receiver:

- Explored the functionalities of receivers, including signal reception, demodulation, and

decoding. Participated in the hands-on installation of receivers, ensuring optimal positioning,

antenna connectivity, and system calibration.

This diverse array of activities provided a holistic view of the broadcasting industry,

emphasizing practical skills in signal processing, live production, web development, and

technology integration. The experience gained during the SIWES program at BRTV

Maiduguri positions me for future contributions to the dynamic and evolving field of

broadcasting and information technology.

 Chapter Three: Reflection and Evaluation

3.1 Introduction

Chapter Three delves into a reflective analysis of my experiences during the SIWES program

at BRTV Maiduguri. It addresses the challenges encountered and emphasizes the relevance of

the SIWES program in shaping my professional growth.

3.2 Problems Encountered during SIWES

During the SIWES period, several challenges were encountered, each presenting unique

learning opportunities:

3.2.1 Technical Challenges in Editing (Problem A)

Description: The editing process, particularly in film and audio editing, posed technical

challenges. Issues such as software glitches and compatibility problems were prevalent,

requiring troubleshooting and adaptation to various editing tools.

3.2.2 Connectivity Issues in Joining Unit (Problem B)

Description: While working with the Joining Unit, connectivity problems, signal interference,

and occasional equipment malfunctions were encountered. Addressing these issues demanded

a deep understanding of the components and collaboration with the technical team.
3.2.3 Time Constraints and Multitasking (Problem C)

Description: Balancing diverse tasks, such as web development, live production, and system

installations, within a limited time frame presented challenges. Efficient time management

and multitasking skills became essential to meet project deadlines.

3.3 Relevance of the SIWES Programme

The SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri holds immense relevance and importance for

several reasons:

- Practical Application of Academic Knowledge:

- The program provided a platform to apply theoretical knowledge acquired in

academic settings to real-world scenarios, fostering a deeper understanding of concepts.

- Skill Development in Broadcasting Technology:

- Exposure to various aspects of broadcasting technology, including editing, live

production, and system installations, facilitated the development of practical skills essential

for a career in the field.

- Professional Exposure and Collaboration:

- Working at BRTV Maiduguri offered exposure to a professional broadcasting

environment, enabling collaboration with experienced professionals. This interaction

contributed significantly to my knowledge and skill development

- Problem-Solving and Adaptation:

- The encountered challenges necessitated problem-solving skills and the ability to

adapt to dynamic work environments. Overcoming technical issues and time constraints

strengthened my resilience and adaptability.

- Relevance to Career Aspirations:

- The SIWES program aligns closely with my career aspirations in the field of

information technology and broadcasting. The practical experiences gained are directly

applicable to future roles in the industry.

In conclusion, the SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri played a pivotal role in shaping my

professional journey, providing a bridge between academic learning and practical application.

The challenges encountered further enhanced my problem-solving abilities, contributing to a

well-rounded and enriching learning experience.

Chapter Four: Conclusion and General Appraisal of the SIWES Programme at BRTV

Maiduguri

4.1 Introduction

In the final chapter of this report, an overview of concluding remarks and a comprehensive

appraisal of the SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri are presented. Additionally, valuable

advice for future participants, insights for SIWES managers, and suggestions for program

improvement are discussed.

4.2 Conclusion

The SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri has been a transformative experience, providing an

immersive platform for the application of theoretical knowledge in a real-world broadcasting

environment. The diverse range of activities, from editing and web development to live

production and system installations, has enriched my understanding of the broadcasting and

information technology field. The challenges encountered served as opportunities for skill

development, problem-solving, and resilience. Overall, the SIWES program has significantly

contributed to my professional growth and readiness for future endeavors.

4.3 General Appraisal of the Programme

4.3.1 Advice for Future Participants

Future participants in the SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri are encouraged to approach

the experience with enthusiasm and a proactive mindset. Actively seek opportunities to

engage in various aspects of broadcasting technology, embrace challenges as learning

opportunities, and foster collaborative relationships with experienced professionals. Utilize

the hands-on experience to bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical

application, maximizing the potential for skill development.

4.3.2 Advice for SIWES Managers

To SIWES managers at BRTV Maiduguri, fostering an inclusive and supportive learning

environment is crucial. Providing clear guidelines, regular feedback, and opportunities for

participants to explore diverse aspects of broadcasting technology will enhance the overall

learning experience. Encourage collaboration between participants and experienced

professionals, fostering a culture of knowledge sharing and mentorship.

4.3.3 Possible Ways of Improving the Programme at BRTV Maiduguri

1. Enhanced Training Modules:

- Introduce advanced training modules that align with emerging technologies in broadcasting

and information technology. This ensures that participants are exposed to cutting-edge skills

and industry trends.

2. Structured Mentorship Programs:

- Implement structured mentorship programs where experienced professionals within BRTV

Maiduguri actively guide and support participants. This facilitates a more seamless transition

from academic knowledge to practical application.

3. Integration of Emerging Technologies:

- Incorporate training on emerging technologies, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented

reality (AR), to prepare participants for the evolving landscape of broadcasting and

multimedia content creation.

4. Expanded Networking Opportunities:

- Facilitate networking opportunities for participants with professionals both within and

outside BRTV Maiduguri. Exposure to a broader professional network enhances career

prospects and fosters a culture of continuous learning.

5. Regular Program Evaluation:

- Implement regular evaluations of the SIWES program, gathering feedback from both

participants and industry professionals. This feedback loop enables continuous improvement,

ensuring the program remains relevant and effective.

In conclusion, the SIWES program at BRTV Maiduguri has been instrumental in shaping my

professional journey. The outlined recommendations aim to further enhance the program's

impact, providing future participants with an even more enriching and relevant learning

experience in the dynamic field of broadcasting and information technology.

 Appendices

Appendix: Joining Unit Components Diagram

Appendix: Vision Mixer Control Panel

Appendix: Sound Mixer Interface

Appendix: Receiver Installation Checklist

- Site Survey Checklist

- Installation Procedure Checklist

- Testing and Calibration Checklist