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A-53 PYQ (TIFR, JEST, GATE, NET)

1. The volume and temperature of a spherical cavity filled with black body radiation are V
and 300K, respectively. If it expands adiabatically to a volume 2V , its temperature will
be closest to
(a) 150K (b) 300K (c) 250K (d) 240K

2. The ratio cp/cv of the specific heats at constant pressure and volume of a monatomic
ideal gas in two dimensions is
(a) 3/2 (b) 2 (c) 5/3 (d) 5/2

3. Diffuse hydrogen gas within a galaxy may be assumed to follow a Maxwell distribution
at temperature 106 K , while the temperature appropriate for the H gas in the inter-
galactic space, following the same distribution, may be taken to be 104 K . The ratio of
thermal broadening vG / viG of the Lyman-  line from the H -atoms within the galaxy
to that from the inter galactic space is closest to
(a) 100 (b) 1/100 (c) 10 (d) 1/10

4. The dispersion relation of a gas of non-interacting bosons in d dimensions E (k )  ak s

where a and s are positive constants, Bose-Einstein condensation will occur for all
values of
(a) d > s (b) d +2> s > d -2
(c) s > 2 independent of d (d) d > 2 independent of s

5. The energy levels of a non-degenerate quantum system are  n = nEo , where Eo is a

constant and n =1,2,3,.... At a temperature T , the free energy F can be expressed in
terms of the average energy E by
(a) Eo  k BT ln E (b) Eo  2kBT ln E (c) Eo  kBT ln E (d) Eo  2kBT ln E
Eo Eo Eo Eo

6. Balls of ten different colours labeled by a = 1, 2, ..., 10 are to be distributed among

different coloured boxes. A ball can only go in a box of the same colour, and each box
can contain at most one ball. Let na and Na denote respectively, the numbers of balls and
boxes of colour a. Assuming that Na >>na, >> 1, the total entropy (in units of the
Boltzmann constant) can be best approximated by
(a)  a  N a ln N a  na ln na  ( N a  na ) ln( N a  na ) 
(b)  N
a a ln N a  na ln na  ( N a  na ) ln( N a  na ) 
(c)   N
a a ln N a  na ln na  ( N a  na ) ln( N a  na ) 
(d)   N
a a ln N a  na ln na  ( N a  na ) ln( N a  na ) 

7. A polymer, made up of N monomers, is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . Each

monomer could be of length a or 2a. The first contributes zero energy, while the second
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one contributes  . The average length (in units of N a) of the polymer at temperature T
=  / K B is
5 e 4e 3e 2e
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4e 3 e 2e 1 e

8. Two ideal gases in a box are initially separated by a partition. Let N1 ,V1 and N 2 , V2 be the
numbers of particles and volume occupied by the two systems. When the partition is
removed, the pressure of the mixture at an equilibrium temperature T , is
 N1  N 2   N N 
(a) K BT   (b) KBT  1 2 
 2(V1  V2 )   (V1  V2 ) 
 N1 N 2  1 N N 
(c) K BT    (d) K BT  1  2 
 V1 V2  2  V1 V2 

9. An idealized atom has a non-degenerate ground state at zero energy and a g-fold
degenerate excited state of energy E . In a non-interacting system of N such atoms, the
population of the excited state may exceed that of the ground state above a temperature
E
T> . The minimum value of g for which this is possible is
2k B ln 2
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1

10. The Hamiltonian of a system of N non-interacting particles, each of mass m , in one

dimension is
N
 p2  
H    i  xi4 
i 1  2m 4 
where  >0 is a constant and pi and xi are the momentum and position respectively of
the i -th particle. The average internal energy of the system is
4 3 3 1
(a) k BT (b) k BT (c) k BT (d) k BT
3 4 2 3

11. The energy density I of a black body radiation at temperature T is given by the Planck's
8 v 2 hv
distribution function I (v, T )  , where v is the frequency. The function
c 3  hv 
 kBT 
 e 1 
I (v, T ) for two different temperatures T1 and T2 are shown below.

If the two curves coincide when I (v, T )v a is plotted against vb / T , then the values of a and
b are, respectively,
(a) 2 and 1 (b) -2 and 2 (c) 3 and -1 (d) -3 and 1
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12. For an ideal gas consisting of N distinguishable particles in a volume V , the probability
of
finding exactly 2 particles in a volume  V  V , in the limit N ,V  , is
2
( N  V )2  NV /V V
(a) 2 N  V / V (b) ( N  V / V ) 2 (c) e (d)   e NV /V
2V 2  V 

13. The Hamiltonian of a system of 3 spins is H  J ( S1S 2  S 2 S3 ), where S1  1 for i  1,2,3.

Its
canonical partition function, at temperature T , is
2 2 3
     J   
(a) 2  2 sinh J  (b) 2  2 cosh J  (c) 2  2 cosh  (d) 2  2 cosh J 
 k T B   k T B   k BT   k T B 

14. The angular frequency of oscillation of a quantum harmonic oscillator in two

dimensions is ω. If it is in contact with an external heat bath at temperature T, its
partition function is (in the following  = 1/kBT)
e 2   e   e   e 2  
(a) (b) (c) (d)
e  1 e  1
  2  
2   2   2
e 1 e 1

15. Amole of gas at initial temperature Ti comes into contact with a heat reservoir at
temperature Tf and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium at constant volume. If the
specific heat of the gas is CV  T , where  is a constant, the total change in entropy is

(b)  T f  Ti   T  Ti 
2
(a) zero f
2T

(c)  T f  Ti  (d)  T f  Ti   T f
2
 Ti 2 
2T

16. An ideal Carnot engine extracts 100 J from a heat source and bumps 40 J to a heat sink
at 300 K. The temperature of the heat source is
(b) 600 K (b) 700 K (c) 750 K (d) 650 K

17. The energies available to a three state system are 0, E and 2 E, where E >0. Which of
the following graphs best represents the temperature dependence of the specific heat?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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18. The pressure p of a gas depends on the number density  of particles and the
temperature T as P  k BT   B2  2  B3  3 where B2 and B3 are positive constants. Let Tc , c
and pc denote the critical temperature, critical number density and critical pressure,
respectively. The ratio c k BTc / pc is equal to
1 8
(b) (b) 3 (c) (d) 4
3 3

19. The mean kinetic energy per atom in a sodium vapour lamp is 0.33 eV . Given that the
mass of sodium is approximately 22.5 109 eV , the ratio of the Doppler width of an
optical line to its central frequency is
(a) 7 107 (b) 6 106 (c) 5 105 (d) 4  10 4

20. Which of the following relationship between the internal energy U and the Helmholtz's
free energy F is true?
  F    F 
 T    T  F  F 
(a) U  T  2   (b) U  T    
2
(c) U  T  (d) U  T 
 T   T   T V  T V
   
V V

21. Consider a non-interacting gas of spin 1 particles, each with magnetic moment  ,
placed in a weak magnetic field B, such that  B  1 . The average magnetic moment of
k BT
a particle is

2   B    B    B  3   B 
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
3  k BT  2  kBT  3  kBT  4  k BT 

22. Water at 300 K can be brought to 320 K using one of the following processes.
Process 1: Water is brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 320 K directly.
Process 2: Water is first brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 310 K and then with
the reservoir at 320 K .
Process 3: Water is first brought in equilibrium with a reservoir at 350K and then with
the reservoir at 320K.
The corresponding changes in the entropy of the universe for these processes are S1 ,
S 2 and  S 3, respectively. Then
(a) S 2  S1  S3 (b) S3  S1  S2 (c) S3  S 2  S1 (d) S1  S 2  S3

23. A piston of mass m is fitted to an airtight horizontal cylindrical jar. The cylinder and
piston have identical unit area of cross-section. The gas inside the jar has volume V and
is held at pressure P = Patm The piston is pushed inside the jar very slowly over a small
distance. On releasing, the piston performs an undraped simple harmonic motion of low

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frequency. Assuming that the gas is ideal and no heat is exchanged with the atmosphere,
the frequency of the small oscillations is proportional to
P P P P
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 mV Vm mV  1 mV  1

24. A paramagnetic salt of mass m is held at temperature T in a magnetic field H. If S is the

entropy of the salt and M is its magnetization, then dG = -SdT - MdH, where G is the
Gibbs free energy. If the magnetic field is changed adiabatically by H  0 and the
corresponding infinitesimal changes in entropy and temperature are S and T , then
which of the following statements are correct
1 G
(a) S     T (b) S  0
T  T  n
 M 
 
(c) T    T  H H (d) T  0
 S 
 
 T  H

 S 
25. For 1 mole of Nitrogen gas, the ratio  I  of entropy change of the gas in processes
 S II 
(I) and (II) mentioned below is________________________(Round off to one decimal
place)
(I) The gas is held at l atm and is cooled from 300K to 77K.
(II) The gas is liquefied at 77K.
(Take C p  7.0 cal mol-1K-1, Latent heat L = 1293.6 cal mol-1K-1)

26. Consider a system of three distinguishable particles, each having spin S  1 / 2 such that
S 2  1 / 2 with corresponding magnetic moments  2    . When the system is placed
in an external magnetic field H pointing along the z -axis, the total energy of the system
is  H . Let x be the state where the first spin has S z  1/ 2. The probability of having
the state x and the mean magnetic moment (in the + z direction) of the system in state x
are
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
(a) ,  (b) ,  (c) ,  (d) , 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

27. Consider a single one-dimensional harmonic oscillator of angular frequency  , in

equilibrium at temperature T   k B   1 . The states of the harmonic
oscillator are all non
degenerate having energy En   n  1   with equal probability, where n is the
 2
quantum number. The Helmholtz free energy of the oscillator is
 
(a)   1 ln 1  exp(  )  (b)   1 ln 1  exp(   )
2 2
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
(c)   1 ln 1  exp(   ) (d)  1 ln 1  exp(   ) 
2

28. A system of two atoms can be in three quantum states having energies 0, and 2  . The
system is in equilibrium at temperature T  ( k B  ) 1 . Match the following Statistics with
the Partition functions.
Statistics Partition function
CD: Classical (distinguishable particles) Z1: e   e2   e3

CI: Classical (indistinguishable particles) Z 2 :1  e   2e2   e3  e4 B

FD: Fermi-Dirac Z 3:1  2e   3e2   2e3   e4 B
BE: Bose-Einstein 1 3 1
Z 4 :  e   e 2   e 3  e4 B
2 2 2
(a) CD: Z1, CI: Z2, FD: Z3, BE: Z4 (b) CD: Z2, CI: Z3, FD: Z4, BE: Z1
(c) CD: Z3, CI: Z4, FD: Z1, BE: Z2 (d) CD: Z4, CI: Z2, FD: Z2, BE: Z3

29. According to the Fermi gas model of nucleus, the nucleons move in a spherical volume
1
of radius R( R0 A3 , where A is the mass number and R0 is an empirical constant with the
dimensions of length). The Fermi energy of the nucleus E F is proportional to
(a) R02 (b) 1 (c) 12 (d) 13
R0 R0 R0

30. The internal energy U of a system is given by U ( S ,V )  V  S 2 , where  is a constant

2/3

of appropriate dimensions; V and S denote the volume and entropy, respectively.

Which one of the following gives the correct equation of state of the system?
PV 1/3 PV
(a) = constant (b) = constant
T2 T 1/3
P PV 2/3
(c) 1/3
= constant (d) = constant
V T T

31. Consider a gas of hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere of the Sun where the temperature
is 5800 K . If a sample from this atmosphere contains 6.023x 1023 of hydrogen atoms in
the ground state, the number of hydrogen atoms in the first excited state is
approximately 8x10n, where n is an integer. The value of n is ______________.
(Boltzmann constant: 8.617x10-5 eV /K)

32. For a gas of non-interacting particles, the probability that a particle has a speed  in the
internal  to  +d  is given by
3/ 2
 m 
f  v  dv  4v 2 
2

 e  mv /2k B T

 2k BT 
If E is the energy of a particle, then the maximum in the corresponding energy
distribution in units of E/kBT occurs at _________. (Rounded off to one decimal place).
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3
33. The Planck's energy density distribution is given by u    . At long
2 c3  e/ K BT  1
wavelengths, the energy density of photons in thermal equilibrium with a cavity at
temperature T varies as T  , where  is ____________.

34. A system with two energy levels is in thermal equilibrium with a heat reservoir at
temperature 600 K. The energy gap between the levels is 0.1ev. Let p be the probability
that the system is in the higher energy level. Which of the following statement is
correct? [Note: leV =11600 K]
(a) 0  p  0.1 (b) 0.1  p  0.2 (c) 0.2  p  0.3 (d) p  0.3

35. If mean and standard deviation of the energy distribution of an equilibrium system vary
with temperature T as Tv and T  respectively, then v and  must satisfy
(a) 2v=1+  (b) 2v+1=  (c) v=1+2  (d) v+1=2 

36. Adding leV of energy to a large system did not change its temperature (27°C) whereas it
changed the number of micro-states by a factor r.
r is of the order [Note: leV =11600 K]
(a) 104 (b) 1023 (c) 1017 (d) 10-19

37. The ratio of specific heat of electrons in a heated copper wire at two temperatures
200°C and 100°C is
(a) 1.27 (b) 2 (c) 1.41 (d) 1.61

38. An ideal diatomic gas at pressure P is adiabatically compressed so that its volume
1
becomes times the initial value. The final pressure of the gas will be
n
7 7 7 5
(a) n 5 P (b) n 2 P (c) n 5 P (d) n 3 P
1
39. The energy of two Ising spins  s1  1,S2  1 is given by E  s1s 2   s1  s2  . At certain
2
temperature T probability that both spins take +1 values is 4 times than they both take -
1 values. What is the probability that they have opposite spin?   1 / k B T 
e 1 1
(a) (b) e tanh  (c) (d)
1  e 2 6 2

40. A container has two compartments. One compartment contains Oxygen gas at pressure
P1, volume V1, and temperature T1. The second compartment contains Nitrogen gas at
pressure P2, volume V2 and temperature T2. The partition separating two compartments
is removed and the gases are allowed to mix. What is the temperature of the mixture
when it comes to equilibrium?
(a)
 P1V1  P2 V2  T1T2 (b)  V1T1  V2 T2  (c)
 P1V1T2  P2 V2T1  (d)
 P1V1T1  P2 V2T1 
P1V1T2  P2 V2 T2 V1  V2 P1V1  P2 V2 P1V1  P2 V2

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41. A particle can access only three energy levels E1  1ev, E2  2eV , and E3  6eV . The
average energy E of the particle changes as temperature T changes. What is the ratio
of the minimum to the maximum average energy of the particle?

42. A system of N classical non-identical particles moving in one dimensional space is

governed by the Hamiltonian
N
H    Ai pi2  Bi | qi | 
i 1

where Pi , and qi are momentum and position of the i-th particle, respectively, and the
constant parameters Ai and Bi , characterize the individual particles. When the system is
in equilibrium at temperature T, then the internal energy is found to be
2
E H  NkBT
3
where k B is the Boltzmann constant. What is the value of  ?

43. One mole of an ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle formed by an isobaric
process, an isochoric process, and an adiabatic process (see figure). At A, the
temperature of the gas is T. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas, in the
units of RT (R is the universal gas constant) as the system goes from A to B

44. The free energy density of a gas at a constant temperature is given by

f     C  ln   /  0  , where  represents the density of the gas, while C and  o are
positive constants. The pressure of the system is
(a) C  (b) C  2/ 0 (c) C 0 ln(  / 0 ) (d) Cp ln(  / 0 )

45. An ideal gas at temperature T is composed of particles of mass m, with the x-component
of Ve locity  x . The average value of | x |is
(a) 0 (b) 3k BT / m (c) k BT / 2 m (d) 2k BT /  m

46. A one-dimensional box contains three identical particles in the ground state of the
system. Find the ratio of total energies of these particles if they were spin-1/2 fermions,
to that if they were bosons.
(a) 1 (b) 14/3 (c) 2 (d) 1/3

47. M grams of water at temperature Ta is adiabatically mixed with an equal mass of water
at temperature Tb, keeping the pressure constant. Find the change in entropy of the
system (specific heat of water is Cp).
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 Ta  Tb    Ta  Tb  
2 2

(a) S  MC pln 1   (b) S  MC p ln 1  

 4TaTb   4TaTb 
 Ta  Tb    T T 
2

(c) S  MC pln 1   (d) S  MC p ln  a

1/2 
b

 4TaTb  
 a b 
4T T 

48. Five distinguishable particles are distributed in energy levels E1 and E2, with degeneracy
of 2 and 3 respectively. Find the number of microstates with three particles in energy
level E1 and two particles in E2.

49. Consider an ideal gas whose entropy is given by

n U V
S   5 R ln  2 R ln  ,
2  n n
where n is the number of moles,  is a constant, R is the universal gas constant, U is the
internal energy and V is the volume of the gas. The specific heat at constant pressure is
then given by
5 7 3
(a) nR (b) nR (c) nR (d) nR
2 2 2

50. Consider a system of two particles at temperature T   . Each of them can occupy three
different quantum energy levels having energies 0,  and 2  , and both of them cannot
occupy the same energy level. What is the average energy of the system?
3
(a)  (b) (c) 2  (d) 4 
2

51. Consider a classical harmonic oscillator in thermal equilibrium at a temperature T. If the

spring constant is changed to twice its value isothermally, then the amount of work done
on the system is
ln 2
(a) k BT ln 2 (b) kBT (c) 2kBT ln 2 (d) k BT ln 2
2

52. A classical gas of N particles is kept at a temperature T and is confined to move on a

two-dimensional surface (xy -plane). If an external linear force field is applied along the
x-axis, then the partition function of the system will be proportional to
(a) TN (b) T2N (c) TN/2 (d) T3N/2

53. Consider a cube (see figure) of volume V containing N molecules each of mass m with
N
uniform density n  , Suppose this system is equivalent to a system of M non
V
interacting gases such that molecules of the ith gas are Ni = niV in number, each with an
identical y -component of velocity vi. What is the pressure P on the surface  ABCD of
area A?

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m iMl ni vi2 m  iMl ni vi2

(a) P  m  iMl ni vi2 (b) P  (c) P  (d) P  2m  iMl ni vi2
 M
i l ni 2

54. A bicycle tyre is pumped with air to an internal pressure of 6 atm at 20°C, at which
point it suddenly bursts. Assuming the external pressure to be 1 atmosphere and the
subsequent sudden expansion to be adiabatic, the temperature immediately after the
burst is approximately
(a) 216.0°C (b) -108.5°C (c) -97.5°C (d) 45.5°C

55. A vertical cylinder of height is filled with an ideal gas of classical point particles each
of mass m and is allowed to come to equilibrium under gravity at a temperature T. The
mean height of these particles is
H mgH / kBT H mgH / kBT
(a) (b)
3 emgH / k BT  1 3 e mgH / kBT  1
(c) k BT 1  2 mgH / k BT 
 (d) k BT  1  mgH / k BT 

mg  e mgH / k BT  1  mg  e mgH / k BT  1 

56. In a semi classical approach, the Hamiltonian of a He atom is modified by adding a

magnetic interaction term between the two electrons, of the form
 
H1  A2 S 1.S 2
 
where S 1, and S 2 , are the electron spins and A2, is a coupling constant. This leads, for
the configuration 1s2’, to the energy shift
(a)  A2 / 4 (b)  A2 / 4 (c) 3 A2 / 4 (d) 3 A2 / 4

57. A pseudo-potential V12 between every pair of particles in an ideal gas is to be

constructed which will reproduce the effects of quantum statistics if the gas particles are
bosonic in nature. A correct formula for this, in terms of the inter-particle distance r12
and a mean distance  , will be of the form

(a) V12  k BT ln 1  e2
2
2 /
2

 
(b) V12  kBT ln 1  e2
2
2 /
2


(c) V12  k T ln 1  e
B
222 /  2
 (d) V12  k T ln 1  e
B
222 /  2

58. A quantum dot is constructed such that it has just three energy levels, with energies E,
2E and 3E respectively. The chemical potential in the system has the value  = 2E and
the temperature is given by
E
T
2k B
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The expected number of electrons populating the quantum dot will be

(a) 4.0 (b) 3.0 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.5

59. The low-temperature specific heat of a certain material is primarily due to acoustic
phonons. The frequency  of a phonon is related to its wavevector k by  = ck, where c
is the speed of sound in the material. The phonons have a Bose distribution
1
n(k ) 
eck / kBT  1
and the energy of a phonon has a maximum possible value  D .
In a two-dimensional sample, the specific heat at low-temperatures behaves as
3 2 3/ 2
     
(a) T (b)  T  (c)  T  (d)  T 
D  D   D   D 

60. A particle of mass m in a three-dimensional potential well has a Hamiltonian of the

form
p x2 p2 p2 1
H  y  z  m 2 x 2  2 m x 2 z 2
2m 2m 2 m 2
where  is a constant. If there are two identical spin-1/2 particles in this potential
having a total energy E  6 . The entropy of the system will be
(a) k B ln12 (b) k B ln14 (c) k B ln10 (d) k B ln16

61. A boiler of volume 1.7 m3, when filled with 1.0 kg of steam at 100°C, has a pressure of
1.0 atm. What will be the boiling point of water in this boiler when the pressure is 2.0
atm?
[The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2250  103 J / kg; 1 atm  105 N / m 2 ]
(a) 128°C (b) 118°C (c) 78°C (d) 88°C

62. Which of the following is the entropy generated when two identical blocks at
temperatures 2T and T are brought into thermal contact and allowed to reach
equilibrium?
[Assume that the heat capacity of each block is C]
3
(a) C(2ln 3  3ln 2) (b) Zero (c) 2C ln (d) C(2ln 2  3ln 3)
2

63. A spherical balloon of radius R is made of a material with surface tension  and filled
with N particles of an ideal gas. If the outside air pressure is P, the pressure Pb inside the
balloon is given by
(a) Pb  P  2 / R (b) Pb  P (c) Pb  P  2 / R (d) Pb  P  3 / R

64. A certain system has one state with energy E, two states with energy 2E, three states
with energy 3E and so on, where E > 0. The partition function Z of the system at
temperature T is given by

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1 E 1 E 1 E 1 E
(a)  4sinh 2 (b)  2cosh 2 (c)  4 coth 2 (d)  2 tanh 2
z 2T z 4T z 2T z 4T

65. The temperature dependence of specific heat of two metals A and B, both with
quadratic dispersion relations are shown in the figure below.

Which of the following statements is necessarily false?

(a) The density of states at Fermi energy of A is smaller than that of B.
(b) The effective mass of B is larger than that of A.
(C) The effective mass of A is smaller than that of B.
(d) The density of states at Fermi energy of B is smaller than that of A.

66. A gas has the following equation of state

aS 5
U
N 2V 2
where U is the internal energy, V is the volume and N is the number of particles. Here a
is a constant of the appropriate dimension. It follows that the equation of state of this
N
gas relating its pressure P to its temperature T and its density   is given by
V
P5 P5 P P3
(a)  constant (b)  constant (c)  constant (d)  constant
T 
5 2
T 
4 3
T T 23

67. An ideal gas is passed through a cyclic process where the corresponding changes in the
thermodynamic potentials are plotted on the adjoining graph. Here U is the internal
energy and F is the Helmholtz free energy. The efficiency of this cycle is given by

 F2 
(a) 1  U1 (b) 1  exp   
U2  F1 
U1  F   U1   F2 
(c) 1  exp   2  (d) exp    exp   
U2  F1   U2   F1 
68. The mean free path  of molecules of a gas at room temperature is given approximately
by

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1

n
where n is the number density of the molecules and  is the collision cross-section of
two molecules. It follows that the mean free path of air molecules at normal temperature
and pressure is of order
(a) 500 m (b) 50nm (c) 0.5nm (d) 500 fm

69. A system is composed of a large number of non-interacting classical particles moving in

two dimensions, which individually obey the Hamiltonian
Px2  Py2 1
 m 2 ( x 2  y 2 )
2m 2
and the system is connected to a heat bath at a temperature T.
The probability of finding a particle within a radius R from the origin is given by
 m 2 R 2   m 2 R 2    m 2 R 2
(a) 1  exp   (b) exp   (c) exp  m  R  (d) 1 
 2T   2T   2T  2T

70. In a certain atom, the ground state and first excited state of the valence electron are -7.8
eV and -3.9 eV, while all the higher exited states have energies very close to zero. The
ground state has a degeneracy of 2, while the first excited state has a degeneracy of 6.
It follows that if these atoms reside in the outer layers of a blue giant star at a
temperature around 2.32x104 K, the average per atom will be approximately
(a) -5.1eV (b) -5.9 eV (c) -6.8 eV (d) -4.4 eV

71. A square lattice consists 2N sites, of which alternate sites are labelled A and B. An
example with N = 6 is shown on the right. Now, N identical classical particles are
distributed over these sites, such that each site can accommodate at most one particle.
The fraction of the total number N of particles occupying A sites is denoted  and the
fraction occupying B sites is denoted  , so that     1 . If  ,  are fixed and N 1 , the
entropy S of the system can be written.

(a) S  2 Nk BT ( ln    ln  ) (b) S  2 NkBT ( ln    ln  )

(c) S  2 Nk BT ( ln    ln  ) (d) S  2 NkBT ( ln    ln  )

72. A small disc is suspended by a fiber such that it is free to rotate about the fiber axis (see
figure). For small angular deflections, the Hamiltonian for the disc is given by

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P02 1 2
H  
2I 2
where I is the moment of inertia and  is the restoring torque per unit deflection. The
disc is subjected to angular deflections (  ) due to thermal collisions from the
surrounding gas at temperature T and p  , is the momentum conjugate to  . The average
and the root mean-square angular deflection, avg and rms respectively are

3/2 1/ 2
 k BT  k BT 
(a) avg  0 and rms    (b) avg  0and rms   
     
1/2 3/2
 k BT   k BT 
(c) avg  0 and rms    (d) avg  0and rms   
     

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