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CLASS 9th NOTES

CHEMSITRY
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

Matter

Pure Substances Impure Substances

Substance :
A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other
kind of matter by any physical process.

Pure Substance :
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties. They are made of only one
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entity.
e.g. Milk, water, diamond, etc.
&
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B
U
PH

Mixture :
EX

Mixtures are combinations of different substances, either elements

or compounds, which retain their individual properties.
e.g. Crude Oil, Seawater, etc.

Types of mixtures :-

Homogeneous mixture : A mixture which has a uniform composition

throughout is called a homogeneous mixture or solution.
Examples: sugar in water, salt in water.

Heterogeneous mixture : A mixture which contains physically distinct

parts and has a non-uniform composition is called a heterogeneous
mixture.
Examples: Mixture of salt and iron filings, sand and sugar.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Solution : A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances. e.g. Soda water, Lemonade, etc.
Components of a Solution:
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in the solvent. It is
present in a lesser amount.
Solvent: The substance in which the solute is dissolved. It is
present in a greater amount.

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Concentration of Solution :
EX

Mass by mass percentage

Mass by volume percentage

Volume by volume percentage of a solution

 PRASHANT KIRAD

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Size of solute particles

Size of solute particles is bigger than true but Size of particles biggest.
1
smallest. < 10 -9m smaller than suspension. > 10 m
-6

In between 10 to 10 m.
-9 -6

Solute particles can’t be Solute particles can’t be Can be seen with

-9 naked
2
seen with naked eye. seen with naked eye. eye.

Seems homogeneous but

3 Homogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixture.
actually heterogeneous.

Particles can’t be separated Particles can’t be Can be separated by

4
by filtration . separated by filtration . filtration.

5 Transparent Translucent
10 Opaque

Stable solutions - i.e. solute Unstable solution-solute

&

6 particles do not settle on Stable solutions particles settle upon

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keeping. keeping.
B
U

May or may not show

PH

7 Do not show tyndall effect. Show tyndall effect. tyndall effect.

EX

Colloid particles pass Suspension particles do

Solutions diffuse rapidly
through filter paper but not pass through filter
8 through filter paper as well
not through parchment paper as well as
as parchment paper.
paper. parchhment paper.

9 e.g. Sugar in water. e.g. Milk, blood. e.g. Sand/mud in water.

Common examples of colloids :

Dispersed Phase : The solute-like component of the dispersed
particles in a colloid form the dispersed phase.
Dispersion Medium : The component in which the dispersed phase is
suspended is known as the dispersing medium.
Aerosol : A colloidal solution with dispersed phase solid/liquid and
dispersing medium gas is called Aerosol. e.g. clouds.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Foam : A colloidal solution with dispersed phase gas and dispersing

medium solid/liquid is called Foam. e.g.Shaving cream.

Methods of Separation of Mixtures :

Evaporation :
The process of conversion of water into water vapour is known as evaporation.
Examples: Clothes drying in the sun, Tea and other hot liquids are cooled down,
Dry Floors, Ice cubes melting.
It can be used to separate the volatile component (solvent) from its non-
volatile solute.

Centrifugation :
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids in a
mixture.
Here, a denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis,
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and a lighter component migrates towards the axis.
Applications
&

Used for blood and urine tests in diagnostic facilities.

9
B

Used to separate butter from cream in dairies and at home.

U

Utilised washing machines to extract water from drenched clothing.

PH

By Separating Funnel :
EX

Two immiscible liquids (which do not dissolve in each other) can be easily
separated by putting in a separating funnel.
Example : Water from oil can be separated by first opening the stop cock
till water is removed in one beaker, then afterwards oil can be collected in
a separate beaker.
Applications:
Separation of oil from water
Extraction of iron from its ore. Lighter slag is removed from above the
molten iron.

Sublimation :
Sublimation is the transition of a substance
from solid phase to gaseous phase without
changing into liquid phase.
Example: Naphthalene balls undergo sublimation.
Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Chromotography :
Chromatography is used to separate the different components in a liquid
mixture.
Coloured components of a mixture can be separated by using an Adsorbent
on which they are absorbed at different rates.
It is based on the different properties of compounds in two phases:
stationary and mobile phase.

Applications :
The technique of chromatography is extensively employed in the
pharmaceutical industry in order to analyze and identify the presence of
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any trace amounts of chemicals and elements in a given sample.
&

In the food industry, the technique of chromatography plays a vital role in

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the determination of the shelf life of food substances by helping in the

B

analysis of the point at which food spoils.

U

In the field of molecular biology, the study of proteomics and

PH

metabolomics often involves the use of various hyphenated

chromatographic techniques.
EX

Distillation :
Distillation is a method for separating the component substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.
Used in: Production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin,
kerosene etc.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Fraction distillation :
It is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions by
their melting points.

This is the process of separation of chemical compounds by their boiling point

The mixture is heated to a temperature at which one or more fractions will
vapourize.

Crystallisation :
To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a suitable
solvent and then crystallising out one component.
Crystallisation is better than evaporation because during Evaporation.
Some solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to
dryness. Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after
filtration which on evaporation contaminates the solid.
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 PRASHANT KIRAD

Physical Vs Chemical change

Difference between Mixture and Compound:

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EX