General Biology 1 QUARTER 1

BY: 11 STEM 1 | 09.30.23 | T

OUTLINE 3. All cells came from pre-existing cells

I. Main Characteristics of an Organism • Omnis cellula e cellula
II. The Cell Theory Expanded version of the cell theory
A. People Beyond The Cell Theory 4. Cells carry genetic material passed to
B. Portions of The Cell Theory
daughter cells during cellular division
C. Endosymbiotic Theory
III. Cell Structure and Functions 5. All cells are essentially the same in chemical
A. Plasma Membrane composition
B. Nucleus 6. Energy flows (metabolism and biochemistry
C. Cytoplasm
occurs within cells)
IV. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
V. Cell Types C. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
VI. Cell Modifications D. LYNN MARGULIS – AMERICAN BIOLOGIST
• Provided evidence that some organelles within
I. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF AN the cells were at one time free living cells
ORGANISM themselves
• Made of Cells • Organelles with their own DNA
• Requires energy • Chroloplasts and Mitochondria
• Able to reproduce
• Maintain homostasis III. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
• Organized
A. PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Respond to environment
• Grow and develop Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
• Exchange materials with the surroundings • Composed of proteins and phospholipid bilayer
• Needs of water • Surrounds outside of all cells
• Definite lifespan • Controls what enters or leaves the cells
• Has genes and heredity • It is a living layer
Phospholipids Bilayer
II. THE CELL THEORY • Heads
→ Contains glycerol and phosphate
A. PEOPLE BEYOND THE CELL THEORY
→ hydrophilic
Robert Hooke • Tails
• Published the “micrographia” on 1665 → are made of fatty acids
• Observed a box-shaped structure which he called → hydrophobic
“cells” as they reminded of him of the cells or Cell Membrane Proteins
room in monestries • helps more large molecules
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek • aids in cell recognition
• On 1670s, he discovered bacteria and protozoa • Peripheral proteins
Matthias Shleiden – German Botanist → Attached on the surface
• He concluded that all plants are made of cells • Integral proteins
Theodore Schwann – German Zoologist → Embedded completely through the
• He concluded that all animals are made of cells membrane
Rudolph Virchow • Glycoproteins
• Observed under a microscope the cells are → have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for
dividing cell recognition
• He reasoned that all cells came form pre-existing Cell Wall
cells by cell division • non living organsim
B. PORTIONS OF THE CELL THEORY • made of cellulose in plants
Modern Cell Theory • made of peptidogylcan in bacteria
1. All life is composed of one or more cells • made of chitin in fungi
2. Cell is a basic unit of life • supports and protects cell

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 • found outside the plasma membrane • Cristae (singular = crista) – folded inner
B. NUCLEUS membrane
→ Increase surface area for more chemical
The Central Organelle – Nucleus
reactions
• Controls the normal activities of the cell
• Mitochondria came from cytoplasm in the egg cell
• Contains the DNA and chromosome
during fertilization
• Bounded by a nuclear envelop (membrane) with
→ You inherit your mitochondria from your
pores
mother
• Largest organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Each cells has fixed number of chromsome that • Hollow membrane tubules
carry genes
• Connects to nuclear membrane and plasma
→ Genes controls cell characteristics
membrane
Nuclear envelope
• Functions in synthesis of cell products and
• Double membrane surrounding the nucleus
transport
• also called nuclear membrane
• Rough E.R.
• connected to the rough endoplamsic reticulum → has ribosomes on its surface
Inside the Nucleus → makes membrane protein and protein for
• where the genetic materials is found exports out of cell
• DNA is spread out and appears as chromatin in → protein are made by ribosomes on rough E.R.
non-dividing cells → threaded to the interior of rough E.R.
• DNA is condensed and wrapped around proteins • smooth E.R.
forming as chromosomes in dividing cells → lacks of ribosomes on its surface
What does DNA do? → attached to the end of rough E.R.
• It is the hereditary material of the cell → makes cell products that are used inside the
• Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for cell
differend proteins → makes membrane lipids (steroid)
Nucleolus → regulates calcium (muscle cells)
• Located inside the nucleus → destroy toxic substances (liver)
• Cell may have one to three nucleoli Ribosomes
• Disappears when cell divides • made of proteins and rRNA
• Makes ribosomes that makes protein • protein functions for cell
C. CYTOPLASM • joins amino acids to make protein
• process called protein synthesis
→ Cytoskeleton
Golgi Body
• Helps maintain the cell shappe
• stacks of flattened sacs
• Helps organelles move around
• have trans face and cis face
• Made up of proteins
• transport vesicles with modifies protein pinch off
• Microfilaments are thread-like
the ends
→ made up of Acitin
• modifies, sorts, packages
• microtubules are tube-like
Lysosome
→ made up of Tubulin
• contains digestive enzymes
Centrioles
• break down food, bacteria, and warm out cell
• only found in animal cells
parts
• paired structure around nucleus
• programmed for all cell death (autolysis)
• made of blundles of microtubules
• Lyse (break open) and release enzymes to break
• appear during cell division farming mitotic spindle
down and recycle cell parts
• help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite
Lysosome Digestion
ends of the cell
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis
Mitochondria
→ Lysosome digest the food and get rid of the
• singular = mitochondrion
waste
• generate cellular energy (ATP)
Cilia and Flagella
→ Adenosine Triphosphate)
• Made of microtubules
• Site for cellular respiration (buring glucose)
• 9+2 arrangement – (microtubules)

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 • Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in B. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
small particles across the cell surface
Eukaryotes
• Cilia
• Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound
→ shorter
organelles
→ numerous on cells
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• Flagella
• Makes complex cell types of cells
→ Longer
• Contains three basic structure:
→ Fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
→ Plasma membrane or cell membrane
Vacuoles
→ Nucleus
• Fluid filled sacs of storage
→ Cytoplasm
• Small or absent in animal cells
• Two main types of eukaryotic cells:
• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
→ Animal cell
• In plant, they store cell sap
→ Plant cell
• Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, →
lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
Contractile Vacuole V. CELL TYPES
Tissue – group of cells having a similar structure and
• Found in unicellular protist like paramecia
functions
• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess
• Plant tissue
(homostasis)
→ do not move/static
• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)
→ growth of plants takes place on a particular
Chloroplast
region
• Found only in producers (organisms containing
• types of plant tissue
chlorophyll)
→ meristematic tissue – group cells that have
• Use energy from sunlight to make our food
the ability to divide
(glucose)
→ permanent tissue – consisting of cells that
• Stored in chemical bonds of sugar
are no longer actively dividing
• Double membrane
• Animal tissue
• Inner membrane modified into sacs called
→ It moves
thylakoids
→ Needs more energy
→ Thylakoids in stacks called Grana and
interconnected VI. CELL MODIFICATION
• Stroma – gel like material surronding thylakoids A. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
• Contains its own DNA Meristem
• Cointains pigment fro photosynthesis • Type of tissue found in plants
• Photosynthesis – food making process • Consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell
division
IV. PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC • Meristem classification
→ Apical modification
CELLS → Lateral modification
A. PROKARYOTIC CELLS → Intercalary modification
Prokaryotes Apical modification
• The first cells • Cell modification found on the apical surface of
• Cells that lack nucleus and membrane-bound the cell
organelles • Cilia and Flagella
• Simplest type of cells → Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that

• Single, cellular chromosome moves in waves

• Includes bacteria → Flagella are long whiplike structures
→ Formed from microtubules
• Nucleoid regions (center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall • Villi and Microvilli
→ Villi are finger-like projections that arise from
(peptidoglycon)
epithelial layers in some organ. They help to
• Contains ribosomes (no membrane) in their
cytoplasm to make proteins

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 increase surface area allowing faster and → The cells have an oval or round shape
more efficient absorption → The cell wall is made up of hemicellulose or
→ Microvilli are small projections that arise from cellulose
the cell’s surface allowing to increase surface → The cell is thin-walled
area for faster and more efficient absorption → The cells have vacuoles and very small
• Pseudopods nucleus
→ Temporary, irregular lobes formed by → It is found in all parts of the plant
amoebas and some eukaryotic cells → The protoplasm is living and dense
→ Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey • Colenchyma
• Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) → Cells are long and thick-walled
→ Compound secreted by the cell on its apical → The cell wall is made up of cellulose and
surface pectin
→ Cell wall is the extra cellular structure in plant → It is the only tissue with the highest refractive
cells that distinguish them from animal cells index due to the presence of pectin
→ Glycoprotein is the main component of ECM → It is found in the epidermis and the vascular
in animal cell bundle of dicot leaf
Lateral Modification → The amount of chloroplast is less in the cells.

• A type of cell modification found on the basal → The cells have no intercellular spaces
surface of the cell • Schlerenchyma
• Helps increase the girth → These are dead tissues, very hard and rigid in

• Gap junction texture

→ Also known as communicating junctions → Cells are thick-walled with various size and

→ Closable channels that connect the shapes

cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells → These provide mechanical support and

• Tight junction rigidity to the plant

→ It anchors junction on the lateral surface of Complex Permanent Tissue
the cell • Xylem
→ It is similar to the anchoring junction of the → It transports water and nutrients from the

basal surface of the cell roots to the leaves of the plant

Basal modification → It provides support to the plants

• Type of cell modification found in the basal → It is divided into-tracheids, vessels, xylem

surface of the cell fiber, and xylem parenchyma

• Desmosomes/Hemidismosomes • Pholeom
→ The anchoring junction of the basal surface of → It translocates the prepared organic food

the cell from the leaves to different parts of the plant.

→ Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and → It is also known as bast

ECM components such as basal lamina that → It is composed of sieve tubes, companion

underlie epithelia cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers

→ Primarily composed of keratins, integrins, and
cadherins
REVIEW
B. PERMANENT TISSUE
1. Question
• Tissues that are completely grown and lost the A. Choice
ability to divide B. Choice
• From meristematic tissue C. Choice
• Simple Permanent Tissue D. Choice
→ Also known as homogenous tissue 2. Question
→ They are made up of a single cell type, usually A. Choice
with the same origin, structure, and function B. Choice
• Complex Permanent Tissue C. Chioice
→ Made up of various types of cell carrying out D. Choice
distinct functions
Simple Permanent Tissue Answer key
• Parenchyma

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REFERENCES
1. Squarepants, S.B., 2019. Title of Lecture
2. Squarepants, S.B., 2019. Title of Lecture

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