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Midterms Draft

1) Participation in sports, recreation, and community activities is beneficial for both physical and mental health as it reduces stress, anxiety, depression, and crime rates. 2) The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these activities globally by canceling events, closing facilities, and changing physical education programs, but has also increased availability of online physical training. 3) Maintaining exercise and recreation is important for mental and physical well-being during the pandemic.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views18 pages

Midterms Draft

1) Participation in sports, recreation, and community activities is beneficial for both physical and mental health as it reduces stress, anxiety, depression, and crime rates. 2) The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these activities globally by canceling events, closing facilities, and changing physical education programs, but has also increased availability of online physical training. 3) Maintaining exercise and recreation is important for mental and physical well-being during the pandemic.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction / Overview

A review of current literature indicates that people who participate in sports club and organized
recreational activities enjoy better mental health, are more alert, and more resilient against stresses of
modern living. Participation in recreational groups and socially supported physical activity is show to
reduce stress, anxiety and depression. Violent crime also decreases significantly when participation in
community activities.

But because of the


COVID-19 pandemic, the impacts on sport and active living have been transformative, complex and
highly uneven. It has forced an unprecedented global shut-down.
Sport mega events and sport leagues have been cancelled/closed or postponed, and fitness centers,
rehabilitation centers, and sport clubs have all been negatively impacted. Closed schools require
changes to the physical education. At the same time, online physical training is more available than
ever.
The Covid-19 pandemic has physiological, psychological, social and societal burdens, yet might also
provide possibilities. Exercise, recreation and leisure is really important in helping us keep mentally
and physically well during these difficult times.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Recreation


Definition of Terms
Types of Recreation
Lesson 2: Needs, Factors, Standards, and Values of Recreation
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ONE’S RECREATION
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ONE’S RECREATION
1. Social Acceptability
2. Positive and negative aspects of values
3. Age, sex, religion, economic status
4. Basic needs of security, affection, attention
5. Geographical location availability of equipment
6. Available leadership, amount of education
STANDARDS OF CHOOSING ONE’S RECREATION
1. The amount of energy used within safe limit when added to work, it will not make one over
fatigue.
2. It uses power different from those used in regular work. It balances between close and far eye
work, sitting and standing, brain and muscle work.
3. It widens interests, gives ideas, rests the mind, takes the mind from the pre occupation, and uses
imagination.
4. It helps make life adjustment easier, develops desirable trait, and contacts the persons and
things, gets along well with others and conforms to ones ideas respects right of others.

VALUES DERIVED FROM RECREATION


 MENTAL and EMOTIONAL STABILITY
Recreational activities help manage stress. It provides a chance to nurture oneself and provides a
sense of balance and self-esteem, which can directly reduce anxiety and depression. There is also an
increased motivation to learn as it can serve as a laboratory for application of contents learnt in
classrooms teaching. It provides a channel for releasing tension and anxiety thus facilitating emotional
stability and resilience. Such activities help students to become more self-reliant, emphatic and self-
disciplined.
 PHYSICAL AND HEALTH GROWTH
Recreational activities, especially outdoor ones improve one’s health like maintaining lower body fat
percentages, lowering blood and cholesterol levels, increasing muscular strength, flexibility, muscular
endurance, body composition and cardiovascular endurance. Overall it increases one’s stamina and
energy level resulting in more focus for academic activities besides also having an impact on one’s
class attendance and attention thus leading to more learning. And as we all know “health is wealth”.
 SOCIAL FITNESS
Participating in sports and recreation provides everyone from young kids to seniors with an
opportunity to meet and build relationships with others. Participating on a team will help you to form
lasting friendships with people who share your passion for outdoor recreation.

 PSYCHOLOGICAL AWARENESS
Participating in leisure activities helps adolescents understand themselves and increase their own
bodily awareness, which are important concepts for the creation of positive self-esteem. It is also a
more holistic benefit associated with participation in physical activity.
CHAPTER 2

Introduction
Board games are traditionally a subset of table top games that involve counters or pieces moved or
placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. In common parlance, however,
a board game need not necessarily contain a physical board. Some games are based on
pure strategy, but many contain an element of chance; and some are purely chance, with no element
of skill.
Games usually have a goal that a player aims to achieve. Early board games represented a battle
between two armies, and most modern board games are still based on defeating opponents in terms
of counters, winning position, or accrual of points.
There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from
having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such
as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in Snakes and Ladders; to deeply complex, as
in Advanced Squad Leader.
The time required to learn to play or master a game varies greatly from game to game, but is not
necessarily correlated with the number or complexity of rules; games like chess or Go possess
relatively simple rulesets, but have great strategic depth.
Chess

Brief History of Chess


· Chess is a game that has been played for centuries and was thought to have originated in India
in the 15th century. Long ago, it was considered a game reserved only for kings and members of the
upper classes. Nowadays, chess is played by common people even at an early age.
· The modern design of chess pieces bears the name Staunton, who was an English master in the
mid-1800’s.These are the types of pieces that are now used in all tournaments worldwide.
· The first international chess tournament was the London Tourney played in 1851. A German
named Adolf Anderssen won the game. He became the unofficial best chess player of the world
because he did not receive any award or title.
· The first great American-born chess player was Paul Morphy. Paul travelled to Europe in the
1850’s, where he beat all challengers including Adolf Anderssen. However, the English champion of
the time (Staunton) refused to play with him. So Morphy never became a world chess champ.
· The first official championship chess tournament was played in 1866 in London with sand
clocks to restrict the length of a game. A Bohemian (Czechoslovakian) Jew named Steinitz won the
game. He became the world’s first official chess champion, holding this title until 1894.
CHESS PIECES
Each chess piece has its own style of moving. In the diagrams, the dots mark the squares where the
piece can move if no other pieces (including one's own piece) are on the squares between the piece's
initial position and its destination.
CHESS BOARD
Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks and denoted with numbers 1 to 8)
and eight columns (called files and denoted with letters A to H) of squares. The colors of the 64
squares alternate and are referred to as "light squares" and "dark squares". The chessboard is placed
with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player, and the pieces are set out
as shown in the diagram, with each queen on its own color.
The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets. The players are referred to as "White"
and "Black", and each begins the game with 16 pieces of the specified color. These consist of one
king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.
MOVEMENT
CHINESE CHECKERS
Chinese checkers
· Chinese checkers (or Chinese Chequers) was invented in the 1920s in America and has nothing
to do with China.
· In fact it's based on an earlier Victorian game called Halma which is played on a square 16 x 16
chequer board.
Equipment
The Chinese Checkers or Chinese Chequers board is in the shape of a six pointed star. Each point of
the star is a triangle consisting of ten holes (four holes to each side). The interior of the board is a
hexagon with each side five holes long. Each triangle is a different colour and there are six sets of ten
pegs with corresponding colours.

Preparation

Chinese Checkers can be played by two, three, four or six players. Obviously, for the six player game,
all pegs and triangles are used. If there are four players, play starts in two pairs of opposing triangles
and a two player game should also be played from opposing triangles. In a three player game the
pegs will start in three triangles equidistant from each other.

Each player chooses a colour and the 10 pegs of that colour are placed in the appropriately coloured
triangle.

Many rules state that any unused triangles must be left populated with their unused pegs so that they
cannot be used during the game. We suggest that the game is slightly more interesting if unused
triangles are left empty so that pegs can hop through and come to rest in them, if desired.
Objective
The aim of the game is to be the first to player to move all ten pegs across the board and into the
triangle opposite. The first player to occupy all 10 destination holes is the winner.

Play
A toss of a coin decides who starts. Players take turns to move a single peg of their own colour. In one
turn a peg may either be simply moved into an adjacent hole OR it may make one or more hops over
other pegs.

Where a hopping move is made, each hop must be over an adjacent peg and into a the vacant hole
directly beyond it. Each hop may be over any coloured peg including the player's own and can
proceed in any one of the six directions. After each hop, the player may either finish or, if possible and
desired, continue by hopping over another peg. Occasionally, a player will be able to move a peg all
the way from the starting triangle across the board and into the opposite triangle in one turn!

Pegs are never removed from the board. However, once a peg has reached the opposite triangle, it
may not be moved out of the triangle - only within the triangle.

The question soon arises as to whether it is possible to move a peg into a triangle that is the starting
or target triangle for another player. House rules apply but Masters Games suggests the following: A
peg can be hopped through such a triangle but is not allowed to come to rest in that triangle.
Anti-Spoiling
Debate has always arisen over the situation where a player is prevented from winning because an
opposing player's peg occupies one of the holes in the destination triangle. Most Chinese Checkers
rules omit to mention this - implying that it is perfectly legal to block opponents in this dubious
fashion.

A number of anti-spoiling rules have been proposed - one work-around is to say that should one or
more of the holes in the target triangle contain a peg belonging to another player, this does not
prevent a player from winning. The game is simply won when all the available points within the
triangle are occupied.

If a player is prevented from moving a peg into a hole in the destination triangle because of the
presence of an opposing peg in that hole, the player is entitled to swap the opposing peg with that of
his own peg. This applies for both a single hole move and any part of a hopping move.

DOMINO
Domino
· The game of dominoes originated in China in the 12th or 13th century long before its arrival in
Italy around the 18th century.
· This European version is what gave rise to the modern version we all know today.

How to Play Dominoes?


The most common way to play dominoes is often referred to as ‘Straight Dominoes’. All you need is a
set of tiles and a few friends to join in the fun! The eight necessary steps to play (with two to four
people) include the following:
Step One
Set-up the game by shuffling the dominoes face down on a hard surface such as a table. Have each
player choose one tile. The player that has the highest double goes first. If a double wasn’t drawn,
then the person with the heaviest tile (or most black dots, also known as ‘pips’) goes first.
Step Two
Get each player to choose seven dominoes from anywhere in the shuffled pile. After a tile is picked, it
cannot be put back into the pile. Place the seven dominoes in front of you so only you can see them.
Step Three
To begin the round, the person who drew first puts down any tile he/she wants. It’s a good idea to lay
a tile you know you can match and build off of when it’s your turn again.
Step Four
Going counter-clockwise around the table, continue laying down tiles to build off of. The tile must
have a side that matches the open end of any previously played piece. Continue playing until one
person no longer has any tiles left.
Step Five
If you cannot play a tile, pick a new one up from the pile. If this new tile matches something on the
already on the table, play it. If not, add it to your hand, and the next player takes his/her turn.
Step Six
The round is over (and won) when a player no longer has any tiles left in his/her hand. This should
take at least seven turns, or more if all players end up picking up extra tiles from the draw pile.
Step Seven
Following the round, each player must tally their score by adding up the total number of pips on the
tiles that are left in their hand, or not played. On a sheet of paper, add those numbers to the winner’s
score.
Step Eight
Continue the game with a second round played the same way as the first. Play until someone reaches
one hundred points, thus winning the game.

What are the Basic Rules of Dominoes?


The basic rules of dominoes fall into two main categories. These include blocking games and scoring
games. The four key points include the following:
· In blocking games, the object is to completely empty one’s hand while at the same time,
blocking other player’s moves.
· In scoring games, the object is to be the first player to get one hundred points. Instead of
setting up your next move (or blocking your opponent’s move), getting the most points is the
principal objective.
· Hector’s Rules (a popular version in Singapore) allows a person to play double tiles on his/her
opponent’s previous hand, which results in a bonus play (of an additional tile) immediately following
the double tile placement.
· If a player lays down all tiles on a single turn, the game is ruled a tie.

SNAKE & LADDER


Snake and Ladder
History
· It was first found and played in ancient India and was invented by Hindu Spiritual teachers.
· The game was called "Leela", the game then made its perilous journey to Victorian England
where a newer version was introduced by John Jacques in 1892.
· It also made its way into the USA by game inventor Milton Bradley in 1943. It was then given
the name Snakes and ladders.
· The ladders represent values such as kindness; faith, humility and the snakes are the bad omen,
which represent bad luck, anger, murder etc.
· The moral of the game is that a person can attain salvation through performing righteous good
deeds whereas the evil ones which are the snakes takes rebirth in lower forms of life.
· The last number on the board, which is 100, represents the Salvation. The aim of the game is to
reach the number 100 on the snakes and ladders board. The game usually involves two or more
players.
How to play Snake & Ladder
· The simple rules of the games are you and your friends take turns in throwing the dice and
whatever number the dice lands on, you move your wooden stool across the board and when you
step on an square which has a ladder going up, you move right up to the top of the ladder, to the
higher number square, however if you land on a square which has a snakes head you slide back down
right to the lower number square, so you keep on rolling the dice and moving across the board until
you reach the last number of the board which is 100. If you roll the dice and score a six then you get
two goes.
· When you reached the number 100, you have attained salvation, you have won and anyone of
any age can play it.
· It is a game where you have one specific aim, to reach the end, there is also two main elements
in this game, the snakes verses the ladders, good versus evil. Most importantly it is a game, which
triggers two emotions such as hope and despair, you feel hope when you climb the ladder and reach
to the last number on the board, and you feel despair when you slide down the snake’s head. So go
on have a try and get the dice rolling and see if you will reach salvation.

SCRABBLE
HISTORY
· Scrabble was conceived during the Great Depression by an unemployed New York architect
named Alfred Mosher Butts, who figured Americans could use a bit of distraction during the bleak
economic times. He combined all three games like dice or cards and letter games.
· When a New Yorker named James Brunot came up with the iconic colour scheme (pastel pink,
baby-blue, indigo and bright red), devised the 50-point bonus for using all seven tiles to make a
word, and conceived the name "Scrabble."
· The first Scrabble factory was an abandoned schoolhouse in rural Connecticut, where Brunot
and several gracious friends manufactured 12 games an hour. When the chairman of Macy's
discovered the game on vacation and decided to stock his shelves with it, the game exploded.
· By 1952, Brunot's home grown assembly line was churning out more than 2,000 sets a week.
Nearly 4 million Scrabble sets were sold in 1954 alone.
Scrabble Official Rules
When playing Scrabble, anywhere from two to four players will enjoy the game. The object when playing is
to score more points than other players. As words are placed on the game board, points are collected and
each letter that is used in the game will have a different point value. The main strategy is to play words
that have the highest possible score based on the combination of letters.
A standard Scrabble board will consist of cells that are located in a large square grid. The board offers 15
cells high and 15 cells wide. The tiles used on the game will fit in each cell on the board.
There are 100 tiles that are used in the game and 98 of them will contain letters and point values. There
are 2 blank tiles that can be used as wild tiles to take the place of any letter. When a blank is played, it will
remain in the game as the letter it substituted for.
Different letters in the game will have various point values and this will depend on how rare the letter is
and how difficult it may be to lay that letter. Blank tiles will have no point values.
TILE VALUES
Below are the point values for each letter that is used in a Scrabble game.
0 Points - Blank tile.
1 Point - A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U.
2 Points - D and G.
3 Points - B, C, M and P.
4 Points - F, H, V, W and Y.
5 Points - K.
8 Points - J and X.
10 Points - Q and Z.
Extra Point Values
When looking at the board, players will see that some squares offer multipliers. Should a tile be placed on
these squares, the value of the tile will be multiplied by 2x or 3x. Some squares will also multiply the total
value of the word and not just the single point value of one tile.
Double Letter Scores - The light blue cells in the board are isolated and when these are used, they will
double the value of the tile placed on that square.
Triple Letter Score - The dark blue cell in the board will be worth triple the amount, so any tile placed
here will earn more points.
Double Word Score - When a cell is light red in colour, it is a double word cell and these run diagonally
on the board, towards the four corners. When a word is placed on these squares, the entire value of the
word will be doubled.
Triple Word Score - The dark red square is where the high points can be earned as this will triple the
word score. Placing any word on these squares will boos points drastically. These are found on all four
sides of the board and are equidistant from the corners.
One Single Use - When using the extra point squares on the board, they can only be used one time. If a
player places a word here, it cannot be used as a multiplier by placing another word on the same square.
Starting the Game
Without looking at any of the tiles in the bag, players will take one tile. The player that has the letter that is
closest to “A” will begin the game. A blank tile will win the start of the game. The tiles are them replaced
to the bag and used in the remainder of the game.
Every player will start their turn by drawing seven tiles from the Scrabble bag. There are three options
during any turn. The player can place a word, they can exchange tiles for new tiles or they can choose to
pass. In most cases, players will try to place a word as the other two options will result in no score.
When a player chooses to exchange tiles, they can choose to exchange one or all of the tiles they currently
hold. After tiles are exchanged, the turn is over and players will have to wait until their next turn to place a
word on the board.
Players can choose to pass at any time. They will forfeit that turn and hope to be able to play the next
time. If any player passes two times in a row, the game will end and the one with the highest score will
win.
The First Word Score
When the game begins, the first player will place their word on the star spin in the centre of the board.
The star is a double square and will offer a double word score. All players following will build their words
off of this word, extending the game to other squares on the board.
Play continues in a clockwise direction around the Scrabble board.
Replacing Scrabble Tiles
Once tiles are played on the board, players will draw new tiles to replace those. Players will always have
seven tiles during the game. Drawing tiles is always done without looking into the bag so that the letters
are always unknown.
The Fifty Point Bonus
Exciting rewards can come when players use all seven tiles to create a word on the board. When this
happens, players will receive a 50 point bonus, in addition to the value of the word. If the game is near the
end and players are not holding seven tiles, they do not get the bonus for using all of their tiles. This is
only collected for seven letter words placed.
The End of a Scrabble Game
Once all tiles are gone from the bag and a single player has placed all of their tiles, the game will end and
the player with the highest score wins.
Tallying Scrabble Scores
When the game ends, each player will count all points that are remaining on their tiles that have not been
played. This amount will be deducted from the final score.
An added bonus is awarded to the player that ended the game and has no remaining tiles. The tile values
of all remaining players will be added to the score of the player who is out of tiles to produce the final
score for the game.
The Scrabble player with the highest score after all final scores are tallied wins.
Accepted Scrabble Words
Any word that is found in a standard English dictionary can be used in the game of Scrabble. There are
also Official Scrabble Dictionaries that can be purchased for more word options.
There are some words that are not allowed to be played and these include suffixes, prefixes and
abbreviations. Any word that requires the use of a hyphen or apostrophe cannot be played in the game.
Any word that required the use of a capital letter is not allowed.
When playing an English version of the game, foreign words are not allowed to be placed on the board.
However, if the foreign word does appear in a standard English dictionary, it is allowed. The reason for this
is due to the fact that the word is spoken enough and is considered part of the English language.

SODUKO
BRIEF HISTORY
· The game first appeared in Japan in 1984 where it was given the name “Sudoku,” which is short
for a longer expression in Japanese – “Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru” which means, the digits are limited
to one occurrence.
· The history of Sudoku dates back to an 18th Century Swiss mathematician’s game called “Latin
Squares” (according to this article from the Economist) and some of the first number puzzles to
appear in newspapers were published in France in 1895.
· Modern game of Sudoku as we recognize it today was invented by Howard Garns, a freelance
puzzle inventor from Connersville, Indiana, USA in 1979 when it was published in Dell Pencil Puzzles
and Word Games magazine. The puzzle was known as “Number Place,” since it involved placing
individual numbers into empty spots on a 9 x 9 grid.
Mechanics
Step 1: Know the Sudoku grid Every Sudoku puzzle involves a 9×9 grid of squares subdivided into
3×3 boxes. In total there are 81 squares on a Sudoku grid and when the puzzle is completed each
square will contain exactly one number.
Step 2: Know the rules Sudoku is a puzzle based on a small number of very simple rules: Every square
has to contain a single number Only the numbers from 1 through to 9 can be used Each 3×3 box can
only contain each number from 1 to 9 once Each vertical column can only contain each number from
1 to 9 once Each horizontal row can only contain each number from 1 to 9 once. Once the puzzle is
solved, this means that every row, column, and 3×3 box will contain every number from 1 to 9 exactly
once. In other words, no number can be repeated in any 3×3 box, row, or column.
Step 3: Find squares that can only be one number When you start a new Sudoku puzzle, some squares
will already be filled with numbers. Based on how difficult the puzzle is, these numbers will ‘lock in’
specific numbers to specific squares. That is, squares where only one number can go without breaking
any rules.
All you have to do is repeat these steps until you have filled in all of the cells in the grid.

WORD FACTORY
BRIEF HISTORY
· Boggle” is a word game designed by Alan Turoff in 1972 and trademarked by Parker Brothers
and Hasbro.
· The game is played using a 4x4 grid of lettered dice, in which players attempt to find words in
sequences of adjacent letters.
· In the Philippines, a similar game which was first distributed in 1978 and is still in circulation up
to the present is the game "Word Factory."
· The game was first patented in the Philippines, and is currently being manufactured and
distributed to selected retailers by the Philippines-based game manufacturer.
· Word Factory was a variation on the version of Boggle as it existed in 1978, using a 5x5 grid
instead of a 4x4 using plastic dice instead of wooden ones.
· At present, the game is being marketed to other countries, targeting mostly migrant Filipino
families.
· In a nutshell, 1978 when "Word Factory" game was first distributed in the Philippines not long
after the "Boggle" game relaunched and redesigned their marketing sell in 1976 since its birth in
1972.
HOW TO PLAY WORD FACTORY
1. Set up the game
Give each player a piece of paper and a writing utensil, which is used to record the words found
during the game. Arrange the letter cubes inside the plastic case, and when everyone is ready, shake
the case so that the cubes are mixed and settle in a five-by-five grid. Turn over an hourglass, or start a
timer set for 10 minutes.
2. Search for words
Each player independently searches for words in the grid. To use a word, its letters must be adjacent
to each other in the grid. Each letter cube may only be used once per word. Only words written on the
paper in the allotted time count for the player.
3. Read each list of words
When 10 minutes have passed, all players stop searching for words. One player reads the words listed
on the player’s sheet. If any other players have that word, every player must mark that word off their
lists. Players may challenge the spelling or valid arrangement of each word. Consult a dictionary to
confirm spelling. Misspelled or invalid words are marked off the player’s list. The next player reads,
and the process is repeated until every player has revealed the words found.
4. Tally the score
Player count up the total number of words not disqualified on their lists. The player with the highest
total wins.

BENEFITS OF TABLE GAMES


1. Board games offer opportunities for early learning.
Even simple games help young players identify colors, count spaces, and develop hand-eye
coordination and dexterity in moving cards and pieces around the board.
2. They get older kids' brains buzzing, too.
Board games are an easy way to encourage healthy brain development in older kids and teens.
3. They boost their language skills.
Board games can be a sneaky way of helping school-aged kids work on skills they’re struggling with.
4. They sharpen your child's focus.
Board games, when played without interruptions, can help lengthen a child's attention span.. But to
reap the benefits, everyone needs to commit to seeing the game through to the end.
5. They teach the value of teamwork.
Board games often offer kids meta-messages about life: Your luck can change in an instant, for better
or for worse. But in addition to teaching them that nothing is guaranteed, board games are a good
way to encourage kids of different ages to team up and work together.
6. Board games are an alternative to time out.
The next time you find yourself going through a rough patch with one of your kids, consider playing a
board game together instead of sending them to their room.
7. Board games soothe anxiety.
They may help anxious kids learn how to navigate friendships more easily.
8. They show kids how to be a good loser.
If you're playing with a child who has low frustration tolerance, and losing is really difficult for them,
allowing them to break the rules at first can make the game more tolerable and fun for them.
9. Board games are a great way to unplug.
The lack of technology required to play board games makes them special. They are a simple way to
get quality, screen-free time with the kids and you might be surprised by how much they love
playing.

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