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Groundwater Report

This report summarizes groundwater information for Kaithal District, Haryana. It finds that the district relies heavily on groundwater for irrigation, withdrawing more annually than is recharged. Groundwater quality is generally suitable for drinking but is marginal to saline in parts and contaminated with fluoride in others. Water levels are declining across the district at a rate of 0.18 to 1.16 meters per year due to overextraction. The report recommends artificial recharge, reviving water bodies, subsurface drainage, and adopting water-efficient and salt-tolerant crops to promote sustainable groundwater use in the district.

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Kirti Saharan
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13 views7 pages

Groundwater Report

This report summarizes groundwater information for Kaithal District, Haryana. It finds that the district relies heavily on groundwater for irrigation, withdrawing more annually than is recharged. Groundwater quality is generally suitable for drinking but is marginal to saline in parts and contaminated with fluoride in others. Water levels are declining across the district at a rate of 0.18 to 1.16 meters per year due to overextraction. The report recommends artificial recharge, reviving water bodies, subsurface drainage, and adopting water-efficient and salt-tolerant crops to promote sustainable groundwater use in the district.

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Kirti Saharan
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A

REPORT ON
GROUND WATER INFORMATION
KAITHAL DISTRICT, HARYANA

DEPARTMENT OF GEOPHYSICS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:


Dr. B.S. Chaudhary Kirti
Professor Roll No.- GP-07
Department of Geophysics M.Sc. (Tech.) Applied
Geophysics (3rd Sem)

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA


CONTENTS

▪ INTRODUCTION
➢ GROUNDWATER
➢ WATER DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH

▪ GROUNDWATER SCENARIO (KAITHAL DISTRICT)


➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ HYDROGEOLOGY
➢ GROUNDWATER QUALITY
➢ GROUNDWATER RELATED ISSUES
➢ RECOMMENDATION

▪ REFRENCES
▪ INTRODUCTION
GROUNDWATER:- Groundwater is water that exists underground in saturated zones
beneath the land surface. The upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water
table. Groundwater is contained and flows through bodies of rock and sediment called
aquifers. Existing groundwater can be discharged through springs, lakes, rivers, streams,
or manmade wells. It is recharged by precipitation, snowmelt, or water seepage from
other sources.
Grondwater moves slowly, typically at rates of 7-60cms per day in an aquifer. As a result,
water could remain in an aquifer for hundreds or thousands of years.

WATER DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH:- Earth’s oceans contain 97% of the planet’s water, so
just 3% is fresh water, water with low concentration of salt. Of freshwater, 68.6% resides
in glaciers, 30.1% underground, and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers, and swamps.
On the earth’s surface, there is much more freshwater stored in the ground than there is
in liquid form on the surface.
Water from precipitation continuously seeps into the ground to recharge aquifers, while
at the same time water in the ground continuousy recharges rivers through seepage.
▪ GROUNDWATER SCENARIO (KAITHAL DISTRICT)
INTRODUCTION:- Kaithal, the north-eastern district of Haryana state with a total
geographical area of 2317 sq. km is located between 29°31’ : 30°12’ north latitudes
and 76°10’ : 76°42’ east longitudes. It has 4 towns namely Kaithal, Cheeka, Kalayat
and Pundri. The district headquarter is at Kaithal.
The Ghaggar and Markanda rivers are important seasonal rivers in the area.
The normal annual rainfall of the district is 511mm.
The mean maximum temperature is 40°C and mean minimum temperature is 7°C.
The area has 2 types of soils viz Sierozem and Desert soils.
Out of 2,00,000 ha net irrigated area, 9000 ha is irrigated by canal and 1,91,000 ha is
irrigated by groundwater.
HYDROGEOLOGY:- The geological formations met within the districts comprised
unconsolidated alluvial deposits of quaternary age. The area has both unconfined
and confined aquifers. The unconfined aquifers occur down to 60m depth below
ground level in the district and abstracted through hand pumps and shallow
tubewells. The groundwater in confined condition is abstracted through medium and
deep tubewells.
Shallow aquifers zone contain fresh water in northern and eastern parts of the area
covering Gulha, Kaithal, Pundri, Kalayat and Rajound. Marginal to saline,
groundwater occurs in shallow zones in part of Kalayat and Rajound blocks. In
general deeper zone in Kalayat and Rajound block contains brackish to saline ground
water.
Central Ground Water Board has drilled 07 exploratory wells, 01 slim holes and 06
peizometers to delineate the potential aquifers zones, evaluation of aquifers
characteristics etc. The drilling has been done to a maximum depth of about 610m
and revealed the presence of 6 to 22 prominent permeable granular zones. Aquifers
parameters as determined from exploratory activity of the CGWB reveals that in the
central part the area transmissivity value 686𝑚2 /d, lateral hydraulic conductivity of
11.45m/d and specific yield value 2.35. 10−2 have been observed.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY:- Chemical data of ground water from shallow aquifer


indicates that groundwater is alkaline in nature and is fresh to moderately saline.
The electrical conductivity values are generally less than 3000µS/cm at 25°C, except
at Kalayat and Mataur whether these values are 3310µS/cm and 5990µS/cm
respectively. Generally it is suitable for drinking purposes as chemical parameters
are well within the permissible limits for safe drinking water set by Bureau of Indian
Standard except at Kalayat and Mataur due to high salinity and nitrate and at Mundri
and Rajound due to high fluoride.

GROUNDWATER RELATED ISSUES:- The groundwater related isssues in the area can
be identified as depletion of groundwater resources and poor quality of
groundwater at specifically in deeper aquifer along with contamination of
groundwater with flouride. Declining of water levels has been observed in the entire
area except at Kalayat where rising in water level has noticed due to shallow water
table condition exist here. The analysis of long term water levels in the area shows
the rate of decline of water level is in the range of 0.18m/yr to 1.16m/yr.
Block Net Existing Existing Existing Provision Net Stage of
wise Annual Gross Gross Gross for Ground Ground
Ground Ground Ground Ground Ground domestic, Water Water
Water Water Water Water and Availabil Develop
water Availabil Draft for Draft for Draft for industria ity for ment
Resourc ity (ham) irrigatio domestic All uses l future (%)
es of n (ham) and (ham) requirem irrigatio
Kaithal industria ent n
District l water supply to develop
as on supply 2025 ment
(ham) (ham) (ham)
31.03.20
09 (in
Ham)
Assessme
nt Unit/
District
Gulha 10465 18762 1771 20533 1771 -10068 196
Kaithal 14173 33733 2461 36194 2461 -22021 255
Kalayat 7120 11303 150 11453 150 -4333 161
Pundri 11569 25445 1755 27200 1755 -15631 235
Rajound 7456 12261 105 12366 105 -4910 166

RECOMMENDATION

• Artificial recharge to the groundwater should be taken up in the urban and


rural area to avert the further lowering of groundwater level since natural
recharge to the aquifer system is not adequate to support such groundwater
withdrawal.
• Geophysical study is required for the delineation of fresh water zones in the
remaining part of the area.
• Revival of water bodies like pond in the village could be recommended under
scheme of drinking water mission for the sustainability of shallow tube wells
and the crop of the area.
• Subsurface drainage system may be laid down in Kalayat block to combat
water logging.
• In the areas where water is saline and canal network is dense intensive study
may be carried out to know the feasibility of conjunctive use of surface and
groundwater.
• Local populace to be educated regarding consequences of mining of
groundwater and need for its effective/economic use.
• For effective water management techniques most suitable cost effective
cropping pattern should be selected so that even high TDS groundwater could
be utilised for irrigating salt tolerant crops.
REFRENCES
https://www.groundwater.org/get-informed/basics/groundwater.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/groundwater/
Bhatia A.K., 2013, Ground Water Information Booklet, Kaithal district, Haryana, Central
Ground Water Board

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