ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

Parameters:
b = Beam width
D = Overall depth
db = Bar diameter
ds = Diameter of stirrup
d = Effective depth
dt = Distance between extreme compression fiber to extreme tension reinforcement
For single layer arrangement of reinforcement (d = dt ).
c = Distance between extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
a = Height of equivalent rectangular stress block
fc = Compressive strength of concrete at 28th day
fs = Tension steel stress
fy = Yield strength of steel reinforcement
T = Total tensile force of steel
C = Total compressive force of concrete
εc = Strain of concrete
εcu = Yield strain of concrete
εs = Strain of tension steel
εst = Strain of extreme tension steel
εy = Yield strain of steel
Es = 200,000 MPa
z = Moment arm
sc = Steel cover
1
sc = cc + ds + db
2
cc = Concrete cover
Table 420.6.1.3.1
Concrete Exposure Member Reinforcement Specified Cover
Cast against and
permanently in
All All 75 mm
contact with
ground
20 mm ∅ through
50 mm
Exposed to weather 58 mm ∅ bars
or in contact with All 16 mm ∅ bar,
ground MW200 or MD200 40 mm
wire, and smaller
40 mm ∅ and 58
40 mm
Slabs, Joists, and mm ∅ bars
Not exposed to Walls 36 mm ∅ bar and
20 mm
weather or in smaller
contact with Primary
Beams, Columns,
ground Reinforcement,
Pedestals, and 40 mm
Stirrups, Ties,
Tension Ties
Spirals, and Hoops

Design Assumptions:
422.2.1.1 Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section.
422.2.1.2 Strain in concrete and non-prestressed reinforcement shall be assumed
proportional to the distance from neutral axis.
422.2.2.1 Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.003.
422.2.2.2 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial calculation.
422.2.2.4.1 Concrete stress of 0.85fc shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a line parallel to
the neutral axis located a distance 𝑎 from the fiber of maximum compressive strain, as
calculated by:
a=β c (422.2.2.4.1)
Value of β : Table 422.2.2.4.3
fc , MPa β
17 < fc < 28 0.85
0.05
28 < fc < 55 0.85 − (fc − 28)
7
fc ≥ 55 0.65
Compressive Force:
C = 0.85fc ab
Tensile Force:
T = As fs
Moment Arm:
a
z=d−
2
Steel Strain:
fs
εs =
Es
Yield Steel Strain:
fy
εy =
Es
Steel Ratios:
From stress diagram:

F = 0, −C + T = 0

C=T
0.85fc ab = As fs
As fs
a=
0.85fc b
Steel Ratio (ρ) - the ratio of the area of the steel reinforcement to the product of beam
width and effective depth.
As
ρ=
bd
As fs d As fs d
a= × = ×
0.85fc b d bd 0.85fc
fs d
a=ρ
0.85fc
From the Strain Diagram:

0.003 0.003 + εst

=
c dt
0.003
c = dt
0.003 + εst
0.003
a = dt β
0.003 + εst
600
a = dt β
600 + fs
fs d 600
ρ = dt β
0.85fc 600 + fs
0.85fc β 600 dt
ρ=
fs 600 + fs d
Balanced Steel Ratio
0.85fc β 600 dt
ρbal =
fy 600 + fy d
Minimum Steel Ratio:(Sec 409.6.1.2)
Greater Value of:

fc
ρmin = ; f > 31.36 MPa
4fy c
1.4
ρmin = ; f < 31.36 MPa
fy c
Maximum Steel Ratio:
From old code: ρmax = 0.75ρbal
. fc β
From new code: ρmax = 0.375
fy

. fc β
For Pu ≤ 0.10fc Ag : ρmax =
fy

Analysis Procedure:
CHECK FOR DUCTILITY
ASSUME STEEL YIELDS: fs = fy
USING STEEL RATIO METHOD:
As
ρ=
bd
0.85β fc 600
ρbal =
fy 600 + fy
0.85fc β 0.003
ρ . =
fy 0.003 + 0.005
3 0.85fc β
ρ . =
8 fy
Case I: ρ . >ρ
Tension Controlled; ϕ = 0.90
Case II: ρbal > ρ > ρ .

ϵs ϵy
Transition: ϕ = 0.65 +
. ϵy

Case III: ρ > ρbal

Compression Controlled: ϕ = 0.65
USING STEEL STRAIN METHOD:
As fy
a=
0.85fc b
 dβ
εs = 0.003 −1
a
fy
εy =
200,000
Case I: εs > 0.005
Tension Controlled; ϕ = 0.90
Case II: 0.005 > εs > εy
εs εy
Transition: ϕ = 0.65 +
. εy

Case III: εy > εs

Compression Controlled: ϕ = 0.65
For Case I:
ρfy
Mn = ρfy 1 − bd
1.7fc
a
Mn = As fy d −
2
Mu = 0.9Mn
For Case II:
ρfy
Mn = ρfy 1 − bd
1.7fc
a
Mn = As fy d −
2
Mu = ϕMn
1 εs − εy
ϕ = 0.65 +
4 0.005 − εy
For Case III:
Solve for new value of “a” and “fs ”
dβ
fs = 600 −1
a
As fs
a=
0.85fc b
dβ
As 600 −1
a
a=
0.85fc b
 As
Let J =
. fc b

dβ
a=J −1
a
a + Ja − Jdβ = 0

−J + J + 4Qdβ
a=
2
dβ
fs = 600 − 1 < fy
a
a
Mn = As fs d −
2
Mu = 0.65Mn
PROBLEM NO. 01
A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:
Beam Width b = 300 mm
Effective Depth d = 630 mm
Concrete Strength fc ′ = 28 MPa
Reinforcing Steel fy = 420 MPa
E = 200,000 MPa
If the beam is to design for a balance condition, find the required area of steel
reinforcement.
PROBLEM NO. 02
Determine the ultimate strength of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam, with steel
strength fy = 276 MPa, concrete strength fc = 42 MPa, reinforced with 8 - 36 mm ∅ bars,
d = 920 mm. b = 400 mm.
PROBLEM NO. 03
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the figure shown.
PROBLEM NO. 04
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 320 mm, d = 470 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 4,750 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of
the beam. Assume fc = 28 MPa, fy = 280 MPa.
PROBLEM NO. 05
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the figure shown.

PROBLEM NO. 06
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the figure shown.