Mechanics of Solids (ME21203) Mechanical Engineering

Tutorial Sheet 5: Strain & Strain Transformation IIT Kharagpur

Tutorial Sheet 5:
Strain and Strain Transformation
1. The components of a displacement field are:

ux = (x2 + 20) × 10−4 ,

uy = 2yz × 10−3 ,
uz = (z 2 − xy) × 10−3 .

Determine the different components of strain at (2, −1, 3).

[ ε11 = 4 × 10−4 , ε22 = 0.006, ε33 = 0.006,
ε12 = 0, ε23 = −0.002, ε31 = 5 × 10−4 ]
2. The state of strain at the point on the gear tooth has components εxx = 850 × 10−6 ,
εyy = 480 × 10−6 , γxy = 650 × 10−6 . Determine (a) the in-plane principal strains, (b)
the maximum in-plane shear strain, and (c) the average normal strain. In each case
specify the orientation of the element.
[ (a) 1039 × 10−6 , 30.2◦ ; 291 × 10−6 , 120.2◦
(b) 748 × 10−6 , −14.8◦
(c) 665 × 10−6 ]

3. The strain rosette shown in the figure is mounted on a machine element. The readings
from the strain gauges are: εa = 650 × 10−6 , εb = −300 × 10−6 , and εc = 480 × 10−6 .
Determine (a) the in-plane principal strains, and (b) the maximum in-plane shear
strain and (c) the average normal strain associated with the maximum in-plane shear
strain.
[ (a) 1434 × 10−6 , −304 × 10−6 ,
(b) 1738 × 10−6 ,
(c) 565 × 10−6 ]

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Mechanics of Solids (ME21203) Mechanical Engineering
Tutorial Sheet 5: Strain & Strain Transformation IIT Kharagpur

4. The strain rosette is attached to point A on the surface of the support. The readings
from the strain gauges are: εa = 300µ, εb = −150µ, and εc = −450µ. Determine (a)
the in-plane principal strains, and (b) the maximum in-plane shear strain and (c) the
average normal strain associated with the maximum in-plane shear strain. Specify the
orientation of each element that has these states of strain with respect to the x-axis.∗
[ (a) 336µ, 11.7◦ ;
−536µ, 101.7◦ ,
(b) 872µ, −33.3◦
(c) −100µ ]

5. For the case of plane stress, show that the following can be obtained from the gener-
alized Hooke’s law:
E
σxx = (εxx + νεyy ),
1 − ν2
E
σyy = (εyy + νεxx ),
1 − ν2
where E and ν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
6. For a material that behaves according to the generalized Hooke’s law:
(a) Considering the case of plane stress (xy-plane), derive the strain transformation
equations from the stress transformation equations.
(b) How does the strain component εzz transform in part (a)?
(c) Considering the case of plane strain (xy-plane), derive the stress transformation
equations from the strain transformation equations.
(d) How does the stress component σzz transform in part (c)?
∗
Note that the strains have been written in terms of the symbol for micron, µ, i.e. 1µ = 10−6 .

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Mechanics of Solids (ME21203) Mechanical Engineering
Tutorial Sheet 5: Strain & Strain Transformation IIT Kharagpur

7. Given a general 3D state of strain:

 
εxx εxy εzx
[ε] = εxy εyy εyz  ,
εzx εyz εzz

the strain along any direction represented by the unit vector, [N̂] = [Nx Ny Nz ]T is

εN = [N̂]T [ε][N̂].

Consider the problem of extremizing εN with respect to a changing N̂ subject to the

constraint that Nx2 + Ny2 + Nz2 = 1. This constrained extremization problem can be
addressed using the method of Lagrange multiplier.† By proceeding along this method,
show that the following eigenvalue problem can be reached:
    
εxx − λ εxy εzx Nx 0
 εxy εyy − λ εyz   Ny = 0 ,
 
εzx εyz εzz − λ Nz 0

where λ is the Lagrange multiplier. Note that it is this Lagrange multiplier which give
us the extremum values, i.e. the principal strains.

8. Deduce that in the case of plane strain (xy-plane) for a body made of a material that
follows the generalized Hooke’s law, the stress component σzz itself is a principal stress.

9. The strain the x-direction at point A on the structural steel beam (E = 203 GPa and
G = 76 GPa) is measured and found to be εxx = 100µ. Determine the applied load P .
What is the shear strain γxy at point A? [P = 57 kN; γxy = −13.91µ ]

†
Refer to your notes from Advanced Calculus (MA11003)

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Mechanics of Solids (ME21203) Mechanical Engineering
Tutorial Sheet 5: Strain & Strain Transformation IIT Kharagpur

10. The aluminium beam has the rectangular cross-section shown. If it is subjected to a
bending moment of M = 7.5 kN·m, determine the increase in the 50 mm dimension at
the top of the cross section and the decrease in this dimension at the bottom. For the
aluminium, E = 70 GPa and ν = 0.3. Think about the implications of your answers
in terms of the assumptions of the Euler-Bernoulli beam hypothesis (plane sections in
a beam do not change dimensions). [ top: 0.03429 mm; bottom: −0.03429 mm ]

11. The transformation equations for both stress and strain can be written in the form:
  
  ζxx ζxy cos θ
ζx0 x0 = cos θ sin θ ,
ζxy ζyy sin θ

 ζxx ζxy cos θ + π
 

π π


ζy0 y0 = cos θ + 2 sin θ + 2 2 ,
ζxy ζyy sin θ + π2

 ζxx ζxy cos θ + π

 


ζx0 y0 = cos θ sin θ 2
,
ζxy ζyy sin θ + π2
where ζ can be either σ or ε. Verify that the above relations can be written in the
following compact form:
   
ζx0 x0 ζx0 y0 ζxx ζxy
= [Q] [Q]T ,
ζx0 y0 ζx0 y0 ζxy ζyy
 
cos θ
sin θ

where [Q] = is the rotation matrix. Write a computer
cos θ + π2 sin θ + π2
program utilizing these relations to quickly compute the required values in different
problems.
12. For a general vector v = vx î + vy ĵ, verify by actually taking components that the trans-
formation rule when going from a xy-coordinate system to a x0 y 0 -coordinate system is:
   
vx0 v
= [Q] x ,
vy0 vy
where [Q] is the same rotation matrix described in the previous problem.

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Mechanics of Solids (ME21203) Mechanical Engineering
Tutorial Sheet 5: Strain & Strain Transformation IIT Kharagpur

13. (This problem is primarily intended for students interested in higher studies. And, it
will be much easier to do it using symbolic maths in Python or MATLAB.)
The strain-displacement relations in polar coordinates (r, θ) may be derived from those
in the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) by utilizing the strain transformation rules. However
some extra care is required. First of all note that since x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, from
y
which x2 + y 2 = r2 and tan θ = , we have the following (verify yourself):
x
∂r ∂r
= cos θ, = sin θ,
∂x ∂y
∂θ sin θ ∂θ cos θ
=− , = .
∂x r ∂y r

Thus, for a generic scalar function f (r, θ), we have:

∂f ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂θ ∂f ∂f sin θ
= + = cos θ − (a)
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂r ∂θ r
∂f ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂θ ∂f ∂f cos θ
= + = sin θ + . (b)
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂θ ∂y ∂r ∂θ r

Now, carry out the following steps:

(i) Consider the displacement vector [upol ] = [u(r, θ), v(r, θ)]T in the polar coor-
dinate system. Transform it to the Cartesian system using [urec ] = [Q]T [upol ].
(Note that [upol ] = [Q][urec ])
(ii) Obtain the strain-displacement relations in the Cartesian system using the defi-
1
∇urec + (∇urec )T and the above relations (a) and (b), treating


nition εrec =
2
each of u(r, θ) and v(r, θ) as a scalar function.
(iii) Finally, carry out the Cartesian to polar transformation using [εpol ] = [Q][εrec ][Q]T .

14. In polar coordinates, the strain-displacement relations are given by

   
∂u 1 ∂v u 1 1 ∂u ∂v v
εrr = , εθθ = + , εrθ = + − .
∂r r ∂θ r 2 r ∂θ ∂r r

Using these relations, determine the two-dimensional strains for the following displace-
ment fields (here A, B, C are arbitrary constants):
A
(a) u = r
, v = B cos θ
(b) u = Ar2 , v = Br sin θ
− rA2 B
   
− 2r cos (θ) 2Ar 0
[ (a) [ε] = B 1 (b) [ε] = ]
− 2r cos (θ) r2
(A − Br sin (θ)) 0 Ar + B cos (θ)