atan(x, /)

Return the arc tangent (measured in

radians) of x.

The result is between -pi/2 and pi/

2.

atan2(y, x, /)
Return the arc tangent (measured in
radians) of y/x.

Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both

x and y are considered.

atanh(x, /)
Return the inverse hyperbolic
tangent of x.

ceil(x, /)
Return the ceiling of x as an
Integral.

This is the smallest integer >= x.

comb(n, k, /)
Number of ways to choose k items
from n items without repetition and without
order.

1
 Evaluates to n! / (k! * (n - k)!)
when k <= n and evaluates
to zero when k > n.

Also called the binomial coefficient

because it is equivalent
to the coefficient of k-th term in
polynomial expansion of the
expression (1 + x)**n.

Raises TypeError if either of the

arguments are not integers.
Raises ValueError if either of the
arguments are negative.

copysign(x, y, /)
Return a float with the magnitude
(absolute value) of x but the sign of y.

On platforms that support signed

zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0)
returns -1.0.

cos(x, /)
Return the cosine of x (measured in
radians).

cosh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.
2
 degrees(x, /)
Convert angle x from radians to
degrees.

dist(p, q, /)
Return the Euclidean distance
between two points p and q.

The points should be specified as

sequences (or iterables) of
coordinates. Both inputs must have
the same dimension.

Roughly equivalent to:

sqrt(sum((px - qx) ** 2.0 for
px, qx in zip(p, q)))

erf(x, /)
Error function at x.

erfc(x, /)
Complementary error function at x.

exp(x, /)
Return e raised to the power of x.

expm1(x, /)
Return exp(x)-1.
3
 This function avoids the loss of
precision involved in the direct evaluation
of exp(x)-1 for small x.

fabs(x, /)
Return the absolute value of the
float x.

factorial(x, /)
Find x!.

Raise a ValueError if x is negative

or non-integral.

floor(x, /)
Return the floor of x as an
Integral.

This is the largest integer <= x.

fmod(x, y, /)
Return fmod(x, y), according to
platform C.

x % y may differ.

frexp(x, /)
Return the mantissa and exponent of
4
x, as pair (m, e).

m is a float and e is an int, such

that x = m * 2.**e.
If x is 0, m and e are both 0. Else
0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.

fsum(seq, /)
Return an accurate floating point
sum of values in the iterable seq.

Assumes IEEE-754 floating point

arithmetic.

gamma(x, /)
Gamma function at x.

gcd(*integers)
Greatest Common Divisor.

hypot(...)
hypot(*coordinates) -> value

Multidimensional Euclidean distance

from the origin to a point.

Roughly equivalent to:

sqrt(sum(x**2 for x in
coordinates))
5
 For a two dimensional point (x, y),
gives the hypotenuse
using the Pythagorean theorem:
sqrt(x*x + y*y).

For example, the hypotenuse of a

3/4/5 right triangle is:

>>> hypot(3.0, 4.0)

5.0

isclose(a, b, *, rel_tol=1e-09,
abs_tol=0.0)
Determine whether two floating point
numbers are close in value.

rel_tol
maximum difference for being
considered "close", relative to the
magnitude of the input values
abs_tol
maximum difference for being
considered "close", regardless of the
magnitude of the input values

Return True if a is close in value

to b, and False otherwise.

6
 For the values to be considered
close, the difference between them
must be smaller than at least one of
the tolerances.

-inf, inf and NaN behave similarly

to the IEEE 754 Standard. That
is, NaN is not close to anything,
even itself. inf and -inf are
only close to themselves.

isfinite(x, /)
Return True if x is neither an
infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise.

isinf(x, /)
Return True if x is a positive or
negative infinity, and False otherwise.

isnan(x, /)
Return True if x is a NaN (not a
number), and False otherwise.

isqrt(n, /)
Return the integer part of the
square root of the input.

lcm(*integers)
Least Common Multiple.
7
 ldexp(x, i, /)
Return x * (2**i).

This is essentially the inverse of

frexp().

lgamma(x, /)
Natural logarithm of absolute value
of Gamma function at x.

log(...)
log(x, [base=math.e])
Return the logarithm of x to the
given base.

If the base not specified, returns

the natural logarithm (base e) of x.

log10(x, /)
Return the base 10 logarithm of x.

log1p(x, /)
Return the natural logarithm of 1+x
(base e).

The result is computed in a way

which is accurate for x near zero.

8
 log2(x, /)
Return the base 2 logarithm of x.

modf(x, /)
Return the fractional and integer
parts of x.

Both results carry the sign of x and

are floats.

nextafter(x, y, /)
Return the next floating-point value
after x towards y.

perm(n, k=None, /)
Number of ways to choose k items
from n items without repetition and with
order.

Evaluates to n! / (n - k)! when k <=

n and evaluates
to zero when k > n.

If k is not specified or is None,

then k defaults to n
and the function returns n!.

Raises TypeError if either of the

arguments are not integers.
9
 Raises ValueError if either of the
arguments are negative.

pow(x, y, /)
Return x**y (x to the power of y).

prod(iterable, /, *, start=1)
Calculate the product of all the
elements in the input iterable.

The default start value for the

product is 1.

When the iterable is empty, return

the start value. This function is
intended specifically for use with
numeric values and may reject
non-numeric types.

radians(x, /)
Convert angle x from degrees to
radians.

remainder(x, y, /)
Difference between x and the closest
integer multiple of y.

Return x - n*y where n*y is the

closest integer multiple of y.
10
 In the case where x is exactly
halfway between two multiples of
y, the nearest even value of n is
used. The result is always exact.

sin(x, /)
Return the sine of x (measured in
radians).

sinh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic sine of x.

sqrt(x, /)
Return the square root of x.

tan(x, /)
Return the tangent of x (measured in
radians).

tanh(x, /)
Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.

trunc(x, /)
Truncates the Real x to the nearest
Integral toward 0.

Uses the __trunc__ magic method.

ulp(x, /)
11
 Return the value of the least
significant bit of the float x.

DATA
e = 2.718281828459045
inf = inf
nan = nan
pi = 3.141592653589793
tau = 6.283185307179586

FILE
(built-in)

In [165]: math.factorial(5)
Out[165]: 120

In [166]: math.sin(4)
Out[166]: -0.7568024953079282

In [167]: from math import factorial

In [168]: factorial(8)
Out[168]: 40320

In [169]: sin(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):

12
 File "C:
\Users\amajid\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_5
088\76962824.py", line 1, in <module>
sin(2)

NameError: name 'sin' is not defined

In [170]: from math import *

In [171]: sin(3)
Out[171]: 0.1411200080598672

In [172]: help(math.sin)
Help on built-in function sin in module
math:

sin(x, /)
Return the sine of x (measured in
radians).

In [173]: import math

In [173]:

In [174]: Age=30

In [175]: print(Age)
13
30

In [176]: print('Age')
Age

In [177]: print('Age is',Age)

Age is 30

In [178]: Name='Ali'

In [179]: print('My name is',Name,'and my

age is',Age)
My name is Ali and my age is 30

In [180]: print('Age is',Age)

Age is 30

In [181]: print('Age is',Age,sep=' ')

Age is 30

In [182]: print('Age is',Age,sep='')

Age is30

In [183]: print('Age is',Age,sep='@')

Age is@30

In [184]: print('Age is',Age,'.',sep='@')

Age is@30@.

14
In [185]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ali and my age is 30

In [186]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ahmad and my age is 30

In [187]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ahmad and my age is 30
done!

In [188]: print('my name is...\n my age

is...')
my name is...
my age is...

In [189]: print('my name is...\nmy age

is...')
15
my name is...
my age is...

In [190]: print('my name is...\tmy age

is...')
my name is... my age is...

In [191]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ahmad and my age is 30
done!

In [192]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ahmad and my age is 30done!

In [193]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
My name is Ahmad and my age is 30 done!

16
In [194]: 2*'a'
Out[194]: 'aa'

In [195]: 'a'+'b'
Out[195]: 'ab'

In [196]: 'a'+2
Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:
\Users\amajid\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_5
088\197187164.py", line 1, in <module>
'a'+2

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not

"int") to str

In [197]: 3*'ab'
Out[197]: 'ababab'

In [197]:

In [198]: print('*'*20)
********************

In [199]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
17
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
********************

In [200]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
********************
********************
********************
********************

In [201]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
********************************************
************************************

In [202]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
********************
********************
18
********************
********************

In [203]: runfile('C:/Users/amajid/
Documents/DataScience/Essentials of Data
Analytics/EDA_2024/untitled5.py', wdir='C:/
Users/amajid/Documents/DataScience/
Essentials of Data Analytics/EDA_2024')
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In [204]:

22