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Chapter 1part1

This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It outlines the basic components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It describes the functions of an operating system including managing resources, executing user programs, and acting as an intermediary. The document also discusses computer system organization including startup, interrupts, and the role of the operating system as an interrupt-driven resource allocator and control program.

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24 views

Chapter 1part1

This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It outlines the basic components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It describes the functions of an operating system including managing resources, executing user programs, and acting as an intermediary. The document also discusses computer system organization including startup, interrupts, and the role of the operating system as an interrupt-driven resource allocator and control program.

Uploaded by

moudmoud2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

Computer Science Department


Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, 2024

By:
Lecture Reference
 Operating System Concepts
Lecture Reference
 Understanding Operating
Systems
Lab OS
Lab Reference
 Linux Pocket Guide
Course Objectives
 To describe the basic organization of computer systems.
 To describe the services an operating system provides to users,
processes, and other systems.
 To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system.
 To introduce the notion of a process and a thread.
 To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed
operating systems.
 To develop a description of deadlocks.
 To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing
memory hardware.
Course Syllabus
 Introduction
 Operating System Structures
 Processes
 Threads
 CPU Scheduling
 Process Synchronization
 Deadlocks
 Main Memory Management
Chapter 1: Introduction
 Computer System Structure.
 What is an Operating System?
 What Operating Systems Do?
 Computer System Organization.
 Storage Structure.
 Multiprocessing Architecture.
 Operating System Operations.
 Protection and Security.
 Computing Environments.
Computer System Structure (1/2)
Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware - provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
 Application programs
 define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users. Ex. Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games.
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
Computer System Structure (2/2)
What is an Operating System? (1/2)
 An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s hardware.
It also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an
intermediary between the computer user and the computer hardware.
What is an Operating System? (2/2)
Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
What Operating Systems Do? (1/4)
User View
 Users want convenience, ease of use, and good
performance.
 Don’t care about resource utilization.

 But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer


must keep all users happy.
What Operating Systems Do? (2/4)
System View
 From the computer’s point of view, the operating system is
the program most intimately involved with the hardware.
In this context, we can view an operating system as a
resource allocator.
 A computer system has many resources that may be
required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space,
file storage space, I/O devices, and so on. The operating
system acts as the manager of these resources.
What Operating Systems Do? (3/4)
 OS is a resource allocator
 Manages all resources.
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use.
 OS is a control program
 Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer.
What Operating Systems Do? (4/4)
 A more common definition, and the one that we usually
follow, is that the operating system is the one program
running at all times on the computer usually called the
kernel.
 (Along with the kernel, there are two other types of
programs: system programs, which are associated with the
operating system but are not necessarily part of the kernel,
and application programs, which include all programs not
associated with the operation of the system.)
Computer System Organization (1/3)
 A modern general-purpose computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a
number of device controllers connected through a common bus that provides
access to shared memory.
Computer System Organization (2/3)
Computer Startup (1/3)
 bootstrap program is loaded at power up or reboot

 Typically stored in ROM or electrically erasable programmable


read only memory (EPROM), generally known as firmware.
 Initializes all aspects of system.

 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution.


Computer System Organization (2/3)
Computer Startup (2/3)
Computer System Organization (2/3)
Computer Startup (3/3)
Computer System Organization (3/3)
Interrupts (1/2)
 The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an interrupt from
either the hardware or the software.
 Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending a signal to the
CPU, usually by way of the system bus.
 Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special
operation called a system call (also called a monitor call).
 Interrupts are an important part of a computer architecture. Each
computer design has its own interrupt mechanism, but several
functions are common.
Computer System Organization (3/3)
Interrupts (2/2)
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally,
through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines.
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted

instruction.
 A trap or exception is a software generated interrupt caused

either by an error or a user request.


 An operating system is interrupt driven.

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