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IP Addressing

• IP Addressing is Logical Addressing

• It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)

• Two Versions of Addressing Scheme

• IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing

• IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing

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IP version 4

Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001

• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted

Decimal Notation
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

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IP version 6

• 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,

and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit

hexadecimal number and separated by colons

(Colon-Hex Notation)

FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

Taking Example for First Octet :

Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 Total IP Address Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 0.0.0.0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 to
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

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IP Address Classes

• Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided

into 5 Classes

• CLASS A

• CLASS B LAN & WAN

• CLASS C

• CLASS D Multicasting

• CLASS E Research & Development

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Priority Bit Concept

• To identify the range of each class

a bit called priority bit is used.

• Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet

• CLASS A priority bit is 0

• CLASS B priority bit is 10

• CLASS C priority bit is 110

• CLASS D priority bit is 1110

• CLASS E priority bit is 1111

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CLASS A Range

For Class A range : First bit of the first octet

should be reserved for the priority bit.

0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 Class A Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 127.255.255.255
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
network are reserved

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
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CLASS B Range

For Class B range : First two bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129
Class B Range
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131
128. 0 . 0 . 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132 to
191.255.255.255

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
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CLASS C Range

For Class C range : First Three bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193
Class C Range
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195
192. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196 to
223.255.255.255

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
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CLASS D Range

For Class D range : First four bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225
Class D Range
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227
224. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228 to
239.255.255.255

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
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CLASS E Range

For Class E range : First four bits of the first

octet should be reserved for the priority bit.

1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241
Class E Range
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243
240. 0 . 0 . 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244 to
255.255.255.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
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Octet Format

• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion

• CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H

• CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H

• CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H

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CLASS A – No. Networks & Host

• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H

• Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24

• No. of Networks
= 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
CLASS A
= 128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)
= 126 Networks 126 Networks
&
• No. of Host 16777214 Hosts/Nw
= 224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network
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CLASS B – No. Networks & Host

• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H

• Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16

• No. of Networks
= 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
CLASS B
= 16384 Networks
16384 Networks
• No. of Host &
= 216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & 65534 Hosts/Nw
Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network

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CLASS C – No. Networks & Host

• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H

• Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8

• No. of Networks
= 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
CLASS C
= 2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
• No. of Host &
= 254 Hosts/Nw
28 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 256 - 2
= 254 Hosts/Network

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Network & Broadcast Address

• The network address is represented with all bits as

ZERO in the host portion of the address

• The broadcast address is represented with all bits as

ONES in the host portion of the address

• Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address

and the Broadcast Address.

• Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients

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Example - Class A

Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111

Class A
10.0.0.0 Network Address
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
Valid IP Addresses

10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 Broadcast Address
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Example - Class B

Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111

Class B
172.16.0.0 Network Address
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
Valid IP Addresses

172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255 Broadcast Address
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Example - Class C

Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111

Class C
192.168.1.0 Network Address
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
Valid IP Addresses

192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
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Private IP Address

• There are certain addresses in each class of IP

address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses
are called private addresses.

• They can be used for: home & office networks,

networks not connected to Internet.

Class A
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Subnet Mask

• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host

Portion

• Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of

Network ID

• Represented with all 1’s in the network portion

and with all 0’s in the host portion.

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Subnet Mask - Examples

Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0

Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0

Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0

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How Subnet Mask Works ?

IP Address : 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0

ANDING PROCESS :

192.168.1.1 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
AND TABLE
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
A
======================================= B C
192.168.1.0 0 0 0
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
=======================================
0 1 0
1 0 0
The output of an AND table is 1 if both its inputs are 1.
For all other possible inputs the output is 1
0. 1 1

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Subnetting

• Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.

• Converting Host bits to Network Bits

i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s

• Subnetting is also called as FLSM (Fixed Length

Subnet Mask)

• Subnetting can be done in three ways.

– Requirement of Networks
– Requirement of Hosts
– Cisco / Notation

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Scenario

ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC

• Which Class is preffered for the network ?

Answer : Class C.

• In ZOOM Technologies we have Five Departments

with 20 Pcs each

ZOOM Technologies – 192.168.1.0/24

– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20

– CISCO 192.168.1.21 to 192.168.1.40
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.41 to 192.168.1.60
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.61 to 192.168.1.80
– TRAINING 192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.100
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Scenario (…continued)

• Administrator’s Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?

Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– FIREWALL 192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– SOLARIS 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– TRAINING 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20

• In the above Scenario inter-department

communication is not possible.
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Main Aim of Subnetting

Problem with the previous Scenario is :-

• Loss of bandwidth as the broadcasting is done for

254 machines rather than for 20 machines.

• Wastage of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)

• No Security

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Power table

POWER TABLE

21 = 2 29 = 512 217 = 131072 225 = 33554432

22 = 4 210 = 1024 218 = 262144 226 = 67108864

23 = 8 211 = 2048 219 = 524288 227 = 134217728

24 = 16 212 = 4096 220 = 1048576 228 = 268435456

25 = 32 213 = 8192 221 = 2097152 229 = 536870912

26 = 64 214 = 16384 222 = 4194304 230 = 1073741824

27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608 231 = 2147483648

28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296

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Some Important Values

VALUES IN SUBNET MASK

Bit Value Mask

1 128 10000000

2 192 11000000

3 224 11100000

4 240 11110000

5 248 11111000

6 252 11111100

7 254 11111110

8 255 11111111
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Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 ≥ Req. of Subnet
= 23 – 2 ≥ 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 8–2
= 6 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25 – 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet
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HELP

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Example – 1 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
3 Host
255. 6255.
Subnet & 255. 224
30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11100000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 MCSE .
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 CISCO .
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127 FIREWALL
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159 SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191 TRAINING
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 Future Use
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.255 x 32

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Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2

Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 ≥ Req. of Subnet
= 24 – 2 ≥ 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 – 2
= 14 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 - 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet
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HELP

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Example – 2 (Continued…)

• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert = Bits to Network Bits
4 Host
255. 255.
14 Subnet &255. 240
14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
Customize Subnet Mask
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.15 x
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets

192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255 x 34

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