COVER SHEET TO AMENDMENT 14

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

SECURITY

ANNEX 17
TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION

NINTH EDITION — MARCH 2011

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

 Checklist of Amendments to Annex 17

Date of
Effective date applicability

Ninth Edition
(incorporates Amendments 1 to 12) 26 March 2011 1 July 2011

Amendment 13
(adopted by the Council on 13 November 2012) 15 March 2013 15 July 2013
Amendment 14
(adopted by the Council on 26 February 2014)
Replacement pages (xii), 1-3, 2-2, 3-1, 3-3, 4-3 to 4-5 14 July 2014 14 November 2014
 Transmittal note

Amendment 14

to the

International Standards and

Recommended Practices

SECURITY
(Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation)

1. Insert the following replacement pages in Annex 17 (Ninth Edition) to incorporate Amendment 14 which becomes
applicable on 14 November 2014:

a) Page (xii) — Foreword

b) Page 1-3 — Chapter 1

c) Page 2-2 — Chapter 2

d) Pages 3-1 and 3-3 — Chapter 3

e) Pages 4-3, 4-4 and 4-5 — Chapter 4

2. Record the entry of this amendment on page (iii).

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Foreword Annex 17 — Security

Adopted
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable

7 Proposals of the This amendment includes: a) a reorganization of the chapters of the Annex 22 June 1989
(4th Edition) Committee on directed at a rationalization of the sequence of objectives, obligations and 30 October 1989
Unlawful Interference necessary actions relating to organization, preventive security measures and 16 November 1989
with the assistance of management of response; b) the introduction of important new provisions to
the Aviation Security reflect developments and assist States in confronting new situations which
Panel and Council arose from grave acts of unlawful interference against civil aviation, since the
action in pursuance of last revision of Annex 17 in 1985; and c) the amendment or fine tuning of
Assembly Resolution existing provisions consequential to a) and b), as well as to reflect the
A26-7 experience gained in the implementation of such measures.

8 Proposals of the This amendment includes the introduction of important new provisions in 11 September 1992
(5th Edition) Committee on relation to the comprehensive security screening of checked baggage, security 16 December 1992
Unlawful Interference control over cargo, courier and express parcels and mail, variations to 1 April 1993
with the assistance of procedures relating to security programmes, pre-flight checks of international
the Aviation Security aircraft, and measures relating to the incorporation of security consideration
Panel (AVSECP) and into airport design for the purpose of assisting States in the consistent and
Council action in uniform implementation of such measures.
pursuance of Assembly
Resolution A27-7

9 Proposals of the This amendment includes the introduction of new provisions in relation to the 12 November 1996
(6th Edition) Committee on pre-employment checks and capabilities of persons engaged in implementing 31 March 1997
Unlawful Interference security controls, baggage accountability and authorization, measures to be 1 August 1997
with the assistance of applied to catering supplies and operators’ stores and supplies, tests for
the Aviation Security programme effectiveness, and need for notification to the State of known or
Panel (AVSECP) and presumed destination of aircraft under a seized condition.
Council action in
pursuance of Assembly
Resolution A31-4

10 Proposals of the Aviation This amendment includes the introduction of various definitions and new 7 December 2001
(7th Edition) Security Panel (AVSECP) provisions in relation to the applicability of this Annex to domestic operations, 15 April 2002
and Council action in international cooperation relating to threat information, appropriate authority, 1 July 2002
pursuance of Assembly National Aviation Security Committee, national quality control, access
Resolution A33-1 control, passengers and their cabin and hold baggage, in-flight security
personnel and protection of the cockpit, code-sharing/collaborative
arrangements, Human Factors and management of response to acts of
unlawful interference. The status of a number of specifications was
changed to Standards.

11 Proposals of the Committee This amendment includes provisions to further clarify the wording of 30 November 2005
(8th Edition) on Unlawful Interference existing Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) to facilitate both 10 April 2006
with the assistance of their common interpretation by Contracting States and their ease of auditing 1 July 2006
the Aviation Security Panel under the ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP). The
(AVSECP) and Council amendment addresses the following: applicability of Annex 17; reinforcement
action in pursuance of of national civil aviation security control programme provisions; in-flight
Assembly Resolution security officers (IFSOs); general aviation and aerial work; one-stop security
A35-9 concept for passengers and baggage; risk assessment concept; security for
all-cargo operations; and definitions.

(xi) 1/7/11
Annex 17 — Security Foreword

Adopted
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable

12 Proposals of the Committee This amendment includes provisions to further strengthen Standards and 17 November 2010
(9th Edition) on Unlawful Interference Recommended Practices in order to address new and emerging threats to civil 26 March 2011
with the assistance of aviation. The amendment includes the following: deployment of security 1 July 2011
the Aviation Security Panel equipment; security of air traffic service providers; training programmes and
(AVSECP) and Council instructor certification system; random and unpredictable security measures;
action in pursuance of supply chain security; security for all-cargo operations; cyber threats; and
Assembly Resolution definitions.
A36-20

13 Proposals of the Committee This amendment includes a revision to access control measures with respect to 13 November 2012
on Unlawful Interference persons other than passengers. The amendment also introduces a definition of 15 March 2013
with the assistance of the and security requirements for transfer cargo and high-risk cargo, and
15 July 2013
Aviation Security Panel establishes common baseline measures for cargo carried on passenger and
(AVSECP), the all-cargo aircraft.
recommendations of the
2012 High-level
Conference on Aviation
Security, and Council action
in pursuance of Assembly
Resolution A37-17.

14 Proposals of the Committee This amendment includes a definition of unpredictability in relation to the 26 February 2014
on Unlawful Interference implementation of security controls. It also includes a new Standard on 14 July 2014
with the assistance of the appropriate screening methods for cargo and mail, and new Recommended
14 November 2014
Aviation Security Panel Practices on international cooperation, landside security, security awareness
(AVSECP), and Council training, oversight of external security service providers, and critical
action, in pursuance of information and communications technology systems.
Assembly Resolution
A38-15.

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1/7/11 (xii)
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Chapter 1 Annex 17 — Security

Security control. A means by which the introduction of weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances
which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference can be prevented.

Security inspection. An examination of the implementation of relevant national civil aviation security programme
requirements by an airline, airport, or other entity involved in security.

Security restricted area. Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to
access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include, inter alia, all commercial aviation
passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, the ramp, baggage make-up areas, including
those where aircraft are being brought into service and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centres,
airside catering and aircraft cleaning premises.

Security survey. An evaluation of security needs including the identification of vulnerabilities which could be exploited to
carry out an act of unlawful interference, and the recommendation of corrective actions.

Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt to commit an unlawful act.

Transfer cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on an aircraft other than that on which it arrived.

Unidentified baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or identified with a
passenger.

Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by
applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined
framework.

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 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

2.1 Objectives

2.1.1 Each Contracting State shall have as its primary objective the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the
general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation.

2.1.2 Each Contracting State shall establish an organization and develop and implement regulations, practices and
procedures to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference taking into account the safety, regularity and
efficiency of flights.

2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that such an organization and such regulations, practices and procedures:

a) protect the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding
against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation; and

b) are capable of responding rapidly to meet any increased security threat.

2.1.4 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure appropriate protection of aviation security
information.

Note 1.— Guidance material on achieving civil aviation security objectives through application of the Standards and
Recommended Practices in the following chapters can be found in the Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973 — Restricted).

Note 2.— The comprehensive aviation security training material to assist States in achieving civil aviation security
objectives is contained in the ICAO Training Programme for Aviation Security comprising a series of Aviation Security
Training Packages (ASTPs).

2.2 Applicability

2.2.1 Each Contracting State shall apply the Standards and shall endeavour to apply the Recommended Practices
contained in Annex 17 to international civil aviation operations.

2.2.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that measures designed to safeguard against acts of unlawful interference are
applied to domestic operations to the extent practicable, based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant
national authorities.

2.3 Security and facilitation

Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should whenever possible arrange for the security controls and procedures to
cause a minimum of interference with, or delay to the activities of, civil aviation provided the effectiveness of these controls and
procedures is not compromised.

ANNEX 17 2-1 1/7/11

Annex 17 — Security Chapter 2

2.4 International cooperation

2.4.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that requests from other Contracting States for additional security measures in
respect of a specific flight(s) by operators of such other States are met, as far as may be practicable. The requesting State shall
give consideration to alternative measures of the other State that are equivalent to those requested.

2.4.2 Each Contracting State shall cooperate with other States in the development and exchange of information
concerning national civil aviation security programmes, training programmes and quality control programmes, as necessary.

2.4.3 Each Contracting State shall establish and implement procedures to share with other Contracting States threat
information that applies to the aviation security interests of those States, to the extent practicable.

2.4.4 Each Contracting State shall establish and implement suitable protection and handling procedures for security
information shared by other Contracting States, or security information that affects the security interests of other Contracting
States, in order to ensure that inappropriate use or disclosure of such information is avoided.

2.4.5 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should share, as appropriate, and consistent with its sovereignty, the
results of the audit carried out by ICAO and the corrective actions taken by the audited State if requested by another State.

2.4.6 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should include in each of its bilateral agreements on air transport a
clause related to aviation security, taking into account the model clause developed by ICAO.

2.4.7 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should make available to other Contracting States on request a
written version of the appropriate parts of its national civil aviation security programme.

2.4.8 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should notify ICAO where it has shared information under 2.4.5.

2.4.9 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should consider entering into collaborative arrangements in order
to increase the sustainability of the aviation security system by avoiding unnecessary duplication of security controls. The
arrangement should be based on verification of equivalence of the security outcome ensured by the application of effective
security controls at origin.

2.5 Equipment, research and development

2.5.1 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should promote research and development of new security
equipment, processes and procedures which will better achieve civil aviation security objectives and should cooperate with
other Contracting States in this matter.

2.5.2 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that the development of new security equipment takes
into consideration Human Factors principles.

Note.— Guidance material regarding Human Factors principles can be found in the manual on Human Factors in Civil
Aviation Security Operations (Doc 9808) and in Part 1, Chapter 4, of the Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).

2.5.3 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should employ security equipment, where appropriate, to the extent
operationally, technically and financially practicable, to achieve civil aviation security objectives.

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 CHAPTER 3. ORGANIZATION

3.1 National organization and appropriate authority

3.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish and implement a written national civil aviation security programme to
safeguard civil aviation operations against acts of unlawful interference, through regulations, practices and procedures which
take into account the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.

3.1.2 Each Contracting State shall designate and specify to ICAO an appropriate authority within its administration to be
responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme.

3.1.3 Each Contracting State shall keep under constant review the level of threat to civil aviation within its territory, and
establish and implement policies and procedures to adjust relevant elements of its national civil aviation security programme
accordingly, based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities.

Note.— Guidance material regarding threat assessment and risk management methodologies can be found in the Aviation
Security Manual (Doc 8973 — Restricted).

3.1.4 Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to define and allocate tasks and coordinate activities
between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and aircraft operators, air traffic service
providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil
aviation security programme.

3.1.5 Each Contracting State shall establish a national aviation security committee or similar arrangements for the
purpose of coordinating security activities between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and
aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of
various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme.

3.1.6 Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to ensure the development and implementation of a
national training programme for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects
of the national civil aviation security programme. This training programme shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of the
national civil aviation security programme.

3.1.7 From 1 July 2013, each Contracting State shall ensure the development and implementation of training
programmes and an instructor certification system in accordance with the national civil aviation security programme.

3.1.8 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the appropriate authority arranges for the supporting resources and
facilities required by the aviation security services to be available at each airport serving civil aviation.

3.1.9 Each Contracting State shall make available to its airport and aircraft operators and air traffic service providers
operating in its territory and other entities concerned, a written version of the appropriate parts of its national civil aviation
security programme and/or relevant information or guidelines enabling them to meet the requirements of the national civil
aviation security programme.

3.1.10 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that personnel of all entities involved with or
responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme and those authorized to
have unescorted access to airside areas receive periodic security awareness training.

ANNEX 17 3-1 14/11/14

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Annex 17 — Security Chapter 3

3.2 Airport operations

3.2.1 Each Contracting State shall require each airport serving civil aviation to establish, implement and maintain a
written airport security programme appropriate to meet the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme.

3.2.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that an authority at each airport serving civil aviation is responsible for
coordinating the implementation of security controls.

3.2.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that an airport security committee at each airport serving civil aviation is
established to assist the authority mentioned under 3.2.2 in its role of coordinating the implementation of security controls and
procedures as specified in the airport security programme.

3.2.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that airport design requirements, including architectural and
infrastructure-related requirements necessary for the implementation of the security measures in the national civil aviation
security programme, are integrated into the design and construction of new facilities and alterations to existing facilities at
airports.

3.3 Aircraft operators

3.3.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that commercial air transport operators providing service from that State have
established, implemented and maintained a written operator security programme that meets the requirements of the national
civil aviation security programme of that State.

3.3.2 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that each entity conducting general aviation
operations, including corporate aviation operations, using aircraft with a maximum take-off mass greater than 5 700 kg, has
established, implemented and maintained a written operator security programme that meets the requirements of the national
civil aviation security programme of that State.

3.3.3 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that each entity conducting aerial work operations
has established, implemented and maintained a written operator security programme that meets the requirements of the
national civil aviation security programme of that State. The programme shall contain operations features specific to the type
of operations conducted.

3.3.4 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should take into account the ICAO model as a basis for operators’
or entities’ security programmes under 3.3.1, 3.3.2 and 3.3.3.

3.3.5 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should require operators providing service from that State and
participating in code-sharing or other collaborative arrangements with other operators to notify the appropriate authority of
the nature of these arrangements, including the identity of the other operators.

3.4 Quality control

3.4.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons implementing security controls are subject to background
checks and selection procedures.

3.4.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons implementing security controls possess all competencies
required to perform their duties and are appropriately trained according to the requirements of the national civil aviation
security programme and that appropriate records are maintained up to date. Relevant standards of performance shall be
established and initial and periodic assessments shall be introduced to maintain those standards.

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Chapter 3 Annex 17 — Security

3.4.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons carrying out screening operations are certified according to the
requirements of the national civil aviation security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and
reliably achieved.

3.4.4 Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to develop, implement and maintain a national civil
aviation security quality control programme to determine compliance with and validate the effectiveness of its national civil
aviation security programme.

3.4.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the implementation of security measures is regularly subjected to
verification of compliance with the national civil aviation security programme. The priorities and frequency of monitoring shall
be determined on the basis of risk assessment carried out by the relevant authorities.

3.4.6 Each Contracting State shall arrange for security audits, tests, surveys and inspections to be conducted on a regular
basis, to verify compliance with the national civil aviation security programme and to provide for the rapid and effective
rectification of any deficiencies.

3.4.7 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the management, setting of priorities and organization of the national civil
aviation security quality control programme shall be undertaken independently from the entities and persons responsible for the
implementation of the measures taken under the national civil aviation security programme. Each Contracting State shall also:

a) ensure that the personnel carrying out security audits, tests, surveys and inspections are trained to appropriate
standards for these tasks in accordance with the national civil aviation security programme;

b) ensure that the personnel carrying out security audits, tests, surveys and inspections are afforded the necessary
authority to obtain information to carry out these tasks and to enforce corrective actions;

c) supplement the national civil aviation security quality control programme by establishing a confidential reporting
system for analysing security information provided by sources such as passengers, crew and ground personnel; and

d) establish a process to record and analyse the results of the national civil aviation security quality control programme,
to contribute to the effective development and implementation of the national civil aviation security programme,
including identifying the causes and patterns of non-compliance and verifying that corrective actions have been
implemented and sustained.

3.4.8 Each Contracting State concerned with an act of unlawful interference shall require its appropriate authority to
re-evaluate security controls and procedures and in a timely fashion take action necessary to remedy weaknesses so as to
prevent recurrence. These actions shall be shared with ICAO.

3.4.9 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that each entity responsible for the implementation of
relevant elements of the national civil aviation security programme periodically verifies that the implementation of security
measures outsourced to external service providers is in compliance with the entity’s security programme.

3.5 Air traffic service providers

Each Contracting State shall require air traffic service providers operating in that State to establish and implement appropriate
security provisions to meet the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme of that State.

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Chapter 4 Annex 17 — Security

4.5.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that all hold baggage to be carried on a commercial aircraft is protected from
unauthorized interference from the point it is screened or accepted into the care of the carrier, whichever is earlier, until
departure of the aircraft on which it is to be carried. If the integrity of hold baggage is jeopardized, the hold baggage shall be
re-screened before being placed on board an aircraft.

4.5.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that commercial air transport operators do not transport the baggage of persons
who are not on board the aircraft unless that baggage is identified as unaccompanied and subjected to appropriate screening.

4.5.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that transfer hold baggage is screened prior to being loaded onto an aircraft
engaged in commercial air transport operations, unless it has established a validation process and continuously implements
procedures, in collaboration with the other Contracting State where appropriate, to ensure that such hold baggage has been
screened at the point of origin and subsequently protected from unauthorized interference from the originating airport to the
departing aircraft at the transfer airport.

Note.— Guidance material on this issue can be found in the Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973 — Restricted).

4.5.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that commercial air transport operators transport only items of hold baggage
which have been individually identified as accompanied or unaccompanied, screened to the appropriate standard and accepted
for carriage on that flight by the air carrier. All such baggage should be recorded as meeting these criteria and authorized for
carriage on that flight.

4.5.6 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should establish procedures to deal with unidentified baggage in
accordance with a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities.

4.6 Measures relating to cargo, mail and other goods

4.6.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that appropriate security controls, including screening where practicable, are
applied to cargo and mail, prior to their being loaded onto an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations.

4.6.2 Each Contracting State shall establish a supply chain security process, which includes the approval of regulated
agents and/or known consignors, if such entities are involved in implementing screening or other security controls of cargo and
mail.

4.6.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that cargo and mail to be carried on a commercial aircraft are protected from
unauthorized interference from the point screening or other security controls are applied until departure of the aircraft.

4.6.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that enhanced security measures apply to high-risk cargo and mail to
appropriately mitigate the threats associated with it.

4.6.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that operators do not accept cargo or mail for carriage on an aircraft engaged in
commercial air transport operations unless the application of screening or other security controls is confirmed and accounted
for by a regulated agent, or an entity that is approved by an appropriate authority. Cargo and mail which cannot be confirmed
and accounted for by a regulated agent or an entity that is approved by an appropriate authority shall be subjected to screening.

4.6.6 Each Contracting State shall ensure that catering, stores and supplies intended for carriage on passenger
commercial flights are subjected to appropriate security controls and thereafter protected until loaded onto the aircraft.

4.6.7 Each Contracting State shall ensure that merchandise and supplies introduced into security restricted areas are
subject to appropriate security controls, which may include screening.

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Annex 17 — Security Chapter 4

4.6.8 Each Contracting State shall ensure that cargo and mail that has been confirmed and accounted for shall then be
issued with a security status which shall accompany, either in an electronic format or in writing, the cargo and mail throughout
the secure supply chain.

4.6.9 Each Contracting State shall ensure that transfer cargo and mail has been subjected to appropriate security controls
prior to being loaded on an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations departing from its territory.

4.6.10 Each Contracting State shall ensure that, where screening of cargo and mail is conducted, screening is carried out
using an appropriate method or methods, taking into account the nature of the consignment.

4.6.11 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should establish appropriate mechanisms to confirm that transfer
cargo and mail entering its territory has been subjected to appropriate security controls.

Note.— Guidance material on this issue can be found in the Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973 — Restricted).

4.7 Measures relating to special categories of passengers

4.7.1 Each Contracting State shall develop requirements for air carriers for the carriage of potentially disruptive
passengers who are obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings.

Note.— Guidance material on this issue can be found in the Aviation Security Manual (Doc 8973 — Restricted).

4.7.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that operators providing service from that State include in their security
programmes, measures and procedures to ensure safety on board their aircraft when passengers are to be carried who are
obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings.

4.7.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the aircraft operator and the pilot-in-command are informed when
passengers are obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings, in order that
appropriate security controls can be applied.

4.7.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the carriage of weapons on board aircraft, by law enforcement officers and
other authorized persons, acting in the performance of their duties, requires special authorization in accordance with the laws of
the States involved.

4.7.5 Each Contracting State shall consider requests by any other State to allow the travel of armed personnel, including
in-flight security officers, on board aircraft of operators of the requesting State. Only after agreement by all States involved
shall such travel be allowed.

4.7.6 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the carriage of weapons in other cases is allowed only when an authorized
and duly qualified person has determined that they are not loaded, if applicable, and then only if stowed in a place inaccessible
to any person during flight time.

4.7.7 Each Contracting State that decides to deploy in-flight security officers shall ensure that they are government
personnel who are specially selected and trained, taking into account the safety and security aspects on board an aircraft and
deployed according to the threat assessment of the competent authority. The deployment of such officers shall be coordinated
with concerned States and kept strictly confidential.

4.7.8 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the pilot-in-command is notified as to the number of armed persons and
their seat location.

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Chapter 4 Annex 17 — Security

4.8 Measures relating to the landside

4.8.1 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure that security measures in landside areas are
established to mitigate the risk of and to prevent possible acts of unlawful interference in accordance with national and local
risk assessments carried out by the relevant authorities.

4.8.2 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should ensure coordination of landside security measures between
relevant departments, agencies, other organizations of the State, and other entities, and identify appropriate responsibilities in
its national civil aviation security programme.

4.9 Measures relating to cyber threats

4.9.1 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should, in accordance with the risk assessment carried out by its
relevant national authorities, ensure that measures are developed in order to protect critical information and communications
technology systems used for civil aviation purposes from interference that may jeopardize the safety of civil aviation.

4.9.2 Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should encourage entities involved with or responsible for the
implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme to identify their critical information and
communications technology systems, including threats and vulnerabilities thereto, and develop protective measures to include,
inter alia, security by design, supply chain security, network separation, and remote access control, as appropriate.

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