Tips for paper 6 part 1

11/1/2023
13/1/2023

Dr. Nihal Gabr

First question
Read experiment
A) independent variable ….changeable ……..investigate the effect …….
B) dependent variable ……measurable ………measured, observed, counted , recorded , calculated .
C) controlled variables / constant variables ….same …..fair test and valid comparison
D) source of error

1. No repeats ..replication …repeat 3 more times at each temp / pH / concentration

2. Cross contamination …using same tools
3. Wash without drying …..dilution
4. Color change used to judge the end point …….subjective judgment of color change ….better
colorimeter .

5. Shaking …spillage and inconsistent mixing , mixing is not standardised …so improvement ..use
stirrer
6. No stirring ….no equal distribution of heat / settle at the bottom ….use a stirrer to stir .
7. Adding drops ….not of same size
8. Temperature is not maintained
Should be maintained by using a thermostatic water bath / incubator ( petridish )
9. No equilibration

1020 FilT
 2

1 Young mammals feed on milk containing protein.

Some mammals produce an enzyme called rennin. Rennin changes the protein in milk so that it
can be digested by another enzyme.

The action of rennin causes small lumps or clots to form in the milk.
Independent Results
An investigation was carried out to find the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme rennin.

Step 1 Three test-tubes were labelled P, Q and R.

Step 2
C.V
A syringe was used to add 5 cm3 of milk to each of these test-tubes.
c.v
Drops might Step 3 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of acid to test-tube P.
C.V
not be of Step 4 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of distilled water to test-tube Q.

same size Step 5 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of alkali to test-tube R.

Step 6 Another three test-tubes were labelled P1, Q1 and R1.

C.V
Step 7 A clean syringe was used to add 1 cm3 of 0.1% rennin solution to each of
test-tubes P1, Q1 and R1.
Equilibration
Step 8 All six test-tubes were placed into a water-bath at 40 °C and left for three minutes.

Step 9 The contents of test-tube P1 were added to test-tube P.

The contents of test-tube Q1 were added to test-tube Q.
The contents of test-tube R1 were added to test-tube R.

Step 10 Test-tubes P, Q and R were kept in the water-bath and a stop-clock was started.

Step 11 After one minute, test-tube P was removed from the water-bath.
Rotation is not It was tipped and rotated as shown in Fig. 1.1. Dependent
The appearance of the milk was observed, and the stage of clotting was decided
standardised by comparing it to the diagrams in Fig. 1.1.

milk drains back small clots stick most of the milk is

smoothly from to the sides of the solid and does not
the sides of the test-tube pour when the
test-tube test-tube is tipped

stage A stage B stage C

no clotting some clotting all clotted

Source of error
Fig. 1.1
Subjective
Step 12 Test-tube P was returned to the water-bath.
judgment to end
Step 13 Steps 11 and 12 were repeated for test-tubes Q and R.
point
Step 14 Steps 11, 12 and 13 were repeated every minute for five minutes.

© UCLES 2018 0610/61/M/J/18

 Independent
Dependent
2
Controlled variables
1 Young mammals feed on milk containing protein. Source of error

Some mammals produce an enzyme called rennin. Rennin changes the protein in milk so that it
can be digested by another enzyme.

The action of rennin causes small lumps or clots to form in the milk.
Independent Results / outcome
An investigation was carried out to find the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme rennin.

Step 1 Three test-tubes were labelled P, Q and R.

Drops source of error C.V
Step 2 A syringe was used to add 5 cm3 of milk to each of these test-tubes.
They might have C.V
Step 3 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of acid to test-tube P.
different size
Step 4 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of distilled water to test-tube Q.

Step 5 A dropping pipette was used to add two drops of alkali to test-tube R.

Step 6 Another three test-tubes were labelled P1, Q1 and R1.

C.V
Step 7 A clean syringe was used to add 1 cm3 of 0.1% rennin solution to each of
test-tubes P1, Q1 and R1.
Equilibration
Step 8 All six test-tubes were placed into a water-bath at 40 °C and left for three minutes.

Step 9 The contents of test-tube P1 were added to test-tube P.

The contents of test-tube Q1 were added to test-tube Q.
The contents of test-tube R1 were added to test-tube R.

Step 10 Test-tubes P, Q and R were kept in the water-bath and a stop-clock was started.

Step 11 After one minute, test-tube P was removed from the water-bath.
It was tipped and rotated as shown in Fig. 1.1. Dependent
rotation is not being The appearance of the milk was observed, and the stage of clotting was decided

standardised
by comparing it to the diagrams in Fig. 1.1.

milk drains back small clots stick most of the milk is

smoothly from to the sides of the solid and does not
the sides of the test-tube pour when the
test-tube test-tube is tipped

stage A stage B stage C

no clotting some clotting all clotted

Fig. 1.1

Step 12 Test-tube P was returned to the water-bath.

Step 13 Steps 11 and 12 were repeated for test-tubes Q and R.

Subjective
Step 14 Steps 11, 12 and 13 were repeated every minute for five minutes.
judgement to end
point
© UCLES 2018 0610/61/M/J/18
 3

The results are shown in Fig. 1.2.

Test-tube P had some clotting at one minute and was all clotted at two minutes.

Test-tube Q had no clotting at one, two or three minutes but some clotting at four
and five minutes.

Test-tube R had no clotting throughout the investigation, and remained unchanged

after five minutes.

Fig. 1.2

(a) Prepare a table in which to record these results. Use the information in Fig. 1.2 to complete
this table.

Stage of clotting
Test tubes
1 min 2 mins 3 mins 4 mins 5 mins

B C C ca
P ( acidic )

Q ( neutral ) A
A A
B B
R ( alkaline )
A
A AA A

PH Activity of renin
[3]

(b) State a conclusion for these results. Link between independent + results
Optimum pH for the renin enzyme is acidic where it clots quickly
...................................................................................................................................................

Renin doesn’t work at alkaline solution

...................................................................................................................................................

Renin works slowly in water ( neutral conditions )

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Activity of enzyme Out come / results

Stage of clotting Way of measuring the results

© UCLES 2018 0610/61/M/J/18 SpeP/

[Turn over
 4

(c) (i) Suggest why, in step 8, all of the test-tubes were placed into a water-bath for three
minutes before mixing the contents together in step 9.

Equilibration
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State two variables that were kept constant in this investigation.

Volume of milk Number of drops

1 ........................................................................................................................................

Concentration /volume of enzyme added

2 ........................................................................................................................................
Temperature
[2]

(d) Identify four sources of error in this investigation.

Drops as they might be of different size

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Tip and rotate is not standardized

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
No repeats
3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Subjective judgment of end point

4 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(e) Identify one hazard associated with this procedure that would require the use of eye
protection.

Used acids and alkalis which are irritants

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Hazards ……dangerous
A) acid / alkali / H2O2 …benedict’s / biuret ….irritants
B) cutting …..
C) ethanol , flame

© UCLES 2018 0610/61/M/J/18

B Draw a table
Dependent variable / unit
Independent
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Dependent variable / unit

Independent
0 mins 5 mins 10 mins 15 mins
 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 6 E y a a i al ri io

11 Page 2 October/november2017 Syllabus-0610 Paper 62

Cover pages
Paper 6 tips
Bicarbonate
Independent Outcome / results
indicator

r
C.V

ab
lG
Source of error …improvement use a pH meter
iha
In accurate …. Same mass

C.V
.N

-
Dr

Oxygen

Dependent
Source of error …subjective judgment

Dr.Nihal Gabr 091

Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 6 E y a a i al ri io

r
ab
Carry out the experiment without the factor causing
lG the change
1. To compare the results
2. To show that factor under investigation is
responsible for the change observed
iha
Color intensity
Petridish PH 0 mins
.N

10 mins 20 mins

A 7 1 2. 2
B 2 1. 1. 1
Dr

C 3 1. 1. 1
D 8 1. 2. 3
E 9
1. 2. 3

2,3 then 7 , then 8,9

Dr.Nihal Gabr 092

 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 6 E y a a i al ri io

To compare at different pH and no pH / to compare and

observe the effect of pH .

r
ab
Lemon juice
Low pH
lG
iha
Volume of the solution added
.N

Adding 20 cm3
Dr

To allow oxygen to enter , its needed for reaction

Acid , alkali ,
H2O2 …
irritants
Flame
Cutting
Cutting
Cut away from your fingers and on a chopping board

Dr.Nihal Gabr 093

Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 6 E y a a i al ri io

Subjective method

Cutting of apple to different size

Use same mass

r
ab
lG
iha
Indep.
m

Independent-> Carry out the experiment under 6 different temperatures

( 20,25,30, 35, 40, 45C).
o
I
.N

Using a thermostatic water bath to maintain the

Methodology ->

experimental temperature.
Dr

& . Allow test tubes with enzyme and those with substrate to stay in the
water bath at each exp. temp for 5 mins to allow equilibration. Then mix
them together.
&

controlledvariable -> Same pH using buffer solution, enzyme concentration,

substrate concentration and volume .
Time interval -> Leave them for 10 mins .
①Dependent- Use colorimeter to measure the colour intensity where the
optimum temperature will give the highest colour intensity
Repeat ->
Repeat 3 more time at each temperature to take average and reduce
error.

Dr.Nihal Gabr 094