12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

Exam in Solar Energy

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Questions based from topics in Solar Energy

Questions are presented in Multiple-Choice Question or Multiple-Answer Question.

What distinguishes lithium-ion batteries from other types in terms of

characteristics?

They have high energy density, longer cycle life, and lightweight design.

They have a long cycle life and high discharge rate capability.

They are made from multiple crystal structures.

They are known for their scalability and potentially longer cycle life.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What role do charge controllers play in a PV system, and how do MPPT charge
controllers differ from PWM charge controllers?

Charge controllers convert DC to AC; MPPT controllers have load control

functionality, while PWM controllers are suitable for systems with consistent
shading conditions.

Charge controllers manage the electrical load connected to the system; MPPT
controllers continuously adjust the operating point of the solar panels to ensure
maximum power output, while PWM controllers work with wind turbines.

Charge controllers regulate the flow of electricity between PV modules and inverters;
MPPT controllers optimize the entire PV array, while PWM controllers switch
between full charging voltage and zero voltage.

Charge controllers prevent overcharging and prolong battery life; MPPT controllers
track the maximum power point of the panels under varying conditions, while PWM
controllers regulate the voltage provided to the battery by rapidly switching between
full charging voltage and zero voltage.

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What is the primary function of charge controllers in a PV system?

To regulate the charging and discharging of batteries.

To convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

To improve the quality of electricity generated.

To combine multiple strings of solar panels into a single output.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What is the characteristic of molten salt storage in solar thermal systems?

It changes the temperature of a material without changing its phase.

It involves a mixture of salts retaining heat at high temperatures.

It uses reversible chemical reactions for heat storage.

It changes the phase of a material to store thermal energy.

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Which collector type is commonly used in solar water heating systems for
residential and commercial applications?

Concentrating Collectors

Evacuated Tube Collectors

Integral Collector-Storage Systems

Flat-Plate Collectors

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How can renewable technologies address energy poverty in remote or underserved

regions?

Through scalable solutions like off-grid solar and decentralized systems

By promoting reliance on fossil fuels in these regions

By increasing dependence on centralized energy grids

By limiting access to energy in remote areas

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

Why do crystalline silicon solar cells dominate the market?

Because they are not affected by external conditions

Due to their low efficiency

Due to their reliability and efficiency

Because of their flexibility

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Which type of solar thermal collector is known for achieving higher temperatures
by focusing sunlight onto a smaller area?

Concentrating Collectors

Integral Collector-Storage Systems

Evacuated Tube Collectors

Flat-Plate Collectors

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How does diversifying the energy mix with renewables enhance energy security?

By importing more fossil fuels from geopolitically stable regions

By relying solely on a single energy source

By decreasing the use of renewables in the energy mix

By decentralizing and locally sourcing renewable energy

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

Why is CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) used in thin-film solar cells, and
what distinguishes it from other materials?

CIGS has a high absorption coefficient and flexibility

CIGS is cost-effective but not flexible

CIGS has a low absorption coefficient and is rigid

CIGS is only suitable for small-scale applications

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How does the choice of inverter relate to the PV system's design?

Inverters optimize the placement and orientation of PV modules.

Inverters match the capacity of the PV array.

Inverters determine the economic viability of the system.

Inverters evaluate the upfront costs of the project.

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What role does the p-n junction play in the photovoltaic conversion process?

It increases reflection in solar cells, enhancing light absorption.

It blocks the flow of electrons, preventing electricity generation.

It establishes an electric field that facilitates the separation of charge carriers,

allowing the flow of electrons when sunlight strikes the semiconductor.

It creates an anti-reflective coating to maximize light absorption.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What does the zenith angle represent, and when is it zero?

The compass direction from which sunlight is coming; it is zero when the Sun is in
the south.

The angle between the Sun and the Earth's equator; it is zero during the equinox.

The time since solar noon; it is zero at solar noon.

The angle between the Sun and a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface; it is zero
when the Sun is directly overhead.

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What has contributed to the competitiveness of solar energy with traditional

sources?

Rising greenhouse gas emissions

Escalating levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for solar

Increased dependence on fossil fuels

Advancements in solar technology reducing production costs

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What makes solar energy a prominent renewable source?

Limited availability during the night

Dependence on fossil fuels for production

Its association with wind energy

Abundance and sustainability derived from the sun

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What is the photovoltaic effect, and how is it initiated within semiconductor

materials?

It is the reflection of sunlight from semiconductor materials; it occurs when light

particles strike the semiconductor.

It is the reduction of light absorption in solar cells; it occurs when photons strike the
semiconductor.

It is the generation of an electric current in response to sunlight; it occurs when

photons strike semiconductor materials, creating electron-hole pairs.

It is the conversion of electricity into sunlight; it occurs when electrons are excited
within the semiconductor.

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What advantage do bifacial solar cells have over traditional solar cells?

Bifacial cells utilize organic compounds.

Bifacial cells are more flexible.

Bifacial cells are less efficient.

Bifacial cells can capture sunlight from both the front and rear sides, enhancing
energy yield.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

How do microinverters differ from string inverters?

Microinverters are primarily used in off-grid systems.

Microinverters connect to multiple strings and are suitable for large-scale

installations.

Microinverters connect multiple PV modules in series.

Microinverters are installed on each PV module, allowing for independent operation.

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What is the primary focus of ongoing research regarding perovskite solar cells?

Developing new materials for solar cells

Achieving low-cost manufacturing and enhancing efficiency

Increasing the cost of manufacturing

Reducing efficiency

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Which type of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) system uses parabolic-shaped

mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver tube running along the focal line?

Solar Tower Systems

Solar Dish Systems

Parabolic Trough Systems

Fresnel Reflectors

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What is a characteristic feature of thin-film solar cells?

They use various materials, offering flexibility and integration into different surfaces.

They are known for their high power output.

They are limited to specific applications.

They are made exclusively of monocrystalline silicon.

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How does transitioning to renewable sources contribute to lessen climate change?

By reducing reliance on renewable energy

By offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to burning fossil fuels

By increasing the use of fossil fuels

By releasing more greenhouse gases

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What is the function of the back contact in a solar cell?

To enhance light absorption in the semiconductor layer

To establish an electric field within the semiconductor

To complete the circuit for the generated electricity to be utilized by collecting

electrons.

To create an anti-reflective coating for maximizing light absorption

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What characteristic distinguishes renewable sources like solar and wind from finite
fossil fuels in terms of resource conservation?

They require the burning of fossil fuels for production

They harness Earth's natural processes without depleting finite resources

They have a limited impact on resource conservation

They deplete finite resources at a faster rate

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In off-grid or hybrid PV systems, what is the function of energy storage systems?

To store excess electricity generated during sunny periods.

To improve the quality of electricity generated.

To regulate the charging and discharging of batteries.

To convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

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What is the purpose of tracking systems in a PV system?

To improve the quality of electricity generated.

To provide support and position the PV modules.

To adjust the position of PV modules to follow the sun, maximizing sunlight

exposure.

To regulate the charging and discharging of batteries.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

Which CSP system uses an array of mirrors (heliostats) to reflect sunlight onto a
receiver at the top of a tower?

Fresnel Reflectors

Parabolic Trough Systems

Solar Tower Systems

Solar Dish Systems

Clear selection

Why is the hour angle crucial for determining the optimal tilt and orientation of
solar panels?

It represents how high the Sun is in the sky.

It indicates the position of the Sun in the sky, affecting the angle of incidence of
solar radiation.

It determines the compass direction from which sunlight is coming.

It measures the time since solar noon.

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What is the primary function of inverters in a PV system?

To manage multiple sources of energy, including wind turbines or generators.

To regulate the charging and discharging of batteries.

To convert direct current (DC) generated by PV modules into alternating current (AC).

To support and position the PV modules.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

In which example is molten salt storage as a component of solar thermal storage?

The Gemasolar CSP plant in Spain

The CRETE (Concrete for Thermal Energy Storage) project

Solar water heaters with PCM-filled containers

Using paraffin wax as a PCM in solar water heating systems

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What is the solar declination, and how does it vary throughout the year?

The angle between the Sun and the Earth's equator; it remains constant year-round.

The angle between the Sun and the Earth's equator; it varies due to the tilt of the
Earth's axis, impacting sunlight at different latitudes.

The angle between the Sun and a line perpendicular to the Earth's surface; it changes
with the Earth's rotation.

The time since solar noon; it varies with latitude.

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What factors are considered in properly sizing a PV system?

Financial incentives and payback period.

Solar resource availability and shading.

Energy demand, available sunlight, and component efficiency.

Inverter selection and system functionality.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy

What is the primary purpose of a thorough site assessment in PV system design?

Evaluating financial incentives for the project.

Assessing the economic viability of the system.

Determining the capacity of the PV system.

Optimal placement and orientation of PV modules.

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What is the primary purpose of combiner boxes in a PV system?

To combine multiple strings of solar panels into a single output.

To adjust the position of solar panels to follow the sun.

To regulate the charging and discharging of batteries.

To convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

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How is thermal efficiency calculated for a solar thermal collector?

The percentage of collector area exposed to sunlight.

The ratio of useful heat output to solar radiation absorbed.

The temperature increase achieved by the collector.

The ratio of absorbed sunlight to collector design.

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12/10/23, 1:55 PM Exam in Solar Energy
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