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This technique has been successfully commercialized by FemtoMetrix, a company specializing in
optical nonvisual defect metrology for surface, buried, and structural irregularities. However, it
should be noted that only the oven annealing method can be used to smooth the internal walls of
hollow microstructures, which are not accessible to any mechanical polishing tools. It can thus
achieve microfluidic LOC platforms with unique scale-down (?m)-scale-up (mm) characteristics and
robustness for easy handling. As seen in the optical micrograph in Figure 12b, highly localized
yellow fluorescence was observed in the waveguide when the channel was filled with a dye solution.
It should be noted that the key issue during the fabrication process is how to achieve metallization of
the sidewalls of the microfluidic structure. Search engine via Google via DuckDuckGo via Bing via
Ecosia via You via Presearch via Qwant via Yahoo via Startpage Search (opens an external link in a
new window) To start page English: Alternative page languages Deutsch University The Faculty of
Mathematics and. The silver SERS substrates could be shaped into designed patterns, and could be
precisely located at the desired position in the microchannel. Electro-orientation of Euglena cells in a
microfluidic channel ( e ) before applying an electric field; ( f ) when an electric field (?20 Vp-p, 0.9
MHz) was applied and ( g ) when the electric field was turned off. Optofluidic microchips fabricated
using femtosecond lasers have been used to determine the functions of living microorganisms,
determine the concentrations of liquid samples, detect and manipulate single cells, and rapidly screen
algae populations. Femtosecond laser-written quasi-phase-matched waveguides in lithium niobate.
Zhang for assisting in the computation of the transform-limited pulse duration; and, Drs E. Journal
of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). The artificial saturable
absorber replaces and outperforms the standard use of a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror,
which has a reduced amplitude modulation depth and a low damage threshold that restricts the
intracavity pulse energy. The most straightforward technique is to find the laser conditions to obtain
a refractive index increase with respect to the unmodified material. Editor’s Choice articles are based
on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Note that a
valuable resource for custom fs fiber laser fabrication is an outstanding and comprehensive
description of a home-built frequency comb fiber laser system for ultrafast spectroscopy by Allison
and colleagues using simple splicing techniques 16. Thus, each scheme of 3D processing has both
advantages and disadvantages. Here, we present a practical protocol to fabricate an all-normal-
dispersion ytterbium (Yb)-doped femtosecond fiber laser oscillator using commercially-available
parts (plus standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories) as well as basic fiber splicing
and laser pulse characterization equipment. This field emerged in the 2000 s when both microfluidics
and nanophotonics were maturing, and their synergy became feasible. Nano-aquarium for dynamic
observation of living cells fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing of photostructurable glass.
Again due to the characteristics of MPA, the effective processing profile of a femtosecond laser
beam can be much narrower than its Gaussian intensity profile, as indicated in Figure 4a. Single-shot
measurements and direct real-time pulse characterization would be ideal for pulse diagnostics but are
intractable due to the fast repetition rates (MHz) and ultrashort pulse durations (fs). This process has
enabled optofluidic components to be precisely embedded within the fiber to be probed by either the
single-mode fiber core waveguide or the laser-formed optical circuits. This effect is obvious for
femtosecond lasers with a low repetition rate (a few kHz or less), even for a high repetition rate (a
few hundred kHz or more), such a process can effectively suppress the formation of a heat-affected
zone (HAZ), thus enabling the fabrication of fine structures with micro- or nanoscale features. The
undeformative processing preforms internal refractive index modification to construct optical
microcomponents including optical waveguides. This review paper describes the principles and
applications of femtosecond laser 3D micro- and nanofabrication for lab-on-a-chip applications.
Integration of femtosecond laser written optical waveguides in a lab-on-chip. Validation and
perspectives of a femtosecond laser fabricated monolithic optical stretcher. Additionally, photonic-
crystal fibers with a periodic cladding exhibit strong third-order dispersion with little second-order
dispersion, a combination that is very difficult to compensate for by material dispersion, prism and
grating arrangements, or combinations thereof. Until now, microfluidic sensors have mainly been
manufactured using soft lithography, which is carried out using the optically transparent, soft
elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
Cleanable structure filtering red blood cells form a suspension in a microchannel (E); the insert
shows the pore size of the filter. Search engine via Google via DuckDuckGo via Bing via Ecosia via
You via Presearch via Qwant via Yahoo via Startpage Search (opens an external link in a new
window) To start page English: Alternative page languages Deutsch University The Faculty of
Mathematics and. Such a device allows for simultaneous observations of stretching of DNA
molecules in the two nanochannel arrays. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI).
The positioning accuracy was demonstrated by selectively excite-stacked fluorescent beads of 3 ?m
diameter. An established set of techniques, called picosecond laser acoustics (PLA), measures layer
thickness and images critical alignment markers under opaque layers. As shown in Figure 1a,
femtosecond laser pulses (360 fs pulse duration) at a central wavelength of 1030 nm were used to
ablate selected regions of a highly multicore POF. From left to right, the position control can be
appreciated, with one waveguide slightly above the microfluidic channel, one slightly below and
three perfectly centred (in the third image the microfluidic channel is out of focus to allow
visualization of the centred optical waveguides). Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond
laser. Menlo Systems' lasers are commonly used for high-speed spectroscopy, optical metrology, and
attosecond pulse generation. Femtosecond laser 3D micromachining: a powerful tool for the
fabrication of microfluidic, optofluidic, and electrofluidic devices based on glass. The challenge is
that it is possible to obtain seemingly mode-locked pulse trains and even multiphoton images in what
is often described as noise-like or partially mode-locked operation 19, 20, 25. All of these fiber laser
systems now provide power levels sufficient to drive multi-wavelength systems with synchronized
pulses using wavelength-shifting techniques 32, 33, 34, which will pave the way towards the
development of novel ultrafast, nonlinear imaging techniques. Compared with existing techniques,
this approach is based on a unique MPA process within an ultrashort duration, which offers the
advantages of eliminating thermal diffusion, internal processing, sub-diffraction-limited resolution
and the capability of multifunctional integration. In particular, it allows the incorporation of different
components into a monolithic chip to create new exciting functionalities. The silver SERS substrates
could be shaped into designed patterns, and could be precisely located at the desired position in the
microchannel. The trendline is a quadratic fit indicating a two-photon excitation process (linear for
the double logarithmic plot against squared power). ( c ) Multiphoton excited autofluorescence from
an unstained, fixed brine shrimp sample. ( d ) Second harmonic generation from collagen fibrils
(cyan) and multiphoton excited fluorescence from fluorescently-stained cells (magenta) in a freshly
excised chicken tissue specimen stained with rhodamine B. The preparation of polymer
microstructures with femtosecond lasers is based on the multiphoton absorption of the material;
therefore, this process is also called multiphoton polymerization (MPP); in the vast majority of the
cases it means TPP. A dichroic mirror and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera connected to the
computer are installed above the focusing lens to enable the fabrication process to be monitored in
real time. For obvious reasons, the target techniques are those that do not require fluorescent labels or
transgenic proteins such as green fluorescent protein to generate an image. Low-loss curved
waveguides in polymers written with a femtosecond laser. The ability to flexibly process a variety of
glass allows fabrication of microfluidic sensors with feature sizes from millimeters to tens of
nanometers, thus facilitating on-chip investigation of microorganisms, cells and even large biological
molecules (e.g., protein and DNA molecules). Various types of materials and structures can be used
to construct electrochromic devices, depending on the specific applications. The femtosecond laser-
based additive processes deposit 2D or 3D microstructures onto a substrate that were originally not
there. The single-mode fiber portion is then used to hold the fiber in the V-groove to achieve a flat
cleave angle prior to splicing. Wise and colleagues most recently reported the innovation of a self-
seeded Mamyshev oscillator, which is a promising advance towards making this new laser design
practical 31. The span of our investigation ranges from free electrons, atoms and molecules in the gas
phase to dye molecules and colloidal quantum dots in solution, as well as excitation and removal
(ablation) mechanisms in solids and organic tissue. In this process, the water plays the role of
removing the eventual debris from the laser-ablated regions during drilling. That is, the laser average
power is divided among fs and sub-fs pulses such that multiphoton excitation is much less efficient
for PML operation. Zhang for assisting in the computation of the transform-limited pulse duration;
and, Drs E.
The two steps of manufacturing process, 3D microchannels fabrication and injection with metal
gallium into the fused silica channels, are schematically shown in Figure 5-I along with optical
images of etched and injected microchanels (Figure 5-II ). It was first demonstrated by Zhou et al.,
that it was possible to fabricate SERS substrates with a controllable EF using FsLDW on Ag-doped
phosphate glass followed by electroless plating. Another functional biochip fabricated by the hybrid
technique represented an optofluidic platform consisting of 3D microlens array integrated with
center pass units. This nonlinear absorption will initiate the polymerization reaction, in which
development depends on the photoresist used. Supplementary information Supplementary
Information Supplementary Video 1 Supplementary Video 2 Supplementary Video 3 Rights and
permissions. As illustrated in Figure 12e, the fiber taper was first brought close to the microtoroid
using a 3D nano-positioning stage to achieve critical coupling. If a cell or particle flows into a
channel, it casts a shadow on the photodetector. Since this approach does not rely on etch selectivity,
it is easier to implement and is more environmentally friendly. The process combines concepts from
electromagnetic radiation research and fiber optics. We fabricate high quality waveguides intersecting
the microfluidic channels and use them to optically address with high spatial selectivity their
content. This causes the cross-sectional shape of microfluidic channels to be elliptical, which is not
suitable for many microfluidic applications. A similar structure is also used as the terahertz detector.
When two reactants pass the Y channel and mix together, this combination of substrates can detect
both the reactants and the reaction products. Femtosecond laser-assisted three-dimensional
microfabrication in silica. It is also of great interest to develop biological platforms for femtosecond
lasers which offer new 3D cell culture models. Upon energy absorption, the photoinitiator splits into
the free radicals that start a chain polymerization reaction. Direct writing target structures by two-
photon polymerization. Its unique capability for 3D integration of functional microcomponents
makes it a powerful state-of-the-art micromachining tool, in particular for fabrication of microfluidic
sensors. As a result, the optical force laser beam pushed the target cell into the buffer solution to
eventually sort it out in the desired outlet channel. Three-dimensional Mach-Zehnder interferometer
in a microfluidic chip for spatially-resolved label-free detection. Femtosecond laser three-
dimensional micro-and nanofabrication. The trendline is a quadratic fit indicating a two-photon
excitation process (linear for the double logarithmic plot against squared power). ( c ) Multiphoton
excited autofluorescence from an unstained, fixed brine shrimp sample. ( d ) Second harmonic
generation from collagen fibrils (cyan) and multiphoton excited fluorescence from fluorescently-
stained cells (magenta) in a freshly excised chicken tissue specimen stained with rhodamine B.
Additive processing, in which new structures are created on the original sample. The sample is an
unstained, autofluorescent brine shrimp specimen. ( b ) Line profiles corresponding to the dashed
lines in a indicate varying signal and noise levels for each mode of operation. The optical
micrographs on the top-right show the time evolution of channel formation in aqueous HF at ambient
temperature (both ends of the channels shown). Optics-integrated microfluidic platforms for
biomolecular analyses. The dispersion characteristics of chirped photonic-crystal fibers resemble
those of simple hollow-core capillaries but without exhibiting comparable losses.As a further test for
the potential of chirped photonic-crystal fibers, 13 fs pulses from a Ti:sapphire oscillator were
launched into conventional hollow fibers with strictly periodic cladding (Crystal Fibre HC 800-1)
and their chirped counterparts (see Fig. 2). Click here to enlarge FIGURE 2. Subtractive processing,
in which the irradiated material is removed from the original sample. The inset shows an SEM image
of silver nanoparticles coated on the structured surface. Rhodamine 6G was then used as a probing
molecule to investigate the enhancement of Raman signals from the substrate.
The SHG light signal can be used to image and detect various features and properties of wafer
surfaces and subsurfaces. This situation is particularly unsatisfactory for delivery of Ti:sapphire
oscillator pulses, with their nanojoule-level energy: such pulses immediately experience massive
distortions from self-phase modulation when coupled into solid-core fiber. As the cores in the POF
are closely packed, the laser modification results in removal of a group of cores forming a conical-
like structure as shown in Figure 1c, which makes the emission characteristics highly sensitive to
input light launching. In fiber lasers, the high optical intensity inside the fiber can give rise to pulse
distortions that significantly reduce their utility. The control unit houses the field replaceable pump
diodes, isolating temperature effects from the taccor itself, and provides intelligent control that
monitors laser performance and carries out diagnostics analysis. It was found that CO 2 secreted
from the seedling root attracted Phormidium in the presence of light. Schematic diagrams of
fabrication procedures for ( a ) microfluidic structures in Foturan or fused silica glass; ( b ) micro- or
nanofluidic structures in porous glass; ( c ) microelectronic structures on glass; and ( d ) 3D polymer
micro- and nanostructures on glass substrates by two-photon polymerization (TPP). Femtosecond
laser-assisted three-dimensional microfabrication in silica. Strain field manipulation in ultrafast laser
inscribed bib 3 o 6 optical waveguides for nonlinear applications. The microfluidic channel in this
system was first fabricated in fused silica using the technique described above. Ultrafast laser
inscription: perspectives on future integrated applications. Three-dimensionally crossing manifold
micro-mixer for fast mixing in a short channel length. Developing optofluidic technology through the
fusion of microfluidics and optics. It was also evidenced that during cell sorting, the cell population
maintained cellular integrity (Figure 4B ). Straightforward 3D hydrodynamic focusing in
femtosecond laser fabricated microfluidic channels. Multiphoton ionization occurs when multiple
photons are absorbed by an electron in the valence band, leading to a promotion to the conduction
band. This decoupling between energy absorption and lattice heating, together with the fact that
short pulses need less energy to achieve the intensity for optical breakdown, allows obtaining more
precise machining with femtosecond lasers than with longer pulse lasers. Moreover, the high
flexibility of this technology allows to introduce a forth category in which these different regimes
are mixed in what we call “hybrid processing”. 3 Undeformative processing Femtosecond lasers are
an extremely versatile tool for the fabrication of optical circuits due to its 3D nature and its high
versatility in terms of processing material. Spring Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA Bryan Q. Fabrication and characterization of
photonicdevices directly written in glass usingfemtosecond laser pulses. Optofluidic integrated cell
sorter fabricated by femtosecond lasers. Two-photon polymerized scaffold structures to study various
aspects of cell growth are extensively studied. The femtosecond laser-based additive processes
deposit 2D or 3D microstructures onto a substrate that were originally not there. He has a PhD in
physics (2012) from the University of Porto, and he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Photonics
Group of the University of Toronto in 2013. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements,
characteristics and applications. Consecutive pulse interference and other methods have been
developed to reveal the features of partially mode-locked pulses 19, 20, 25, however, these methods
add complexity and cost to design and to custom-build the diagnostic tools. Typical timescales
during interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with transparent materials. The detectable optical signal
originates from the PhC’s stop band shift when the analyte, bound to the PhC, changes its refractive
index. In a test using p -ATP, as shown in Figure 14f, the SERS signal was measured at three
locations (A, B and C), and the difference in peak intensity was less than 3%, indicating the
excellent uniformity of the SERS substrate. 5.5. Micro- and Nanofluidic Bioassays In the fields of
microbiology, cell biology and molecular biology, observations are usually performed using a glass
slide with a coverslip, or using a Petri dish. The LOC device with microfilters was fabricated for
sorting 1 to 10-?m diameter microparticles in water.
Such a device can be used to achieve electro-orientation of asymmetric living cells or microorganisms
such as Euglena gracilis moving in a microfluidic channel. Full size image These diagnostic
measurements illustrate key signatures for distinguishing the various modes of operation. A range of
intriguing applications of this porous glass for femtosecond laser microfabrication will be discussed
in Section 4. We used a commercial CE chip (model D8-LIF from LioniX BV). Gout, Urate, and
Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). Under an applied voltage, a net electrostatic force causes the
mobile element to move downward. The composite signal from the four quadrants is characteristic of
the shape of the particle going through the channel. A concrete advantage of such structures appears
when they are integrated in glass microfluidic structures which proves very beneficial for fabrication
of highly functional biochips, although the microfluidic structures must be prepared in advance by
other technique. Thanks to the development of stable, reliable femtosecond laser systems with high
output power, femtosecond laser processing has been already used for some industrial and
commercial applications in the automotive, electronics, and medical fields. Another important benefit
of femtosecond laser microfabrication is that it can be used to machine transparent materials in a 3D
space-selective manner, because MPA only occurs in the beam focal volume, where the light
intensity is sufficiently high. This configuration ensured the efficient generation of diffusion-based
gradient of the chemoattractant along the submicrometric polymer channels during hours of
experimental observation. This unique characteristic allows reproducible and controllable processing
to be performed using femtosecond lasers. Low-loss curved waveguides in polymers written with a
femtosecond laser. It was also evidenced that during cell sorting, the cell population maintained
cellular integrity (Figure 4B ). Material in the laser interaction region is then ejected in a very short
time in the form of hot dense plasma, leaving the local lattice still “cold”. On the other hand, for
laser pulse durations significantly longer than the electron-phonon coupling time, although the
radiation energy is first transferred to the electrons, the electrons transfer it to the lattice before the
pulse has terminated. A notch filter (Semrock, model NF01-532U-25) and an interference filter
(Corion, model 560-101-6952, 10 nm bandwidth at 560 nm) are placed between the collimation and
focusing lenses. As seen in Figure 14a, a femtosecond laser pulse is tightly focused on the
microchannel bed to fabricate the SERS substrate by photoreduction of the silver precursor. In
addition, it can be applied to an already fabricated LOC without affecting the layout and the
manufacturing procedure of the microfluidic part of the device, thus greatly simplifying the
production process (in particular the sealing of the device) and taking advantage of the several
already-well-developed designs for microfluidic chips. This is impactful for researchers who will
need to build new infrastructure for fiber optic fabrication and who otherwise do not have access to
this equipment. While the chirped photonic-crystal fiber broadened the original pulse to only 26 fs
after one meter of propagation, the HC800 fiber lengthened the pulse to several picoseconds, which
clearly shows the superiority of the chirped-fiber approach for short lengths of fiber. Selective
metallization using FsLDW is expected to be applied to a variety of sensing applications such as
electrofluidics, SERS sensors, and plasmonics. In a first step, laser ablation was employed to
fabricate microfluidic channels in glass substrates. The use of a focused femtosecond laser beam can
significantly reduce thermal effects during material processing, due to the fact that most of the
energy associated with the pulse can be deposited into electrons before being transferred to the
lattice when the pulse duration is shorter than the electron-phonon coupling time (typically several to
a few tens of picoseconds), as indicated by the red shaded region in Figure 1. Therefore, the present
work also contributes basic concepts and protocols to distinguish the major classes of laser operating
modes. Using acousto-optical higher order dispersion compensating compressor or by creating shape-
specific pulse trains (pump-probe, quantum control etc. Attachment of a fiber taper to the sidewall of
a microtoroid was realized by welding using CO 2 laser irradiation. It is over the scope of this review
to give a detailed insight into photonic devices inscribed by FLP, but we will briefly report the
different strategies presented in the literature and give a more detailed view of those involving LOC
applications. This give rises to significant thermal diffusion, and consequently a reduction in
fabrication quality and achievable resolution. (2) Internal processing. Schematic configuration of
general femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) system.
A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies. The entire rotor was integrated with a
light guide also polymerized on the same cover slide. Fabrication and characterization of
photonicdevices directly written in glass usingfemtosecond laser pulses. Femtosecond Laser
Fabrication of Monolithically Integrated Microfluidic Sensors in Glass. Subtractive processing, in
which the irradiated material is removed from the original sample. Subwavelength direct laser
patterning of conductive gold nanostructures by simultaneous photopolymerization and
photoreduction. Common biochemical testing platforms that allow assays with an array of a hundred
different reagents with a microliter volume are thus replaced by the LOC assembling that can reduce
the volume to nano- to picoliter levels. The selective etching ratio enhancement in Foturan glass is
the result of a photochemical reaction, while in fused silica, it is caused by a photophysical process.
Whenever that second strategy is not enough to implement good WGs, researchers have followed a
third architecture by defining a closed cladding by the femtosecond laser irradiated regions (see
Figure 1C ). The microelectrodes were connected to an external power supply, and an electric field
was produced between the reservoirs, allowing electrofluidic manipulation of the cells. More
importantly, it can be applied to any material that is transparent to the writing pulses. The hole
diameter is indicated by the red dashed line; ( b ) SEM micrograph of nanometer-scale hole
fabricated in glass. Multiphoton ionization occurs when multiple photons are absorbed by an
electron in the valence band, leading to a promotion to the conduction band. Clearly, commercial
systems with an enclosure, turn-key operation and automated alignment provide significant ease-of-
use and industrial grade safety features; therefore, commercial femtosecond solid-state and fiber
laser systems remain the best choice for many laboratories and core facilities. Furthermore, such
microfluidic systems allow microorganisms to remain active for a long time, since little or no
evaporation or leakage of water occurs. The silver SERS substrates could be shaped into designed
patterns, and could be precisely located at the desired position in the microchannel. Our
supercontinuum generation kit spectrally broadens fs pulses near 800 nm. The radius of curvature
was 18 mm, determined by the laser-induced refractive index change. The fiber end-face was then
SERS-activated by silver electroless plating. Briefly, adjustments are made by systematic rotation of
the waveplates while monitoring the spectrum (optical spectrum analyzer) and pulse train
(oscilloscope) of the amplified, highly chirped pulse as the primary, real-time indicators of mode-
locking (followed by further pulse diagnostics). Moreover, because the ultrafast laser machining
ablates a group of cores in the POF, tuning can be done of the emission profile and the light
outputting direction from the microwindows by core-dependent coupling at the proximal end of the
POF. Two-component polymer scaffolds for controlled three-dimensional cell culture. Please note
that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. This
nonlinear absorption will initiate the polymerization reaction, in which development depends on the
photoresist used. Beloglasov (Nanostructured Glass Technology, Saratov, Russia) for manufacturing
chirped photonic-crystal fibers. This leads to increased roughness and a strong enhancement of the
SERS signal. Chicken fibroblast cells preferentially attaching onto the ORMOCOMP cubes (B). It is
supposed that femtosecond laser pulses locally modify the crystalline state inside Nd:YAG network
producing bonds braking and micro-cracks. Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly
(dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies. Direct writing target structures by two-photon
polymerization.
Consecutive pulse interference and other methods have been developed to reveal the features of
partially mode-locked pulses 19, 20, 25, however, these methods add complexity and cost to design
and to custom-build the diagnostic tools. The smooth spectral profile of PML operation results from
time-averaging of the fluctuations among highly structured individual pulse spectra 19, 20. Both the
numerical aperture and the diameter of the optical fiber were selected in order to maximize the
collected fluorescence and limit the effect of stray light. Two competing nonlinear absorption
phenomena are responsible for plasma activation: multiphoton ionization and tunneling ionization.
The combination of non-linear absorption and heat accumulation effects that occur during the
irradiation process leads to cross-migration of the lanthanum and potassium ions. Among them, the
production of photonic and microfluidic components has been particularly successful. 1 Direct laser
writing of subsurface structures 2 is based on the use of an ultrafast laser beam that is focused
underneath the surface. The seed source is generally a mode-locked fiber oscillator for oscillating
output of the femtosecond laser; the fiber amplifier can be a pumping form using forward, return or
bidirectional, and the doped fiber can be double-clad or single-package. The ability to create
arbitrary 3D structures within transparent substrates by the use of femtosecond lasers enables the
production of novel device architectures with enhanced functionality and improved compactness. (3)
Sub-diffraction-limited resolution. Our software posts the PDF data sheet into the correct category.
Y-junctions based on circular depressed-cladding waveguides fabricated with femtosecond pulses in
Nd:YAG crystal: a route to integrate complex photonic circuits in crystals. Microorganisms and cells
can be oriented by applying an alternating current (AC) electric field, due to the interaction between
the dipole moment induced by the electric field and the electric field itself. This allows, for instance,
to prepare a functional chip with a consecutive FLAE and TPP process, with FLAE and
undeformative WG generation or even with the combination of the three. Seven lenses were
arranged across a 280 ?m wide microfluidic channel focusing white light with them; cells were
introduced to the channel, and when a cell passed over a lens, the light intensity focused by that lens
dropped considerably and the cell was counted. Three-dimensional femtosecond laser processing for
lab-on-a-chip applications. These pores form a 3D connective network which allows liquid to flow
through the entire glass volume. Next Article in Special Issue Micro-Fabricated DC Comparison
Calorimeter for RF Power Measurement. Moreover, due to this nonlinear nature, the modification
will take place just near the focal region, and thus by translating the sample with respect to the laser
beam, we will create arbitrary 3D modified regions embedded in the pristine sample. Optical WGs,
the basic building block of micro-photonic devices, can be easily fabricated in glasses, crystals, or
polymers in an undeformative way. It is expect that these difficulties will be gradually overcome in
the future. Hybrid subtractive-additive-welding microfabrication for lab-on-chip applications via
single amplified femtosecond laser source. However, despite their valuable contribution in novel
biosensors, there is an urgent push to enhance their light delivery and collection capabilities for in
vivo sensing applications. First, the use of high NA optics results in a tight, micron-scale waist, and
second, because two-photon absorption depends on the square of peak power, the delivered laser
power can be adjusted so that only a small central region within the beam waist causes
polymerization. The light-emission profile from a microwindow strongly depends upon the shape of
the ablated crater and light incidence angle. We introduced microfluidic components and optical
resonator cavities around the guiding core waveguide, as well as into laser-structured fiber cladding
optical circuits. The microtool consisted of three spheroids where the optical tweezers can trap it and
a disk-shaped part to which the cell can bind (Figure 8D ). In order to achieve a high EF, a variety of
fabrication techniques have been developed for SERS substrates, many of which consist of
roughening the surface by some means and then depositing noble metal nanoparticles. Three-
dimensional hole drilling of silica glass from the rear surface with femtosecond laser pulses. The
optical micrographs on the top-right show the time evolution of channel formation in aqueous HF at
ambient temperature (both ends of the channels shown). New femtosecond lasers are making two-
photon polymerization techniques more economically viable. As shown in the schematic illustration in
Figure 15f the device consists of two nanochannel arrays with different widths, lengths and depths
embedded in a single glass substrate.