Printed Pages:02 Sub Code: KCA-105

MCA
(SEM I) THEORY EXAMINATION 2022-23
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
Question .1 Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20
(a) Compare computer hardware and software with example.
(b) What is the function of output unit?
(c) Define the term operating system.
(d) Discuss the limitations of local area network.
(e) Write a short note on the concept of Internet of things.
(f) Explain the function of web browser in short.
(g) Briefly explain any two application areas of block chain.
(h) Differentiate between public and private cloud.
(i) State features of quantum computing.
(j) Define the term green computing
 Answer .1

(a) Comparison between Computer Hardware and Software:

 Hardware: Physical components of a computer system, such as CPU,
memory, motherboard, and peripherals. Example: Processor speed
determines how quickly a computer can execute instructions.
 Software: Programs and data that instruct the hardware on what to do.
Example: Microsoft Word is a software application used for word
processing.
(b) Function of Output Unit:
 The output unit is responsible for presenting data and information to
the user in a human-readable form. It converts the processed
information from the CPU into a form that can be easily understood by
users. Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers.
(c) Definition of Operating System:
 An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer
hardware and provides common services for computer programs. It
acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware.
Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
(d) Limitations of Local Area Network:
 Limited geographic scope, typically confined to a single building or
campus.
 Vulnerable to network congestion and bandwidth limitations.
 Security concerns, as data is transmitted over a shared medium.
 Requires additional infrastructure for expansion beyond its initial
setup.
(e) Concept of Internet of Things (IoT):
 IoT refers to the network of physical devices embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with
other devices and systems over the internet. These devices can range
from everyday objects like smart thermostats and wearable fitness
trackers to industrial machinery and vehicles.
(f) Function of Web Browser:
 A web browser is a software application used to access and view
websites on the internet. It interprets HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
code to render web pages and allows users to navigate between
different pages using hyperlinks. Additionally, it provides features
such as bookmarks, history, and extensions.
(g) Application Areas of Blockchain:
 Supply Chain Management: Blockchain can track the flow of goods
and verify the authenticity of products at each stage of the supply
chain.
 Financial Services: Blockchain is used for secure and transparent
transactions, smart contracts, and digital currency exchanges.
(h) Difference between Public and Private Cloud:
 Public Cloud: Services are provided over the internet to multiple
users, managed by third-party providers, and accessible to the general
public.
 Private Cloud: Services are maintained on a private network,
exclusively for a single organization or entity, providing greater
control and privacy over data.
(i) Features of Quantum Computing:
 Parallel Processing: Quantum bits (qubits) can exist in multiple states
simultaneously, allowing for parallel computation.
 Superposition: Qubits can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously,
enabling more efficient processing.
 Entanglement: Qubits can be correlated in a way that the state of one
qubit is dependent on the state of another, allowing for faster
communication and computation.
(j) Definition of Green Computing:
 Green computing refers to the practice of designing, manufacturing,
using, and disposing of computers and other electronic devices in an
environmentally friendly manner. It aims to reduce the environmental
impact of computing by optimizing energy efficiency, minimizing
electronic waste, and promoting sustainable practices.
SECTION B

Question .2. Attempt any three of the following: 10x3=30

(a) What do you mean by primary memory? Explain. Discuss its
types.
(b) Discuss multiprogramming, multitasking and multiprocessing
operating system.
(c) Describe basic services of Internet.
(d) Explain the concept of Software-as-a-service. Compare it with
Platform-as-a-service.
(e) Discuss and compare concepts of augmented reality and
virtual reality.
Answer .2

(a) Primary Memory:

 Definition: Primary memory, also known as main memory or RAM
(Random Access Memory), is the internal memory of a computer
 where data and instructions are stored temporarily during program
execution. It is directly accessible by the CPU.
 Types:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores
data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. It is
typically of two types: SRAM (Static RAM) and DRAM
(Dynamic RAM).
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores
firmware and bootstrap programs. It retains its contents even
when the power is turned off.
3. Cache Memory: High-speed memory located between the CPU
and main memory, used to temporarily store frequently accessed
data and instructions for faster access.
(b) Multiprogramming, Multitasking, and Multiprocessing
Operating System:
 Multiprogramming: Allows multiple programs to run concurrently
on a computer system by sharing the CPU. It increases CPU utilization
and throughput.
 Multitasking: Enables a single CPU to switch between multiple tasks
or processes rapidly, giving the appearance of concurrent execution.
Each task is allocated CPU time slices.
 Multiprocessing: Involves the use of multiple CPUs or processor
cores within a single computer system. It allows parallel execution of
tasks, improving overall system performance and throughput.
(c) Basic Services of Internet:
 World Wide Web (WWW): Provides access to websites and web
pages containing information and resources.
 Email: Facilitates electronic communication by allowing users to send
and receive messages over the internet.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Enables the transfer of files between
computers on the internet.
 Instant Messaging: Allows real-time text-based communication
between users.
 Remote Access: Provides the ability to access and control a computer
or network remotely over the internet.
(d) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) vs. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS):
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Provides access to software
applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Users can access
the software through a web browser without the need for installation
or maintenance.
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Offers a development platform and
environment over the internet, allowing developers to build, deploy,
and manage applications without the complexity of infrastructure
management. It provides tools and services for application
development, testing, and deployment.
(e) Augmented Reality (AR) vs. Virtual Reality (VR):
 Augmented Reality (AR): Integrates digital information and virtual
objects into the real-world environment, enhancing the user's
perception of reality. AR applications overlay computer-generated
content onto the user's view of the physical world.
 Virtual Reality (VR): Immerses users in a completely virtual
environment, simulating a realistic 3D experience. VR applications
typically require specialized hardware such as headsets and controllers
to interact with the virtual environment.
 SECTION C

Question .3 Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

(a) Define the term algorithm. Discuss its characteristics? Write an
algorithm to find maximum of two numbers.
(b) Differentiate among assembler, compiler and interpreter.
Answer .3
(a) Definition and Characteristics of Algorithm:
 Definition: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules
used to solve a problem or perform a task. It provides a clear and
unambiguous description of how to solve a problem, independent of
any specific programming language or hardware.
 Characteristics:
1. Finite: An algorithm must terminate after a finite number of
steps.
2. Definite: Each step of an algorithm must be precisely defined and
unambiguous.
3. Input: An algorithm may take zero or more inputs from the user
or external sources.
4. Output: An algorithm produces one or more outputs as a result of
its execution.
5. Effective: An algorithm should be practical and feasible, meaning
it can be implemented using available resources.
6. Correctness: An algorithm should produce the correct output for
all valid inputs.
 Algorithm to Find Maximum of Two Numbers:
Algorithm Find_Maximum(x, y)
Input: Two numbers x and y
Output: Maximum of x and y
 if x > y then
return x
else
return y
(b) Differentiation among Assembler, Compiler, and Interpreter:
 Assembler:
 Converts assembly language code into machine code (binary)

directly understandable by the computer's CPU.

 Generates object code specific to the hardware architecture.

 Does not require the entire program to be translated at once.

 Example: NASM (Netwide Assembler).

 Compiler:
 Translates the entire high-level source code into machine code or

intermediate code in one go.

 Generates an executable file or intermediate code that can be

executed later.
 Usually results in faster execution as the entire code is translated

beforehand.
 Examples: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Visual C++

Compiler.
 Interpreter:
 Translates high-level source code into machine code or

intermediate code line-by-line or statement-by-statement.

 Executes each translated statement immediately.

 Typically slower than compiled programs but allows for easier

debugging and interactive development.

 Examples: Python Interpreter, JavaScript Interpreter (in web

browsers).
 Question .4. Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10
(a) Describe any four topologies with their respective advantages and
limitations.
(b) Discuss the role of operating system in process management, file
management, device management and memory management.
Answer .4
(a) Description of Four Network Topologies with Advantages and
Limitations:
1. Star Topology:
 Advantages:

 Centralized management: Easy to manage and troubleshoot

as all nodes connect to a central hub or switch.

 Fault isolation: Failure of one node does not affect the rest of

the network.
 Limitations:

 Dependency on central node: If the central node fails, the

entire network may become inoperable.

 Cost: Requires more cabling and networking equipment

compared to other topologies.

2. Bus Topology:
 Advantages:

 Simplicity: Easy to set up and requires less cabling compared

to other topologies.
 Cost-effective: Requires minimal networking equipment.

 Limitations:

 Limited scalability: Adding more nodes can degrade network

performance.
 Single point of failure: Failure of the main cable can disrupt

the entire network.

3. Ring Topology:
 Advantages:


 Equal access: Each node has equal access to the network.

 Efficiency: Data travels in one direction, reducing collisions

and improving performance.

 Limitations:

 Fault tolerance: Failure of one node or cable can disrupt the

entire network.
 Scalability: Adding more nodes can degrade network

performance.
4. Mesh Topology:
 Advantages:

 Redundancy: Multiple paths between nodes ensure network

reliability and fault tolerance.

 Scalability: Easy to expand by adding more nodes.

 Limitations:

 Complexity: Requires more cabling and configuration

compared to other topologies.

 Cost: Can be expensive to implement due to the need for

additional networking equipment.

(b) Role of Operating System in Various Management Tasks:
 Process Management:
 Allocates resources to processes, such as CPU time and memory.

 Manages process execution, scheduling, and synchronization.

 Ensures proper communication and coordination among

processes.
 File Management:
 Provides file organization, storage, retrieval, and access control

mechanisms.
 Manages file operations, such as creation, deletion, reading, and

writing.
 Handles file permissions, security, and backup.
 Device Management:
 Controls access to hardware devices, such as printers, disks, and

network interfaces.
 Handles device initialization, configuration, and communication.

 Manages device drivers and interrupt handling.

 Memory Management:
 Allocates and deallocates memory space for processes and data.

 Implements virtual memory techniques to efficiently utilize

physical memory.
 Handles memory protection, sharing, and swapping to optimize

system performance.

Question .5 Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

(a) Explain historical development of Internet.
(b) Discuss IOT reference model with the help of a diagram.
Answer .5

(a) Historical Development of the Internet:

 1960s: The concept of packet switching is developed by Paul Baran
and Donald Davies, laying the foundation for the internet.
 1969: ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, is created by the US
Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA).
 1970s: The first email program is developed by Ray Tomlinson.
TCP/IP protocol suite is introduced, providing the foundation for
internet communication.
 1980s: The National Science Foundation (NSF) establishes NSFNET,
a backbone network linking supercomputing centers and universities.
 1990s: The World Wide Web (WWW) is invented by Tim Berners-
Lee, revolutionizing the way information is accessed and shared.
 Late 1990s to 2000s: The internet experiences exponential growth
with the proliferation of commercial websites, search engines, and
social media platforms.
 2000s to Present: Broadband internet becomes widespread, enabling
faster and more reliable connectivity. The internet continues to evolve
with advancements in technologies such as mobile internet, cloud
computing, and Internet of Things (IoT).
(b) IoT Reference Model with Diagram:
The IoT reference model provides a framework for understanding the
architecture and components of IoT systems. It consists of several
layers, each responsible for specific functionalities. Here's a simplified
IoT reference model diagram:
1. Perception Layer: This layer comprises sensors, actuators, and
devices that collect data from the physical environment. Examples
include temperature sensors, motion detectors, and RFID tags.
2. Network Layer: The network layer facilitates communication
between IoT devices and enables data transmission over various
network protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular
networks.
3. Middleware Layer: The middleware layer serves as an intermediary
between the perception and application layers, providing services such
as data aggregation, protocol translation, and device management.
4. Application Layer: The application layer includes software
applications and services that utilize the data collected by IoT devices.
Examples include smart home systems, industrial automation,
healthcare monitoring, and environmental monitoring.
5. Business Layer: The business layer encompasses business processes,
analytics, and decision-making based on the insights derived from IoT
data. It involves tasks such as data analysis, visualization, and
integration with enterprise systems.
 Each layer interacts with adjacent layers to enable end-to-end
functionality in IoT systems. The data flows from the perception layer
through the network and middleware layers to the application and
business layers, where it is processed, analyzed, and utilized to
generate value.
Question .6 Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10
(a) Discuss AWS. Describe any five services of AWS.
(b) What do you mean by the term cloud computing? What are its
application areas?
Explain.
Answer .6

(a) Amazon Web Services (AWS):

AWS is a comprehensive and widely used cloud computing platform
offered by Amazon. It provides a variety of cloud services, including
computing power, storage, databases, machine learning, and more.
AWS enables businesses to access and utilize computing resources on-
demand, without the need for extensive infrastructure investment.
Five Services of AWS:
1. Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): Provides resizable compute
capacity in the cloud, allowing users to launch virtual servers
(instances) to run applications and workloads.
2. Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service): Offers scalable object storage
for storing and retrieving data, including images, videos, documents,
and backups, with high availability and durability.
3. Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): Manages relational
databases in the cloud, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL
Server, and MariaDB, simplifying database administration tasks.
4. Amazon SNS (Simple Notification Service): Facilitates pub/sub
messaging for sending notifications and messages to distributed
systems and mobile devices, enabling event-driven architectures.
5. Amazon SageMaker: A fully managed service for building, training,
and deploying machine learning models at scale, providing tools and
infrastructure for data scientists and developers.
These services represent just a fraction of the extensive suite of
offerings available on the AWS platform, catering to diverse business
needs and requirements.
(b) Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services—
including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and
analytics—over the internet (the cloud) to offer faster innovation,
flexible resources, and economies of scale. Instead of owning and
maintaining physical data centers and servers, users can access
computing resources on-demand from cloud service providers like
AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
Application Areas of Cloud Computing:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing
resources, such as virtual machines, storage, and networking, allowing
users to deploy and manage their applications without worrying about
physical infrastructure.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform and environment for
developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without the
complexity of infrastructure management, including databases,
development tools, and middleware.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers software applications over the
internet on a subscription basis, eliminating the need for users to
 install, maintain, and update software locally. Examples include email
services, CRM systems, and office productivity suites.
4. Big Data Analytics: Cloud computing enables organizations to
analyze large volumes of data using scalable and cost-effective cloud-
based analytics platforms, unlocking valuable insights and driving
data-driven decision-making.
5. Internet of Things (IoT): Cloud computing provides the
infrastructure and services needed to collect, store, and analyze data
from IoT devices, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and intelligent automation in various industries.

Question .7 Attempt any one part of the following: 10x1=10

(a) Discuss the need of brain-computer interface. Explain its features
and limitations.
(b) Describe various components of a grid with diagram.
Answer .7
(a) Brain-Computer Interface (BCI):
Need for Brain-Computer Interface:
1. Assistive Technology: BCI enables individuals with severe
disabilities to communicate and interact with their environment using
only brain signals, bypassing the need for conventional means of input
such as keyboards or mice.
2. Medical Applications: BCI has potential applications in medical
fields such as neurorehabilitation, neuroprosthetics, and brain-
computer interfacing for controlling medical devices or prosthetic
limbs.
3. Research and Exploration: BCI allows researchers to study brain
function and neuroplasticity, advancing our understanding of the brain
 and potentially leading to breakthroughs in neuroscience and cognitive
science.

Features of Brain-Computer Interface:

1. Direct Communication: BCI enables direct communication between

the brain and external devices or software without requiring physical
movement or speech.
2. Non-Invasive and Invasive Approaches: BCIs can be non-invasive,
using techniques like EEG (Electroencephalography), or invasive,
involving surgical implantation of electrodes into the brain.
3. Real-Time Feedback: Many BCIs provide real-time feedback to
users, allowing them to adjust their brain activity to achieve desired
outcomes.
Limitations of Brain-Computer Interface:
1. Limited Bandwidth: Current BCIs often have limited bandwidth,
meaning they can only convey a small amount of information at a
time, restricting their use for complex tasks.
2. Training Requirements: Users typically require extensive training to
operate BCIs effectively, and performance can vary based on factors
such as individual differences and environmental conditions.
3. Invasive Nature: Invasive BCIs, which require surgical implantation
of electrodes, carry risks such as infection, tissue damage, and ethical
concerns regarding privacy and consent.
 (b) Components of a Grid with Diagram:
A grid computing system consists of multiple interconnected
computers (nodes) that work together to solve large-scale
computational problems. Here are the main components:

1. User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the grid
system, submit jobs, and monitor their progress. It may include
command-line interfaces, web portals, or graphical user interfaces
(GUIs).
2. Resource Broker: Acts as an intermediary between users and
resources, matching job requirements with available computing
resources in the grid and scheduling job execution.
3. Computational Resources: Consist of individual computing nodes,
including servers, workstations, and clusters, which contribute
processing power and storage capacity to the grid.
4. Networking Infrastructure: Provides the underlying network
connectivity that enables communication between grid components
and facilitates data transfer and job execution.
5. Middleware: Middleware software provides the necessary
infrastructure and services for grid computing, including
authentication, security, resource management, and data management.
6. Data Management System: Manages the storage and retrieval of data
across distributed grid resources, ensuring data integrity, availability,
and security.
7. Monitoring and Management Tools: Monitor the performance and
health of grid resources, track job progress, and provide tools for
resource provisioning, scheduling, and troubleshooting.
8. Security Mechanisms: Implement security measures such as
authentication, authorization, encryption, and access control to protect
grid resources and data from unauthorized access and malicious
attacks.
Diagram:
User Interface
|
|
Resource Broker
|
|
Computational Resources
/ | \
Server Cluster Workstation