1 Properties of Steam ta, Definition of terms Saturation Temperature Saturation temperature is the temperature at which lig- uids start.to boil or the temperature «t which vapors begin to condense. The saturation temperature of a given substance depends upon itg existing pressure. It is directly proportional to the pressure, ie., it increases as the pressure is increased and decreases as the pressure is decreased. Examples; a. Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition (101.825 kPa) b. Water boils at 179.91°C at a pressure of 1000 kPa. c. Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa. d. Steam condenses at 39°C at 0.0070 MPa. Subcooled Liquid A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exist- ing pressure. Example: Liquid water at 60°C and 101.325 is a subcooled liquid. Why? From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at. ‘101.325 kPa is 100°C. Since the actual temperature of liquid. _ water of 60°C is less than 100°C, therefore, it is a subcooled liquid. Compressed Liquid A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher than the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing temperature. 1 ‘Scanned with CamScanneraaah kPa and 100°C 0 comp. liguign Isa a Pay at 100°C = 101.825 :: m , Comparing: |. ig water pressure uf 4. *_ is greater fares lia, Therefore, it is a.compicssed liquid, a Saturated Liquid liquid at the saturations (sctura. iquid is a - ee a saturation pressure) which has tempera. the boiling point corresponding to the existing a ‘a pure liquid, i.c., it has no vaj-or content, les: eee Ligeti water at 100°C and 101.325 kPa. b. Liquid water at 233.90°C and 3 MPa. ¢. Liquid water at 324.75°C and 12 MPa. From Steam Tables: t., at 101.325 kPa = 100°C tat 3 MPa = 233,90°C t,,, at 12 MPa = 324.75°C Vapor oe Vapor is the name given to a gascous phase that is contact with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of state where some of it might be condensed. Saturated Vapor A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions (saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100% vapor, ie., has no liquid or moisture content. Examples: a. Steam (water vapor) at 100°C and 101.325 kPa. b. Steam at 212.42°C and 2MPa. c. Steam at 352.37°C and 17 MPa. Superheated Vapor ‘A superheated vapor is a vapor having a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure. Examples: a. Steam at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. 200°C > (t,,, at 101.325 kPa = 100°C) b. Steam‘at 300°C and 5 MPa. 300°C > (t,,,at 5 MPa = 263.99°C) Degrees of Superheat, SH ‘The degrees of superheat is the difference between the actual temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation temperature for the existing pressure. In equation form: °SH = Actual superheated temperature — t,, at existing pressure Example: Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. From steam tables: t,,, at 101.325 kPa = 100°C °SH = 200 - 100 = 100 C® Degrees Subcooled, “SB The degrees subcooled of a sukcooled liquid is the differ- ence between the saturation temperature for the given pres- sure and the actual subcooled liquid temperature. °SB = t,,, at given p—actual liquid temperature ‘Scanned with CamScannerExample: % “Determine the degrees 54 and 101.325 kPa. From steam tables: ie t,., at 101.325 kPa = 100 a °SB = 100°C - 90°C = 10 pooled of liquid water at 9gq Wet Vapor ‘A wet. vapor is a combination of saturated vapor ang saturated liquid. Quality, = ‘The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by weight that is saturated vapor. Percent Moisture, ¥ ‘The percent moisture of wet vapor is the percent by weight that is saturated liquid. Let m = mass of wet vapor im, = mass of the saturated vapor content of wet * vapor . mass of the saturated liquid content of wet vapor ‘Then, m=m, +1, m, Following the definitions of quality (x) and percent mois- ture (y), - 2, x = se t00) y = S00) For saturated liquid: y = 100% x = 0% For saturated vapor: x = 100% y = 0% For wet vapor: 0 “Reais mixture © kg vapor kg mixture From v yv, + XV, Buty 1-x Then v = (1-x)v,+2¥, v,+ Mvp" ¥) vs V¥yt XV, O-, 2% l-y y y,+(1—y)v, v,-¥v,-v) ™ Ve7 Vig Similarly, ho= he+xh, or h = hg-yhy Bo Sree or 8 5,-Y85 Uo = Ut x, or w= U- Wy NTE hacatea conditions, p and ¢ are dependent ae nother and therefore, ate considered as one indepenten property. At superheated conditions, p and tare independeht from each other and therefore, are considered as two mndent properties. a pen uulity could not be more than 100% and per cent mois- ture could not be lower than 0%. Fig. 1-4. Specific Entropy of a Wet Mixture. (1-1) Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or super- heated for the following conditions: (a)t = 200°C, p=144 MPa (b)t = 220°C, p= 2.318 MPa. ©p 1.0 MPa, s = 6.672 kJ/kge KK (@) p 3.0 MPa, t = 234°C (e)t 250°C, v = 54.2x107 mikg (®p 11.0 MPa, h = 2805 kJ/kg (g) p (h) p 15.0 MPa, t = 310°C SOLUTION: (a) t.,, at 1.44 MPa = 196.39°C Sinc2 200°C > t,, at 1.44 MPa, the steam is super- heated. ‘Scanned with CamScanner{,,,at 2.318 MPa = 220°C . om Sear {,, at 2.818 MPa, the steam is dry saturated. (c) s, at 1.0 MPa = 6.5865 kd/kg*K Since 6.672 kJ/kg*K > 8, at 1,0 MPa, the steam js superheated. (@) t,,, at 3.0 MPa = 233,90°C ; Since 234°C > t,, at 3.0 MPa, the steam is super. heated. ~ (e) vei att = 250°C = 60.13x10° m¥/kg Since v = 54.2x10-Vkg > vat 250°C, the steam is superheated. (g) 8, at 4.0 MPa = 6.0701 kd/kgeK Since s = 5.897 kJ/kg* K< s, at 4.0 MPa, the steam is a wet mixture. (h) t,,,a¢ 15.0 MPa = 342.24°C Since t = 310°C < t,,, at 15,0 MPa, the steam is a wet mixture. (1-2), What are the specific volume, internal energy, en thalpy, and entropy of steam at 1.50 MPa and 254°C? SOLUTION ‘The steam is superheated, since the temperature of 254°C is greater than the saturation temperature, 198°C, at 1.50 MPa. At 1.50 MPa eee aeas | 2923.3.,|, v u |, 250 Ss te F ha S27134_} 2946.7 sl las4 A 260 0.15559. 4 ll x, ms ae 'z: 10 = Woe = TT = BE OOS 1 = 0.00146; y= 0.15195 + 0.00146 = 0.15341 mvkg % = 724; w= 2695.34+7.24 = 2702.5 kd/kg %, = 9.36; h = 2925.3 +9,36 = 2932.7 kJ/kg = 0.0178; S = 6.7090 + 0.0178 = 6.7268 kJ/kg) (K) ee on | (1-3) At 250°C a mixture of saturated steam exists in equilibrium. If the specific volume 0.04159 mi/kg, calculate and liquid water of the mixture is the following: (a) percent moisture, (b) enthalpy, and (c) entropy. SOLUTION: At 250°C y, = 0.0012512 h, = 1085.36 8, = 2.7927 vj, = 0.04888 716.2 v, = 0.05013 2801.5 V=V;t Vy (a) (b) (c) (1-4) _ 0.04159 - 0.012512 _ 9 g95; = DOUSS —OOPUSIZ — 0.8253 or 82.59% 100 ~ 82.53 = 17.47% y= h = hy+xh, h 1085.36 + (0.8253) (1716.2) = 2501.7 ki/kg. s 8, + x8, 8 = 2.7927'+ (0.8253) (3.2802) = 5.4998 kiJ/(kg) (K) Steam at a pressure of 0.90 MPa has an entropy of 4.9678 kJMkg) (K). What are the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy? SOLUTION: __ The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure of 0.90 MPa is 6.6185 kJ/kg) (K), therefore, steam with an entropy of 4.9678 kJ(kg) (K) is a wet-mixture. At 0.90 MPa ‘Scanned with CamScanner8 = 8 +X8, 4.9678 = 2.0946_ _ 0.6345 es 4.5280 vy = Wyte, y = 0,0011212 + (0.6345) (0.21388) = 0.1368 mv/kp us Utxu, u_ = 741.83 + 0.6345 (1838.6) = 1908.4 2 hos hyexh, h = 742,83 + (0.6345) (2031.1) = 2031.6 kd/Acg Steam at a temperature of 300°C has a specific (1-5) volume of 0.09765 m'/kg. Dotermine the pressure, specific internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. SOLUTION: Since the specific volume, 0.09765 m*Vkg, is greater than the specific volume of saturated steam, 0.02167 m*/kg, at 300°C, the steam is superheated. At 300°C 8/3Jo.006s1 2.55|- |, 2160.4ly 1 anor, 6.63264 38 [0.09765 pre uv IR bh Piss 52 0.09890 2.50 | 2761.6 | 3008.8 | 6.6438-© 0008 = x) & _ ~woop es = Te = 1S ONE y) x, = 0.02; p= 2.55- 0.02 = 2.53 kPa x, = 0.50; w= 2760.4 + 0.5 = 2760.9 kJ/kg % = 0.60; hh = 3007.3 + 0.6 = 3007.9 k/kg x, = 0.0045; "5 = 6.6326 + 0.0045 = 6.6371 kJikg) (K) a (1-6) Steam at a pressure of 0.58 MPa has an internal energy of 2725.2 ki/kg. What are the temperature, specific volume, erithalpy, and entropy? SOLUTION: ‘The steam is superheated because the internal energy, 2725.2 kJ/kg, is greater than the internal energy of saturated steam, 2566.3 kd/kg, for a pressure of 0.58 MPa. At 0.58 MPa [2 o4077|ey zmidl |, 29579], 7.1983), 5 a] t v |" BS 2725.2) be b FZ 5s 18 |_260 o4162_ 27375 | 29788 { 7.2380_} 38 a Tea" Th > was 5 = TOIT x, = 24; t = 250424 = 252.4°C x, = 0,002; v = 0.4077 + 0.002 = 0.4097 mi/kg m= 49h = 2957.944.9 = 2962.8 kdlkg 0.0094; 8 = 7.1983 + 0.0094 =7.2077 kJAkgXK) (1-7) A 0.0856-m? drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370°C. (a) Find the mass of each if their volumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume occupied by each if their masses are equal. : SOLUTION: the volume of saturated vapor V, = the volume of saturated liquid m, = the mass of saturated vapor m, = the mass of saturated liquid 0.004925 mi/kg 0.000933 mifkg Scanned with CamScanner