Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 1

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Wheel and Axle in Equilibrium

001 10.0 points
A wheel of diameter 52 cm has an axle of m1 m2
diameter 11.6 cm. A force 140 N is exerted
along the rim of the wheel. Which of the following expresses the con-
What force should be applied to the outside dition required for the system to be in static
of the axle in order to prevent the wheel from equilibrium?
rotating? Assume the direction of this force
to be tangential to the axle. 1. a m2 = b m1

Correct answer: 627.586 N. 2. a m1 = b m2 correct

Explanation: 3. a2 m1 = b2 m2

4. b2 m1 = a2 m2

5. m1 = m2
Let : F = 140 N ,
Explanation:
rw = 26 cm , and In equilibrium, the total torque is zero,
ra = 5.8 cm . which gives

a m1 = b m2 .
In order to keep the wheel in rotational equi-
librium, the torques acting on it must balance AP M 1993 MC 35 B
each other, so 003 10.0 points
A rod of negligible mass is pivoted at a point
that is off-center, so that length ℓ1 is different
from length ℓ2 . The figures show two cases in
X
τ = Fw rw − Fa ra = 0 which masses are suspended from the ends of
    the rod. In each case the unknown mass m is
dw 26 cm balanced so that the rod remains horizontal.
Fa = Fw = (140 N)
da 5.8 cm ℓ1 ℓ2
= 627.586 N .
m 25 kg

ℓ1 ℓ2
AP M 1998 MC 30
002 10.0 points
Consider the wheel-and-axle system shown 22 kg m
below.
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 2
What is the value of m ?
M1 M2
3. m =
Correct answer: 23.4521. 2
p
Explanation: 4. m = M1 M2 correct
M1 + M2
5. m =
Let : M1 = 25 kg and 2
M2 = 22 kg . Explanation:X
X Applying τ = 0 to balance the masses
Applying τ = 0 to balance the masses in both cases,
in both cases,

m ℓ 1 = M1 ℓ 2 and m ℓ 1 = M1 ℓ 2 and
M2 ℓ 1 = m ℓ 2 . M2 ℓ 1 = m ℓ 2 .

Dividing, Dividing,
m M1 m M1
= =
M2 m M2 m
2
m =p M1 M2 2
m = M1 M2
p
m = M1 M2 = (25 kg) (22 kg)
p
m = M1 M2 .
= 23.4521 kg .

AP M 1993 MC 29 30
AP M 1993 MC 35 A 005 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
004 10.0 points Two objects of masses 18 kg and 45 kg are
A rod of negligible mass is pivoted at a point connected to the ends of a rigid rod (of negli-
that is off-center, so that length ℓ1 is different gible mass) that is 70 cm long and has marks
from length ℓ2 . The figures show two cases in every 10 cm, as shown.
which masses are suspended from the ends of A BCDE F GH J
the rod. In each case the unknown mass m is
balanced by a known mass M1 or M2 so that
the rod remains horizontal.
ℓ1 ℓ2 10 20 30 40 50 60
18 kg 45 kg
Which point represents the center of mass
m M1 of the sphere-rod combination?

ℓ1 ℓ2 1. D

2. H correct
M2 m
3. B
What is the value of m in terms of the
known masses? 4. G

1. m = M1 M2 5. J

2. m = M1 + M2 6. F
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 3

7. E 8. C

8. C 9. A correct
Explanation:
9. A The parallel-axis theorem is
Explanation: I = M h2 + ICM ,
where ICM is the moment of inertia about
Let : ℓ = 70 cm , an axis through the center of mass. Since
ICM and M = 18 kg + 45 kg = 63 kg are
m1 = 18 kg , and fixed, maximum h = |50 cm − 0 cm| = 50 cm
m2 = 45 kg . will give the maximum moment of inertia.
Therefore, the axis should pass through the
For static equilibrium, τnet = 0. point A.
Denote x the distance from the left end
point of the rod to the center-of-mass point. AP B 1998 MC 7
007 10.0 points
X Three forces act on an object.
τ = m1 g x − m2 g (ℓ − x) = 0 If the object is in translational equilibrium,
(m1 + m2 ) x = m2 ℓ which of the following must be true?
m2 ℓ (45 kg) (70 cm) I. The vector sum of the three forces must
x= = equal zero;
m1 + m2 18 kg + 45 kg
= 50 cm . II. The magnitude of the three forces must
be equal;
Therefore the point should be point H. III. The three forces must be parallel.

006 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points 1. I, II and III

The sphere-rod combination can be pivoted
about an axis that is perpendicular to the 2. I and III only
plane of the page and that passes through one
of the five lettered points. 3. II and III only
Through which point should the axis pass
for the moment of inertia of the sphere-rod 4. II only
combination about this axis to be greatest?
5. I only correct
1. F Explanation:
If an object is in translational equilibrium,
2. D the vector sum of all forces acting on it must
equal zero.
3. G
AP B 1998 MC 58
4. J 008 10.0 points
A wheel of radius R and negligible mass is
5. E mounted on a horizontal frictionless axle so
that the wheel is in a vertical plane. Three
6. H small objects having masses m, M , and 2 M ,
respectively, are mounted on the rim of the
7. B wheel, as shown.
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 4

M attached if the stick is to remain horizontal

when suspended from the cord?

60◦ 1. A
m R
2M
2. G correct

3. B

If the system is in static equilibrium, what 4. C

is the value of m in terms of M ?
5. D
1. m = 2 M
6. F
2. m = M
7. E
3M
3. m = correct Explanation:
2
M
4. m =
2 Let : ℓ = 70 cm ,
5M m1 = 10 kg , and
5. m =
2
m2 = 25 kg .
Explanation:
Since the system is in static equilibrium, For static equilibrium, τnet = 0.
the net torque is zero: Let x be the distance from the left end of
the stick to the point of attachment of the
τ = m g R + M g R cos 60◦ − (2 M ) g R cord:
1
= mgR + M gR − 2M gR
2 X
3 T = m1 g x − m2 g (ℓ − x) = 0
= mgR − M gR = 0
2 (m1 + m2 ) x = m2 ℓ
3M m2 ℓ (25 kg) (70 cm)
m= . x= =
2 m1 + m2 10 kg + 25 kg
= 50 cm .
AP B 1993 MC 57
009 10.0 points
Two objects of masses 10 kg and 25 kg are Therefore the point should be point G .
hung from the ends of a stick that is 70 cm
long and has marks every 10 cm, as shown. Acrobat Hangs From a Wire
010 10.0 points
ABCDE F G
An acrobat hangs by his hands from the mid-
dle of a tightly stretched horizontal wire so
that the angle between the wire and the hori-
10 20 30 40 50 60 zontal is 11.3◦ .
If the acrobat’s mass is 93.2 kg, what is
10 kg 25 kg the tension in the wire? The acceleration of
gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
If the mass of the stick is negligible, at
which of the points indicated should a cord be Correct answer: 2330.64 N.
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 5
Explanation:

Let : g = 9.8 m/s2 ,

Let : θ = 11.3◦ , R = 0.403 m , and
m = 93.2 kg , and H = 2.21 m .
g = 9.8 m/s2 .
In the non-inertial frame of the accelerating
dolly, the column is subject to the horizontal
Three forces act on the acrobat: gravity
inertial force
and 2 tensions by the wire. For the acrobat
to remain in static equilibrium, the net force ~ in = −m~g .
F
must equal zero, so in the vertical direction
Together, the gravity and the inertial force
combine into the apparent weight force
2 T sin θ = m g
~ app = m (~g − ~a)
W
mg (93.2 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
T = =
2 sin θ 2 sin 11.3◦
in the direction
= 2330.64 N .  
a
θ = arctan
g
A Column and a Dolly
from the vertical.
011 10.0 points
From the torque point of view, this appar-
A cylindrical stone column of diameter 2R =
ent weight force applies at the center of mass
0.806 m and height H = 2.21 m is transported
of the column. The column is stable in the
in standing position by a dolly.
vertical position when the line of this force
goes through the column’s base
a

CM
Wapp

but when this line misses the base, the column

side view topples over
When the dolly accelerates or decelerates
slowly enough, the column stands upright,
but when the dolly’s acceleration magnitude CM
exceed a critical value ac , the column top-
Wapp
ples over. (For a > +ac the column topples
backward; for a < −ac the column toppes
forward.)
Calculate the magnitude of the critical ac- For the critical acceleration ac , the line goes
celeration ac of the dolly. The acceleration of through the edge of the base, hence the direc-
gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . tion of the apparent weight force must deviate
from the vertical by the angle θc where
Correct answer: 3.57412 m/s2 .
R 2R
tan θc = = .
Explanation: hcm H
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 6
Consequently, the critical acceleration of the
dolly is k

2R ℓ
ac = g tan θc = g a
H θ
2 (0.403 m)
= (9.8 m/s2 )
2.21 m b
= 3.57412 m/s2 .
m
ℓ
Bars in Equilibrium
012 10.0 points
The bars are in equilibrium, each 5 m long, Find the tension T1 in the string connecting
and each weighing 87 N. The string pulling the levers by applying rotational equilibrium
down on the two bars is attached 0.8 m from on the leftmost bar. The suspended mass
the fulcrum on the leftmost bar and 0.7 m weighs m g and causes a tension of 2 m g on
from the left end of the rightmost bar. The the string attached to the end of the leftmost
spring (of constant 38 N/cm) is attached at bar.
an angle 35◦ at the left end of the upper bar. a
/ cm 2mg
N T1
5m 38 W
0.8 m 2mg
35◦ mg mg

0.7 m
From rotational equilibrium on the leftmost
9 kg lever, the tension 2 m g acts down at a dis-
5m tance ℓ − a from the fulcrum, the tension T1
acts down at a distance a from the fulcrum,
and the weight W of the bar acts down at a
If the suspended mass is 9 kg, by how much ℓ
distance − a from the fulcrum, so
will the spring stretch? The acceleration of 2
gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
 
ℓ
Correct answer: 45.8315 cm. T1 a − 2 m g (ℓ − a) − W −a =0
2
Explanation: 2 T1 a − 4 m g (ℓ − a) − W (ℓ − 2 a) = 0

Let : W = 87 N ,
4 m g (ℓ − a) + W (ℓ − 2 a)
m = 9 kg , T1 =
2a
ℓ = 5 m,
2 (9 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) (5 m − 0.8 m)
a = 0.8 m , =
0.8 m
b = 0.7 m , (87 N) [5 m − 2 (0.8 m)]
+
k = 38 N/cm , and 2 (0.8 m)
g = 9.8 m/s2 . = 1110.98 N .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 7
Explanation:
x
k∆
θ Let : m1 = 8 kg ,
x1 = 1 m , and
b ℓ = 6 m.
W
T1 Because the stick is a uniform, symmetric
ℓ body, we can consider all of its weight to be
From rotational equilibrium on the right- concentrated at the center of mass, so
most lever, the weight W acts down at a
ℓ ℓ ℓ
distance from the fulcrum, the tension T1 xCM = and x2 = − 1.
2 2 2
acts down at a perpendicular distance ℓ − b
from the fulcrum, and the tension k ∆x acts x1 x2
up at a perpendicular distance ℓ sin θ from the
fulcrum, so 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

m1 g m2 g
 
ℓ
k ∆x (ℓ sin θ) − T1 (ℓ − b) − W =0
2
2 k ∆x ℓ sin θ − 2 T1 (ℓ − b) − W ℓ = 0 The static equation for torques gives us

m2 g x2 = m1 g x1
2 T1 (ℓ − b) + W ℓ m1 g x1
∆x = m2 g =
2 k ℓ sin θ x2
(1110.98 N) (5 m − 0.7 m) (8 kg) (9.81 m/s2 ) (1 m)
= =
(38 N/cm) (5 m) sin 35◦ 2m
(87 N) (5 m) = 39.24 N .
+
2 (38 N/cm) (5 m) sin 35◦
= 45.8315 cm .
Balancing a Truck
014 10.0 points
Balancing Rock 02 A truck is balanced on an incline as shown.
013 10.0 points The angle of the inclination is 47.2◦ , the outer
An 8 kg rock is suspended by a massless part of the large pulley has a radius of 3 r and
string from one end of a 6 m measuring stick. the inner part of the large pulley has a radius
of r.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 3r
r

8 kg T
What is the weight of the measuring stick r/2
if it is balanced by a support force at the m
1 m mark? The acceleration of gravity is
9.81 m/s2 .

Correct answer: 39.24 N. θ

 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 8
Find the mass m needed to balance the
2050 kg truck on the incline. The acceleration 16 N
of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . Assume all pulleys are
frictionless and massless and the cords are µ = 0.12

x
2.6 m
massless.
T
Correct answer: 250.691 kg.
Explanation: 21 N
µ = 0.23
Let : θ = 47.2◦ , How far from the 16 N object attachment
should the string be positioned to drag them
R = 3 r , and
evenly (all angles = 90◦ ) and uniformly?
M = 2050 kg .
Correct answer: 1.86044 m.
Let T be the tension in the string around the Explanation:
inner part (radius = r) of the pulley. From
translational equilibrium
ℓ = 2.6 m ,
2 T − M g sin θ = 0 w1 = 16 N ,
µ1 = 0.12 ,
w2 = 21 N , and
µ2 = 0.23 .
1
T = M g sin θ
2 X X X
1 τ= τcw − τccw = 0
= (2050 kg) 9.8 m/s2 sin 47.2◦


2
= 7370.32 N . Let the fulcrum be at the point of attach-
ment of the pulling string.
From rotational equilibrium of the large pul-
ley, W1
µ1
X
τ = m g (3 r) − T r = 0 x
ℓ

T 1
m= = M sin θ
3g 6 W2
1
= (2050 kg) sin 47.2◦ = 250.691 kg . µ2
6
The weight W1 exerts a frictional force of
µ1 W1 on the bar at a distance x from the
Balanced Rod point of attachment. The weight W2 exerts
015 10.0 points a frictional force of µ2 W2 on the bar at a
Two objects are to be dragged along a table distance ℓ − x from the point of attachment,
by attaching them to the ends of a 2.6 m so by rotational equilibrium
rod. One weighs 16 N and has a coefficient of
friction of 0.12. The other weighs 21 N and µ1 W1 x − µ2 W2 (ℓ − x) = 0
has a coefficient of friction of 0.23. (µ1 W1 + µ2 W2 ) x = µ2 W2 ℓ
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 9
µ2 W2 ℓ W L W1 L1 W2 L2
x= x= + +
µ1 W1 + µ2 W2 2F F F
0.23 (21 N) (2.6 m) (605 N) (4.61 m)
= =
0.12 (16 N) + 0.23 (21 N) 2 (1515 N)
(505 N) (1.30002 m)
= 1.86044 m . +
1515 N
(405 N) (3.30998 m)
+
Beam in Equilibrium 1515 N
016 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points = 2.23866 m .
A uniform horizontal beam of weight 605 N
and length 4.61 m has two weights hanging
from it. One weight of 505 N is located
1.30002 m from the left end; the other weight
Beam on a Slanted Wall 01
of 405 N is located 1.30002 m from the right
018 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
end.
A solid bar of length L has a mass m1 . The
What must be the magnitude of the one
bar is fastened by a pivot at one end to a
additional force on the beam that will produce
wall which is at an angle θ with respect to
equilibrium?
the horizontal. The bar is held horizontally
by a vertical cord that is fastened to the bar
Correct answer: 1515 N.
at a distance x from the wall. A mass m2 is
Explanation: suspended from the free end of the bar.

Let : W = 605 N ,
W1 = 505 N , and
W2 = 405 N. T
θ m1
For the beam to preserve translational equi-
librium, the net force acting on the beam has
x m2
to be zero, so the additional force should be
F = W + W1 + W2 L
= 605 N + 505 N + 405 N
Find the tension in the cord.
= 1515 N .
1. T = (m1 + m2 ) g sin θ
017 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points 
1
 
L
At what distance from the left end must this 2. T = m1 + m2 g correct
2 x
force be applied for the beam to be in equilib-   
rium? 1 L
3. T = m1 + m2 g sin θ
2 x
Correct answer: 2.23866 m. 4. T = 0
Explanation:   
1 L
The beam also has to preserve its rotational 5. T = m1 + m2 g sin θ
equilibrium; i.e., the net torque acting on the 2 x
  
beam has to be zero, so 1 L
6. T = m1 + m2 g
2 x
L
Fx=W + W1 L1 + W2 L2 7. T = (m1 + m2 ) g cos θ
2
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 10

   Explanation:
L g In general, there will be a horizontal reac-
8. T = (m1 + m2 )
x 2 tion force Rx at the connection between an
object and a wall; however, none of the other
  
1 L
9. T = m1 + m2 g cos θ forces in this situation act in the horizontal
2 x

1
 
L direction, so
10. T = m1 + m2 g cos θ
2 x X
Fx = Rx = 0 .
Explanation:
For equilibrium,
X X Boom and Cable
F = 0 and τ =0. 020 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
A 1040 N uniform boom is supported by a
Consider the torques around the connec-
cable as shown. The boom is pivoted at the
tion between the bar and the wall, since the
bottom, and a 3000 N object hangs from its
reaction forces will produce no torques around
end.
that point.
The boom has a length of 25 m and is at an
X L angle of 48◦ above the horizontal. A support
τ = −L m2 g + x T − m1 g = 0 , cable is attached to the boom at a distance
2

1

Lg of 0.69 L from the foot of the boom and its
T = m1 + m2 . tension is perpendicular to the boom.
2 x

019 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

Find the the horizontal component of the
force exerted on the bar by the wall. (Let 90◦
T
right be the positive direction.)
  
1 L
1. Fx = m1 + m2 g
2 x
L
  
1 L
69

2. Fx = m1 + m2 g
0.

2 x
  
1 L ◦
3. Fx = m1 + m2 g sin θ 48 3000 N
2 x
4. Fx = (m1 + m2 ) g cos θ
Find the tension in the cable holding up the
  
1 L
5. Fx = m1 + m2 g cos θ boom.
2 x
  
1 L
6. Fx = m1 + m2 g cos θ Correct answer: 3413.54 N.
2 x
Explanation:
7. Fx = (m1 + m2 ) g sin θ
  
1 L
8. Fx = m1 + m2 g sin θ Let : W1 = 1040 N ,
2 x
W2 = 3000 N ,
9. Fx = 0 correct α = 48◦ ,
L = 25 m , and
  
L g
10. Fx = (m1 + m2 )
x 2 L1 = 0.69 L = 17.25 m .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 11
Explanation:
The verticalX
component of the tension is
β
T cos α. From Fy = 0 ,

T Fv = W1 + W2 − T cos α
= 1040 N + 3000 N − (3413.54 N) cos 48◦
= 1755.9 N .

L
L
69
W1 Boom and Weight 01
0.

023 10.0 points

W2 A weight of mass 43 kg is suspended from
α a point near the right-hand upper end of a
uniform boom of mass 25 kg . This boom is
X supported by a cable that runs from the boom
For equilibrium ~τ = 0 . Taking torques to a point on the wall (the left-hand vertical
about the pivot point, coordinate at a height of 10 m) and by a pivot
  (at the origin of the coordinate axes) on the
L same wall.
T (0.69 L) = W2 (L cos α) + W1 cos α
2
W2 cos α W1 cos α
T = + 10
0.69 2 (0.69)
(3000 N) cos 48◦ 9 T
= 8
0.69
Vertical Height (m)

(1040 N) cos 48◦ 7

+
2 (0.69) 6
= 3413.54 N . 5
k g
4
25
021 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points 3
Find the horizontal component of the reaction 2
force on the boom by the floor.
1 43 kg
Correct answer: 2536.75 N. 0
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
Explanation:
Horizontal Distance (m)
The horizontal
X component of the tension is Find the tension in the cable. The acceler-
T sin α. From Fx = 0,
ation of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
Fh = T sin α = (3413.54 N) sin 48◦
Correct answer: 488.311 N.
= 2536.75 N .
Explanation:

022 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points Let : mb = 25 kg ,

Find the vertical components of the reaction
mw = 43 kg ,
force on the boom by the floor.
ℓx = 9 m,
Correct answer: 1755.9 N. xb = 4.5 m ,
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 12
x = 8 m,
y = 6.5 m , and
h = 10 m . p
(mb xb + mw x) g (h − y)2 + x2
T =
Let the cable make an angle θ with the hx
horizontal. (25 kg) (4.5 m) + (43 kg) (8 m)
=
(8 m) (10 m)
(0, h)
10 × (9.8 m/s2 )
q
9 T × (10 m − 6.5 m)2 + (8 m)2
Ty
8
= 488.311 N .
Tx θ
Vertical Height (m)

7
6 (0, y) (x, y)
5 Ww
Boom and Weight 05
4 024 10.0 points
3 A weight (with a mass of 48 kg) is suspended
from a point at the right-hand end of a uni-
2 Wb form boom with a mass of 9 kg . A horizontal
1 cable at an elevation of 7.5 m is attached to
0 the wall and to the boom at this same end
point. The boom is also supported by a pivot
-1 (at the origin of the coordinate axes) on the
-2 same wall.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Horizontal Distance (m)
10
h−y Ty 9
tan θ = =
x Tx 8 T
x
Vertical Height (m)

Tx = Ty and 7
h−y
6
Ty h−y
sin θ = =p 5
T (h − y)2 + x2
4 kg
T (h − y) 9
Ty = p .
(h − y)2 + x2 3
Applying the static equilibrium condition for 2
torque (with the origin as the fulcrum), 1 48 kg
0
X
τ = Ty x + Tx y − Wb xb − Ww x = 0
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Horizontal Distance (m)
Wb xb + Ww x = Ty x + Tx y
xy Figure: Drawn to scale.
(mb xb + mw x) g = Ty x + Ty Calculate the tension T in the cable. The
h−y
  acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
y
= Ty 1 + x Your answer must be within ± 3.0%
h−y Correct answer: 583.1 N.
T (h − y) hx
=p
(h − y)2 + x2 h − y Explanation:
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 13
top of the ladder when it slips and falls to the
floor.
Let : Mb = 9 kg , What is the coefficient of static friction be-
Mw = 48 kg , tween the ladder and the floor?
xb = 4.25 m ,
x = 8.5 m , and Correct answer: 0.35186.
y = 7.5 m . Explanation:

Let : Mℓ = 30.4 kg ,
10
Mm = 79.04 kg ,
9 R = 0.82 , and
8 (0, y) T (x, y) θ = 64.3◦ .
Vertical Height (m)

7
Since the ladder is in static equilibrium the
6 sum of all forces and torques about any point
5 must be zero. First, using the sum of the
vertical forces where FN is the normal force
4
exerted by the floor
3 Wb α X
2 0= Fy
1 Ww 0 = FN − Mm g − Mℓ g
FN = (Mm + Mℓ ) g
0
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 X
Horizontal Distance (m) Fx = 0 requires the wall to exert a force
The cable is horizontal. Using the pivot equal in magnitude to the frictional force of
at the origin as the fulcrum and the static FN µ = (Mm + Mℓ ) g µ exerted by the floor.
equilibrium condition for torque, Applying torques on the ladder about the
point where it touches the floor,
X ℓ (Mℓ + Mm ) gµ sin θ 
τ = Wb xb + Ww x − T y = 0 ℓ
− Mℓ + R Mm ℓ g cos θ = 0
2
T y = Wb xb + Ww x
g 2 (Mℓ + Mm ) µ sin θ = (Mℓ + 2 R Mm ) cos θ
T = (Mb xb + Mw x)
y
(9 kg) (4.25 m) + (48 kg) (8.5 m)
= (Mℓ + 2 R Mm ) cos θ
7.5 m µ=
× (9.8 m/s2 ) 2 (Mℓ + Mm ) sin θ
[30.4 kg + 2(0.82)(79.04 kg)] cos 64.3◦
= 583.1 N . =
2(30.4 kg + 79.04 kg) sin 64.3◦
= 0.35186 .
Climbing a Ladder
025 10.0 points
A 6 m long, uniform ladder leans against a Car in Snow Drift
frictionless wall and makes an angle of 64.3◦ 026 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
with the floor. The ladder has a mass 30.4 kg. A student gets her car stuck in a snow drift.
A 79.04 kg man climbs 82% of the way to the Not at a loss, having studied physics, she
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 14
attaches one end of a rope to the vehicle and The angle θ is obtained from
the other end to the trunk of a nearby tree, d 2d
allowing for a small amount of slack. The tan θ =   =
L L
student then exerts a force F on the center of
2
the rope in the direction perpendicular to the  
car-tree line as shown. Assume equilibrium 2d
θ = arctan
conditions and that the rope is inextensible. L
 
L 2 (3.92 m)
θ = arctan = 27.4386◦ .
15.1 m
d
If T is the tension in the rope, Newton’s
second law in the y direction gives

2 T sin θ = F
F F 585 N
T = =
2 sin θ 2 sin 27.4386◦
How does the magnitude of the force ex-
= 634.769 N .
erted by the rope on the car compare to that
of the force exerted by the rope on the tree?
Dishonest Shopkeeper
1. | Ft |<| Fc | 028 10.0 points
Two pans of a balance are 62.5 cm apart.
2. Cannot be determined The fulcrum of the balance has been shifted
1.58 cm away from the center by a dishonest
3. | Ft |>| Fc | shopkeeper.
By what percentage is the true weight of the
4. | Ft |=| Fc |= T correct goods being marked up by the shopkeeper?
Assume the balance has negligible mass.
5. | Ft |= 2 | Fc |
Correct answer: 10.6505 %.
Explanation:
Explanation:
Since the the student pulls on the center of
the rope, the angle between the rope and the
car equals the angle between the rope and the Let : L = 62.5 cm and
tree, so ℓ = 1.58 cm .
| Ft |=| Fc |= T Let W be the standard weight and W ′ the
measured weight.
   
L ′ L
027 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points W −ℓ =W +ℓ
2 2
What is the magnitude of the force on the car
if L = 15.1 m, d = 3.92 m and F = 585 N? W L+ 2ℓ
= , so
W ′ L− 2ℓ
Correct answer: 634.769 N. W − W′
 
L+2ℓ
= − 1 × 100%
Explanation: W′ L−2ℓ
4ℓ
= × 100%
L− 2ℓ
Let : L = 15.1 m , 4 1.58 cm
= × 100%
d = 3.92 m , and 62.5 cm − 2 1.58 cm
F = 585 N . = 10.6505 % .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 15

Cranes and Booms

029 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
A uniform beam of length 5.2 m and mass
19 kg supports a 18 kg mass as shown in the φ T
figure. The cable is at an angle of 58.3◦ with
the wall and the beam is attached to the wall
by a pivoting pin at an angle of 51.1◦ with the
wall. α

58.3◦ L
Ry Mg
θ
mg

Rx
X
g Rotational equilibrium gives us τ = 0,
k
19 so taking the sum of the torques about the
m pivot,
51.1◦ 5. 2  
L
L T sin α − L M g sin θ − m g sin θ = 0
2
18 kg
2 T sin α = 2 M g sin θ + m g sin θ
Find the tension in the cable. The acceler- g sin θ
T = (2 M + m)
ation of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . 2 sin α
2 (18 kg) + 19 kg
=
Correct answer: 222.362 N. 2 sin(70.6◦ )
Explanation: ×(9.8 m/s2 ) sin(51.1◦ )
= 222.362 N .
Let : θ = 51.1◦ ,
φ = 58.3◦ ,
030 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
L = 5.2 m ,
What is the magnitude of the force that the
M = 18 kg , and wall applies to the beam at the pivot?
m = 19 kg .
The angle between the tension T and the Correct answer: 310.141 N.
beam is Explanation:
◦
α = 180 − φ − θ Applying translational equilibrium,
= 180◦ − 58.3◦ − 51.1◦ X
Fx = Rx − T sin φ = 0
= 70.6◦ .
X Rx = T sin φ
The system is in equilibrium, so F = 0 = (222.362 N) sin 58.3◦
X
and τ = 0. = 189.188 N , and
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 16
Explanation:
X At the midpoint of the chain, there is only
Fy = Ry + T cos φ − (M + m) g = 0 a horizontal component of the tension. Since
Ry = (M + m) g − T cos φ the chain is in equilibrium, the tension at the
= (18 kg + 19 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) midpoint must equal the horizontal compo-
nent of the force of a hook.
−(222.362 N) cos 58.3◦
= 245.755 N , so
Tm = Te cos θ = (29.2556 N) cos 40.5◦
q = 22.2461 N .
R= Rx2 + Ry2
q
= (189.188 N)2 + (245.755 N)2
Hinge and Bar 01
= 310.141 N . 033 10.0 points
A uniform bar of length L and weight W is
attached to a wall with a hinge that exerts
Hanging Chain a horizontal force Hx and a vertical force Hy
031 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points on the bar. The bar (which makes an angle
A flexible chain weighing 38 N hangs between θ with respect to wall) is held by a cord that
two hooks located at the same height. At each makes a 90◦ angle with respect to bar.
hook, the tangent to the chain makes an angle
of 40.5◦ with the horizontal.
θ

Find the magnitude of the force each hook

exerts on the chain.

Correct answer: 29.2556 N.

Explanation:

Let : W = 38 N and
θ = 40.5◦ . W
~ = 0. By symmetry each L
X
In equilibrium F θ
hook supports half the weight of the chain, so
W
Ty = Te sin θ =
2
W 38 N
Te = = = 29.2556 N . What is the magnitude of the tension T in
2 sin θ 2 sin 40.5◦ the cord?

032 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points 1

1. T = W sin θ correct
Find the tension in the chain at its midpoint. 2
Consider a free-body diagram for half the 1
2. T = W tan θ
chain. 2
1
Correct answer: 22.2461 N. 3. T = W sin θ cos θ
2
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 17
the symmetry, the tension T1 is the same in
1 each of these segments:
4. T = W cos2 θ
2
1 θ
5. T = W sin2 θ
2 T1
1 θ T1
6. T = W cos θ
2
Explanation:
Analyzing the torques on the bar, with the
hinge at the axis of rotation,
  4W
X L
τ = LT − sin θ W = 0
2
1 Applying static equilibrium vertically,
T = W sin θ .
2
T1 cos θ + T1 cos θ − 4 W = 0
Forces on the Golden Gate
034 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
Consider a simplified model of the Golden 2W 2 (3 N)
Gate bridge, where the bridge is represented T1 = = = 7.06737 N .
cos θ cos 31.9◦
by four equal weights, each weighing 3 N ,
hanging from a wire. The angle between
the hanging wire and the vertical supporting 035 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
beam is 31.9◦ and the bridge is symmetric. Calculate T2 , the tension in the middle seg-
ment of the wire.

T1 Correct answer: 3.73467 N.

31.9◦ Explanation:
The wire between the middle two weights
T2
will feel a 2 W weight on either end.
β
θ
T1 T1

3N 3N 3N 3N T2
θ

Calculate T1 , the tension in the left segment

of the wire.
2W 2W
Correct answer: 7.06737 N.
Explanation:
Considering horizontal equilibrium on the
left knot,
Let : θ = 31.9◦ and
W = 3 N.
T2 = T1 sin θ = (7.06737 N) sin 31.9◦
The leftmost (or rightmost) segment of wire
“feels” one 4 W weight on its end; because of = 3.73467 N .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 18

036 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points

Calculate the angle β in the figure.

Correct answer: 51.2257◦. φ

Explanation: ℓ
b b T
Call the tension in the second segment T xcm
and consider the forces on the first knot from
the left.

θ
T1
T
If the mass of the beam is 8 kg, the tension
3 4
W β in the wire is 40 N, sin φ = and cos φ = ,
5 5
how far is the center of mass of the beam from
the hinge? The acceleration due to gravity is
10 m/s2 .
Horizontal equilibrium for the knot gives
1. 0.5 ℓ, of course
T1 sin θ = T sin β
2. 0.666667 ℓ
and vertical equilibrium gives
3. 0.375 ℓ
T1 cos θ = T cos β + W .
4. 0.4 ℓ correct
T sin β T1 sin θ
= 5. 0.18 ℓ
T cos β T1 cos θ − W
6. 0.16 ℓ
T1 sin θ
tan β =
T1 cos θ − W 7. 0.32 ℓ
 
T1 sin θ
β = arctan 8. Not enough information is given.
T cos θ − W
 1
(7.06737 N) sin 31.9◦

= arctan 9. 0.3 ℓ
(7.06737 N) cos 31.9◦ − 3 N
= 51.2257◦ . 10. 0.625 ℓ

Hinged Horiz Beam

037 10.0 points
A horizontal, nonuniform beam of mass M
and length ℓ is hinged to a vertical wall at
one side, and attached to a wire on the other
end. The bar is motionless and a wire exerts Explanation:
a force T at an angle of φ with respect to the Consider the free-body diagram, with the
vertical. forces due to the wall not shown:
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 19
Since the bat is in static equilibrium, around
any point (in particular around O),

~ =F −W =0
X
F
φ
ℓ F = W = 12.8333 N .
b b T
xcm
m~g
039 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Determine the torque exerted on the bat by
the player about the center of mass of the bat.

Correct answer: 7.95667 N · m.

Explanation:
With the z-axis pointing out of the paper, The torque exerted by the player is
the magnitude of the net torque through the
hinge is τ = W d = 7.95667 N · m .

τz = T ℓ cos φ − m g xcm = 0 Ladder 14

m g xcm = T ℓ cos φ 040 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
T cos φ A ladder rests against a vertical wall. There
xcm = ℓ
mg is no friction between the wall and the ladder.
The coefficient of static friction between the
 
4
(40 N) ladder and the ground is µ = 0.633 .
5
= = 0.4 .
(8 kg)(10 m/s2 )

Fw
Holding a Baseball Bat
038 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points ℓ
A baseball player holds a 46.2 oz bat
(12.8333 N) with one hand at the point O.
The bat is in equilibrium. The weight of the h
bat acts along a line 62 cm to the right of O.
θ
O N
W
f
b
µ = 0.633 b

w Consider the following expressions:

A1: f = Fw
Determine the force exerted on the bat by A2: f = Fw sin θ
the player.
W
B1: N =
Correct answer: 12.8333 N. 2
B2: N = W
Explanation:
C1: ℓ Fw sin θ = 2 Fw cos θ
Let : W = 12.8333 N . C2: ℓ Fw sin θ = ℓ W cos θ
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 20
1 So the correct set of equations is
C3: ℓ Fw sin θ = ℓ W cos θ ,
2 A1 , B2 , C3 .
where
f : force of friction between the ladder and
the ground, 041 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
Fw : normal force on the ladder due to the Determine the smallest angle θ for which the
wall, ladder remains stationary.
θ: angle between the ladder and the ground,
N : normal force on the ladder due to the Correct answer: 38.3048◦ .
ground,
W: weight of the ladder, and
ℓ: length of the ladder. Explanation:
Identify the set of equations which is cor-
rect.
f = µs N = Fw , so
1. A2, B1, C3

2. A1, B2, C3 correct

3. A1, B2, C2 1
Fw sin θ = W cos θ
2
4. A1, B1, C2 1
µs W sin θ = W cos θ
2
5. A2, B1, C2 1
µs =
2 tan θ
6. A1, B2, C1 1
tan θ =
2 µs
7. A1, B1, C3

8. A2, B2, C1

9. A2, B1, C1  
−1 1
θ = tan
10. A1, B1, C1 2 µs
 
Explanation: −1 1
= tan
From translational equilibrium, 2 (0.633)
= 38.3048◦ .
X
Fx = f − Fw = 0
f = Fw and
X
Fy = N − W = 0 Ladder 11
N =W. 042 10.0 points
A 19.8 kg person climbs up a uniform ladder
Applying rotational equilibrium about the with negligible mass. The upper end of the
foot of the ladder, ladder rests on a frictionless wall. The bottom
X ℓ of the ladder rests on a floor with a rough
τ = W cos θ − Fw ℓ sin θ = 0 surface where the coefficient of static friction
2
1 is 0.2 . The angle between the horizontal and
ℓ Fw sin θ = ℓ W cos θ the ladder is 52◦ .
2
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 21
X
τ◦ = m g d cos θ − Nw L sin θ = 0

4m

Nw L sin θ = m g d cos θ

µ=0
f L sin θ = m g d cos θ
mgd
f=
52◦ L tan θ
d
The ladder may slip when f = fmax = Nw ,
19.8 kg
b so
µ = 0.2
mgd
fmax ≡ µ m g ≥
When the person attempts to climb the L tan θ
ladder, how far up the ladder will the person d ≤ µ L tan θ
reach before the ladder slips (kaboom)? The ≤ (0.2) (4 m) tan 52◦
acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . ≤ 1.02395 m .
Correct answer: 1.02395 m.
Explanation: Leaning Bar 02
043 10.0 points
Let : g = 9.8 m/s2 , A uniform bar of mass M and length ℓ is
θ = 52◦ , propped against a very slick vertical wall as
shown. The angle between the wall and the
L = 4 m, upper end of the bar is θ. The force of static
m = 19.8 kg , and friction between the upper end of the bar and
µ = 0.2 . the wall is negligible, but the bar remains at
rest (in equilibrium).
Nw ~w
F

θ
~n

θ ~fs
If we take the pivot at the point where the
f mg barXtouches
b  the floor, which expression below
P ivot is ~τ , where x is along the floor and y
Nf z
is along the wall?
 
Mg
1. ℓ cos θ − Fw sin θ = 0
X 2
Fx = f − Nw = 0  
Mg
f = Nw 2. ℓ Fw cos θ − sin θ = 0 correct
X 2
Fy = Nf − m g = 0 3. ℓ (−fs sin θ − n cos θ) = 0
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 22

 
Mg Correct answer: 382.993 N.
4. ℓ − Fw = 0
2
  Explanation:
Mg
5. ℓ Fw cos θ + sin θ = 0
2
 
Mg Let : c = 1.43 m and
6. ℓ Fw sin θ + cos θ = 0
2 d = 3.26 m .
 
Mg
7. ℓ + Fw = 0 Let T1 be the tension in the vertical string
2
between the bars. The spring exerts a force
8. ℓ (fs sin θ − n cos θ) = 0 Fs = k x straight up at a distance d from the
  fulcrum, and the string T1 acts straight up at
−M g
9. ℓ cos θ − Fw sin θ = 0 a distance c from the fulcrum:
2
  T1
Mg
10. ℓ Fw sin θ − cos θ = 0 kx
2
Explanation: c d
Taking the pivot at the point where the bar From rotational equilibrium,
touches the floor, the torque into the paper is
M g ℓ sin θ X X X
and the torque out of the paper is τ= τCW − τCCW = 0
2
Fw ℓ cos θ, so T1 c − k x d = 0 , so
 
X Mg
~τz = ℓ Fw cos θ − sin θ = 0 .
2
kxd (24 N/cm)(7 cm)(3.26 m)
T1 = =
c 1.43 m
Levers in Equilibrium
044 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points = 382.993 N .
The levers are in equilibrium, and are consid-
ered massless. The supporting string on the
upper bar is attached 1.17 m from the wall, 045 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
and 0.305 m from the other end. It acts at What is the tension in the slanted string?
an angle 39 ◦ with the bar. The string be-
tween the levers is vertical. The fulcrum on Correct answer: 767.229 N.
the lower bar is 1.43 m from the left end, and Explanation:
3.26 m units from the right end. The spring Let T be the tension in the slanted string.
is pulled up vertically.
T T
θ b θ
b
7 cm
b

a a
◦
39 0.305 m
b
1.43 m
1.17 m
b From rotational equilibrium on the upper
3.26 m lever, the tension T1 acts down at a distance
a + b from the fulcrum, and the tension T
If the spring of constant 24 N/cm is acts up at a distance a sin θ from the fulcrum.
stretched 7 cm, what is the tension in the Thus
string between the bars? T1 (a + b) − T a sin θ = 0
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 23
T1 (a + b) 382.993 N(1.17 m + 0.305 m) (0.1 kg) (50 m)
T = = −
a sin θ (1.17 m) sin 39◦ 1.00512 kg
= 767.229 N . (0.701 kg)(5.71 cm)
−
1.00512 kg
= 62.9199 cm .
Meter Stick in Equilibrium
046 10.0 points
A 0.1 kg meter stick is supported at its 40 cm
mark by a string attached to the ceiling. A Moving a Block
0.701 kg mass hangs vertically at the 5.71 cm 047 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
mark. A second mass is attached at another ~ acts on a rectangular block to slide
A force F
mark to keep it horizontal and in rotational the block with constant speed, as seen in the
and translational equilibrium. figure below.
If the tension in the string attached to the
N
ceiling is 17.7 N , determine the mark at which 50 cm
= 247
the second mass is attached. The acceleration F
of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . 39◦

Correct answer: 62.9199 cm. 1.4 m N

0.499 m
Explanation:
b

Let : m = 0.1 kg , 405 N

m1 = 0.701 kg ,
x
T = 17.7 N ,
Find the coefficient of friction.
ℓ = 40 cm ,
ℓ1 = 5.71 cm , and Correct answer: 0.769181.
g = 9.8 m/s2 .
Explanation:
From translational equilibrium,

T = m1 g + m g + m2 g Let : F = 247 N ,
T W = 405 N , and
m2 = − m1 − m
g θ = 39◦ .
17.7 N
= − 0.701 kg − 0.1 kg
9.8 m/s2
= 1.00512 kg . B F

From rotational equilibrium, for a fulcrum at θ

the 0 cm mark,
A N
T ℓ = m2 g ℓ2 + m g (50 m) + m1 g ℓ1 h
m2 g ℓ2 = T ℓ − m g (50 m) − m1 g ℓ1
b
Tℓ m (50 m) m1 ℓ1
ℓ2 = − −
m2 g m2 m2 W
(17.7 N)(40 cm)
= x
(1.00512 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 24
Vertically,
X Old MacDonald Had a Farm
Fy = F sin θ + N − W = 0 049 (part 1 of 5) 10.0 points
N = W − F sin θ Old MacDonald had a farm, e i , e i , oh ! And
= 405 N − (247 N) sin 39◦ on that farm he had a gate, e i , e i , oh ! And
= 249.558 N a squeak, squeak, here. A squeak, squeak,
there. And a squeak, squeak, everywhere . . .
and horizontally, The gate is 3.37 m wide and 2.8 m tall with
hinges attached to the top and bottom. The
X
Fx = F cos θ − µ N = 0 guide wire makes an angle of 14◦ with the top
of the gate and has a tension of 215 N. The
F cos θ (247 N) cos 39◦ mass of the gate is 39.9 kg.
µ= =
N 249.558 N
= 0.769181 .
l α
048 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
How far from the lower left corner does the Mac Donald's
normal force act? Ranch h

Correct answer: 47.8104 cm.

Explanation: Determine the magnitude of the horizontal
force exerted on the gate by the bottom hinge.
Let : a = 1.4 m , The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
b = 50 cm = 0.5 m , and
Correct answer: 172.709 N.
h = 0.499 m = 49.9 cm .
Explanation:
The torque about the right-hand edge must
be 0. This reduces the normal force to a single Let : m = 39.9 kg ,
point on the bottom of the block acting at a
distance x from the lower left corner. Consid- g = 9.8 m/s2 ,
ering the point of attachment of the force F ~ ℓ = 3.37 m ,
to be the pivot point, rotational equilibrium T = 215 N ,
gives us α = 14◦ , and
h = 2.8 m .
X b
τ =W − N (b − x) − µ N h = 0 For equilibrium
2
~ = 0 and
X X
W b − 2N b +2N x− 2µN h = 0 F ~τ = 0 .

T
2µN h −W b+ 2N b
x= FBy Ty
2N T
Wb Tx
= µh− +b
2N
= 0.769181 (49.9 cm) FBx
(405 N) (50 cm) FAy
− + 50 cm
2 (249.558 N) FAx mg
= 47.8104 cm .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 25
Applying torques about the top hinge, with a magnitude of 208.614 N .
ℓ
T sin α ℓ − m g + FAx h = 0 052 (part 4 of 5) 10.0 points
2
Determine the magnitude of the total vertical
  force exerted on the gate by the two hinges.
1 ℓ
FAx = m g − T sin α ℓ
h 2 Correct answer: 339.007 N.
1 h 3.37 m Explanation:
= (39.9 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
2.8 m 2 i
◦
−(215 N) sin 14 (3.37 m) X
Fy : FAy + FBy − m g + T sin α = 0
= 172.709 N ,

with a magnitude of 172.709 N . FAy + FBy = m g − T sin α

= (39.9 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
050 (part 2 of 5) 10.0 points − (215 N) sin 14◦ ,
Determine the magnitude of the horizontal
force exerted on the gate by the upper hinge. with a magnitude of 339.007 N .
Correct answer: 35.9049 N. 053 (part 5 of 5) 10.0 points
Explanation: What must be the tension in the guy wire so
that the horizontal force exerted by the upper
X hinge is zero?
Fx : FAx + FBx − T cos α = 0
Correct answer: 186.537 N.
FBx = T cos α − FAx Explanation:
Applying torques about bottom hinge,
= (215 N) cos 14◦ − 172.709 N
= 35.9049 N , ℓ
−m g + T ℓ sin α + T h cos α = 0
2
with a magnitude of 35.9049 N .
ℓ
051 (part 3 of 5) 10.0 points mg
T = 2
Determine magnitude of the total horizontal ℓ sin α + h cos α
force exerted on the gate by the two hinges. 3.37 m
(39.9 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
= 2
Correct answer: 208.614 N. (3.37 m) sin 14◦ + (2.8 m) cos 14◦
Explanation: = 186.537 N .

FAx + FBx = FAx + FBx Painter on a Ladder 10 MC

= 172.709 N + 35.9049 N 054 10.0 points
= 208.614 N .
A stepladder has negligible weight and is
Alternate Solution: constructed as shown. The horizontal bar
connecting the two legs of the ladder is piv-
FAx + FBx = T cos α oted half way up the ladder. A 68 kg painter
= (215 N) cos 14◦ , stands on the ladder a distance 4 m from the
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 26
foot of the ladder. The length of the ladder is Let N1 be normal force on the right-hand
11 m, and the legs of the ladder are 4 m apart leg of the ladder, N2 the normal force on the
on the floor. left-hand leg of the ladder, and Px and Py the
components of the action/reaction pair that
one half of the ladder exerts on the other half.
Consider the forces acting on the each half of

m
the ladder.
11

4m
Py
Px Px
Py
θ θ
4m
T T
Find the normal force on the left-hand leg N2 N1
of the ladder. The acceleration of gravity mg
is 9.8 m/s2 . Assume the floor is frictionless
and that the ladder is symmetric and forms X
~ =0
Applying translational equilibrium F
an isosceles triangle. Treat each half of the
ladder separately. vertically to the right half of the ladder,

Py + N1 − m g = 0
1. 175.7 N
and to the left half
2. 127.2 N
N2 − Py = 0 .
3. 163.6 N
Adding,
N1 + N2 = m g .
4. 157.5 N X
Applying rotational equilibrium ~τ = 0
to the left half about the top of the ladder,
5. 121.2 N correct
L
T cos θ − N2 L sin θ = 0
6. 151.5 N 2
and to the right half,
7. 139.3 N
L
m g (L − ℓ) sin θ + T cos θ
8. 133.3 N 2
−N1 L sin θ = 0 .

9. 145.4 N Adding,

m g (L − ℓ) sin θ + T L cos θ
10. 169.6 N
− (N1 + N2 ) L sin θ = 0
Explanation:

T L cos θ = (N1 + N2 ) L sin θ

Let : ℓ = 4 m , − m g (L − ℓ) sin θ
L = 11 m , and = m g L sin θ − m g (L − ℓ) sin θ
w = 4 m. = m g ℓ sin θ .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 27
From the torque equation, left-hand leg of the ladder, and Px and Py the
components of the action/reaction pair that
T L cos θ = 2 N2 L sin θ one half of the ladder exerts on the other half.
m g ℓ sin θ = 2 N2 L sin θ Consider the forces acting on the each half of
mgℓ the ladder.
N2 =
2L Py
(68 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) (4 m) Px Px
= Py
2 (11 m)
θ θ
= 121.2 N . T T
N2 N1
mg
Painter on a Ladder 10
055 10.0 points X
~ =0
Applying translational equilibrium F
A stepladder has negligible weight and is vertically to the right half of the ladder,
constructed as shown. The horizontal bar Py + N1 − m g = 0
connecting the two legs of the ladder is piv- and to the left half
oted half way up the ladder. A 79 kg painter
N2 − Py = 0 .
stands on the ladder a distance 4 m from the
foot of the ladder. The length of the ladder Adding,
is 7.3 m, and the legs of the ladder are 8 m N1 + N2 = m g .
apart on the floor.
X
Applying rotational equilibrium ~τ = 0
to the left half about the top of the ladder,
L
T cos θ − N2 L sin θ = 0
2
m
7. 3

and to the right half,

4m

L
m g (L − ℓ) sin θ + T cos θ
2
−N1 L sin θ = 0 .
8m Adding,
Find the normal force on the left-hand leg m g (L − ℓ) sin θ + T L cos θ
of the ladder. The acceleration of gravity
− (N1 + N2 ) L sin θ = 0
is 9.8 m/s2 . Assume the floor is frictionless
and that the ladder is symmetric and forms T L cos θ = (N1 + N2 ) L sin θ
an isosceles triangle. Treat each half of the − m g (L − ℓ) sin θ
ladder separately.
= m g L sin θ − m g (L − ℓ) sin θ
Correct answer: 212.11 N. = m g ℓ sin θ .
From the torque equation,
Explanation:
T L cos θ = 2 N2 L sin θ
m g ℓ sin θ = 2 N2 L sin θ
Let : ℓ = 4 m , mgℓ
L = 7.3 m , and N2 =
2L
w = 8 m. (79 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) (4 m)
=
2 (7.3 m)
Let N1 be normal force on the right-hand
leg of the ladder, N2 the normal force on the = 212.11 N .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 28

Perpendicular Ropes Pole Vaulter

056 10.0 points 057 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Two ropes support a load of 275 kg. The two A vaulter holds a 27.1 N pole in equilibrium
ropes are perpendicular to each other, and the by exerting an upward force U with his lead-
tension in the first rope is 2.05 times that of ing hand, and a downward force D with his
the second rope. trailing hand, as shown in the figure. Let
Find the tension in the second rope. The ℓ1 = 0.75 m, ℓ2 = 1.6 m, and ℓ3 = 2.35 m.
acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . U
l1 l2 l3
Correct answer: 1181.55 N.
Explanation: A C
B
Let : m = 275 kg , W
f = 2.05 , and D
g = 9.8 m/s2 . What is the magnitude of the upward force
U?
T1 = f T2 .
The load is not moving, so the net force ex- Correct answer: 84.9133 N.
erted on it must be zero. Let θ be the angle
between the first rope and the vertical direc- Explanation:
tion; when the net force on the load is zero, its
horizontal component and its vertical compo-
nent should have a sum of zero. For the Let : ℓ1 = 0.75 m ,
horizontal direction,
ℓ2 = 1.6 m ,
T1 sin θ − T2 cos θ = 0
ℓ3 = 2.35 m , and
f T2 sin θ − T2 cos θ = 0
W = 27.1 N .

f sin θ = cos θ
1 For equilibrium,
tan θ =
f
~ = 0 and
    X X
−1 1 −1 1 F ~τ = 0
θ = tan = tan
f 2.05
◦
= 26.0034 .
To find U , measure the distances and forces
The vertical components of the net force from point A. Then, balancing the torques,
should also have a sum of zero:
T1 cos θ + T2 sin θ = M g
(0.75 m) U = (27.1 N)(0.75 m + 1.6 m)
f T2 cos θ + T2 sin θ = M g
0.75 m + 1.6 m
T2 (f cos θ + sin θ) = M g U = (27.1 N)
0.75 m
Mg = 84.9133 N .
T2 =
f cos θ + sin θ
(275 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
=
2.05 cos 26.0034◦ + sin 26.0034◦
058 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
= 1181.55 N . What is the magnitude of D?
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 29

Correct answer: 57.8133 N.

Let : L = 6.4 m ,
Explanation:
From Newton’s second law, ℓ = 1.5 m ,
m = 19 kg ,
X
Fy = U − D − W = 0 M = 52 kg , and
D = U − W = 84.9133 N − 27.1 N g = 9.8 m/s2 .
= 57.8133 N . For equilibrium,

~ = 0 and
X X
F ~τ = 0 .
Plank on a Scaffold MC
059 10.0 points Considering the edge of the scaffold to be
A uniform plank of length 6.4 m and mass the pivot point, then
19 kg rests horizontally on a scaffold, with
1.5 m of the plank hanging over one end of
 
X L
the scaffold. τ0 = m g −ℓ −M gx = 0
2
L
l
x  
m L
x= −ℓ
M 2
 
19 kg 6.4 m
How far can a painter of mass 52 kg walk on = − 1.5 m
52 kg 2
the overhanging part of the plank x before it
tips? The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . = 0.6212 m .

1. 0.6212 m correct
Seesaw Tied Down
2. 0.4659 m 060 (part 1 of 5) 10.0 points
A child weighing 38 N climbs onto the right
end of a see-saw, little knowing that it is tied
3. 0.5590 m down with a rope at its left end. The see-saw
is 3 m long, weighs 11 N and is tilted at an
4. 0.6522 m angle of 22◦ from the horizontal. The center
of mass of the see-saw is half way along its
5. 0.4969 m length, and lies right above the pivot.

6. 0.7143 m l

7. 0.5280 m θ

8. 0.7764 m
What torque does the weight of the child
9. 0.5901 m exert about the pivot point? Take counter-
clockwise to be positive.
10. 0.6833 m Correct answer: −52.8495 N · m.
Explanation: Explanation:
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 30

  Correct answer: 87 N.
ℓ
τC = MC g cos θ Explanation:
2
3m Besides the balance of the total torque, the
= (38 N) cos 22◦ total force must be zero also since the see-saw
2
actually doesn’t move. The total downward
= −52.8495 N · m . forces, including those from the child, the rope
and the see-saw itself can be easily added to
be 87 N, so that the total upward from the
061 (part 2 of 5) 10.0 points
What torque does the weight of the see-saw pivot should be 87 N also.
exert about the pivot point? Take counter-
clockwise to be positive. Serway CP 08 25
065 10.0 points
Correct answer: 0 N · m. A 7.7 m, 270 kg uniform ladder rests against a
smooth wall. The coefficient of static friction
Explanation: between the ladder and the ground is 0.65 ,
This must be zero since the center of mass and the ladder makes a 44.5◦ angle with the
of the see-saw is just at the center, namely at ground.
the pivot. How far up the ladder can a 1080 kg person
climb before the ladder begins to slip? The
062 (part 3 of 5) 10.0 points acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
What torque does the rope exert about the
pivot point? Take counter-clockwise to be Correct answer: 5.1855 m.
positive.
Explanation:
Correct answer: 52.8495 N · m.
Explanation: Let : g = 9.8 m/s2 ,
Since the see-saw doesn’t rotate, the total
m = 270 kg ,
torque should be zero. The torque which
balances the torque of the child is from the α = 44.5◦ ,
rope. They have opposite directions but the µs = 0.65 ,
same magnitude. L = 7.7 m , and
M = 1080 kg .
063 (part 4 of 5) 10.0 points
What force does the rope exert downwards on Let x be the distance up the ladder. Applying
the see-saw? Give a positive answer. rotational equilibrium with the pivot at the
point of contact with the ground,
Correct answer: 38 N. X X
Explanation: τCW = τCCW
As mentioned above, the torques from the
rope is equal to that from the child, since they mgL
cos α + M g x cos α = fmax L sin α
have the same force arm, the force should be 2
the same also, namely the force from the rope m g L cos α + 2 M g x cos α = 2 fmax L sin α
on the see-saw is 38 N .
2 M g x cos α = 2 fmax L sin α − m g L cos α
064 (part 5 of 5) 10.0 points
What is the total positive force exerted up- fmax L tan α m L
x= −
wards by the pivot? Mg 2M
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 31
(8599.5 N) tan 44.5◦ (7.7 m) sin θ
= 10.
(1080 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) tan θ
(270 kg) (7.7 m) Explanation:
− Let x be parallel to the ramp and y perpen-
2 (1080 kg)
dicular to it.
= 5.1855 m .
X
Fx = F + fs − M g sin θ = 0 and
Sphere on Ramp
066 10.0 points
A sphere of radius R and mass M is held
X
Fy = n − M g cos θ = 0 .
on a ramp that makes an angle θ with the
horizontal by a string that pulls with force F Taking torques about the point where the
directed up the ramp and running over the sphere touches the ramp,
top of the sphere.
~F X
τz = (M g sin θ) R − 2 F R = 0
M g sin θ
F =
2
R
Mg fs to keep the sphere from rotating.
In order for F to be a minimum, fs must be
a maximum, so
n
θ
fsmax = µs n = µs M g cos θ and
What is the minimum value of µs , the co-
efficient of static friction between sphere and
ramp, required to hold the sphere at rest?
F min = M g (sin θ − µs cos θ)
cos θ
1. M g sin θ
tan θ = M g (sin θ − µs cos θ)
2
2. Zero; no static friction is needed in this tan θ
µs = .
case. 2
1
3. Sphere in Smooth Wedge
2
067 10.0 points
4. 1.0 precisely Consider a solid sphere of radius R and mass
m placed in a wedge, where one wall is vertical
5. tan 2 θ and the other wall has an angle θ with respect
to the vertical wall.
6. tan θ
2
7.
tan θ A
tan θ
8. correct mg
2 B
1
9.
2 tan θ θ
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 32
Assuming that the walls are smooth, which
expression is appropriate if you consider a
free body diagram for the ball which involves
FA and FB , the forces acting on the contact F
points A and B, respectively, and the weight
L
mg?
1
1. m g = FA tan θ h
2
◦
1 45
2. m g = FA cos θ N mg
2
f
3. m g = FA cos θ b
µs = 0.4 b
4. m g = 2 FA tan θ
The ladder will be
5. m g = FA tan θ correct
1. at the critical point of slipping.
6. m g = 2 FA cos θ
1 2. unstable. correct
7. m g = FA sin θ
2
3. stable.
8. m g = 2 FA sin θ Explanation:
Stability requires
9. m g = FA sin θ
1
Explanation: µs ≥ = 0.5 .
2 tan 45◦
The free body diagram is Since µs = 0.4 < 0.5 , the ladder is unstable.
FB In other words, there is a net torque on it.
mg FB
mg Tipping a Block 01
θ θ 069 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
FA FA A force acts on a rectangular block as shown.
0.8 m
The three forces form a right triangle with 0N
FB as the hypotenuse, so 16
N 38
◦
1m

mg
tan θ =
FA 0.45 m
m g = FA tan θ .

380 N x
Stability or Not
068 10.0 points If the block slides with constant speed, find
A ladder is leaning against a smooth wall. the position x of the resultant normal force N
There is friction between the ladder and the to the left of the leading (right-hand) edge.
floor, which may hold the ladder in place; the
1
ladder is stable when µs ≥ . Otherwise Correct answer: 33.842 cm.
2 tan θ
the net torque on it is not zero. Explanation:
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 33

070 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

Let : F = 160 N ,
Find the coefficient of sliding friction.
W = 380 N ,
h = 0.45 m , Correct answer: 0.447902.
H = 1 m, Explanation:
w = 0.8 m , and
α = 38◦ . X
Fx = F cos α − µN = 0
w
F cos α (160 N) cos 38◦
F µ= =
N 281.494 N
N α = 0.447902 .
H
h
071 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
If the force acting on the block becomes 360 N
find the value of h for which the block just
W x begins to tip over in the forward direction.
For equilibrium, Correct answer: 0.535808 m.
~ = 0 and Explanation:
X X
F ~τ = 0 .
Locate the origin at the bottom right corner
Locate the origin at the bottom left corner of the block. Since the block is about to tip,
of the block and let x be the distance between
the resultant normal force and the front of the
X 1
τ = W w − F h cos α = 0
block; then 2
X
Fy = F sin α + N − W = 0
1 1
N = W − F sin α Ww (380 N) (0.8 m)
= 380 N − (160 N) sin 38◦ h= 2 = 2
F cos α (360 N) cos 38◦
= 281.494 N and
  = 0.535808 m .
X 1
τ = N (w − x) − W w
2
+(F sin α) w − (F cos α) h = 0 Tipping a Block 02
072 10.0 points
1 A string provides a horizontal force which acts
Nw− W w + F w sin α − F h cos α on a 500 N rectangular block at top right-hand
x= 2
N corner as shown.
0.8 m F
W w F w sin α − F h cos α
=w− +
2N N
(380 N) (0.8 m)
= 0.8 m −
1m

2 (281.494 N)
(160 N) (0.8 m) sin 38◦
+
281.494 N
(160 N) (0.45 m) cos 38◦
−
281.494 N
500 N
= 0.33842 m = 33.842 cm .
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 34
If the block slides with constant speed, find
the tension in the string required to start to
tip the block over.

Correct answer: 200 N. A B

Explanation: 42 m
69 m
Calculate the normal force on the bridge at
Let : W = 500 N , point B (the right support). The acceleration
of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
h = 1 m , and
w = 0.8 m . Correct answer: 1.00343 × 106 N.

F Explanation:
w

Let : L = 69 m ,
h
M = 1.5 × 105 kg ,
m = 45000 kg , and
W x = 42 m .
For equilibrium, For equilibrium
~ =0
X X
F and ~τ = 0.
~ =0
X X
F and ~τ = 0 .
The truck’s weight m~g , the bridge’s own
The block is trying to tip over its lower ~ A on the bridge
weight M ~g , the normal force N
right-hand corner (the fulcrum). The string at point A, and the normal force N ~ B on the
tension T pulls to the right (clockwise) at a bridge at point B are all vertical. Applying
distance h from that corner and the weight W rotational equilibrium about A,
acts down (counter-clockwise) at a distance X L
w τz,A = x (m g) + (M g)
from the corner, so 2
2 + 0 (NA ) − L (NB ) = 0
L

1
 L NB = x m g + M g
X
τ =W w −F h=0 2
2 x 1
NB = m g + M g
Ww L 2
Fh= 42 m
2 = (45000 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
Ww (500 N) (0.8 m) 69 m
F = = 1
2h 2 (1 m) + (1.5 × 105 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
2
= 200 N .
= 1.00343 × 106 N .

Truck on a Bridge 02 074 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

073 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points Calculate the normal force on the bridge at
A bridge of length 69 m and mass 1.5 × 105 kg point A (the left support).
is supported at each end (points A and B on
the picture below). A truck of mass 45000 kg Correct answer: 9.07565 × 105 N.
is located 42 m from the left support A. Explanation:
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 35
Applying translational equilibrium verti- The trash can will just start to tip
cally, (metastable equilibrium) when
X a w
Fy = NA + NB − m g − M g = 0 =
g h
NA = m g + M g − NB wg
a= .
= (45000 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) h
+ (1.5 × 105 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
From kinematics,
− 1.00343 × 106 N
= 9.07565 × 105 N . 1 1
s = so + vo t + a t2 = a t2
r s2 2
2s 2 (12 m)
Winning Without Tipping t= =
a 2.89396 m/s2
075 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
Bill Nomoore has entered a race to push the = 2.87978 s .
11.7 kg cart loaded with the 18.5 kg trash can
of height 1.49 m and width 0.44 m as shown
in the figure. 076 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
ω Brakes are put on the cart so that the wheels
are in a locked position.
mt h If there is a frictional coefficient of 0.157
between cart’s wheels and the surface, what
mc force must Bill maintain to accomplish his
goal in this minimum time?
What is the minimum possible time for the
can to finish the required 12 m distance with- Correct answer: 133.863 N.
out tipping? The acceleration of gravity is Explanation:
9.8 m/s2 . Assume the frictional coefficient
between the cart and the trash can is large
enough so that the trash can does not slip. Let : mc = 11.7 kg ,
mt = 18.5 kg ,
Correct answer: 2.87978 s.
µ = 0.157 , and
Explanation: g = 9.8 m/s2 .

a
Let : s = 12 m and
a = 2.89396 m/s2 .

The acceleration is defined by the dimen- F

sions of the trash can: m c+m t
ω
µN
Bill exerts a force F to the right on the
a
h system, friction acts to the left, and his net
acceleration is to the right, so from dynamics

Fnet = mtotal a = F − µ N 6= 0
g (mc + mt ) a = F − µ (mc + mt ) g
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 36
F = (mc + mt ) a + µ (mc + mt ) g
= (mc + mt ) (a + µ g)
= (11.7 kg + 18.5 kg) h
× 2.89396 m/s2 + 0.157 (9.8 m/s2 )
 

= 133.863 N . α
θ
y1 l β
Drop the Drawbridge α
077 10.0 points x1
Sir Lost-a-Lot dons his armor and bursts out
of the castle on his trusty steed Tripper in
his quest to rescue fair damsels from drag- h + y1 h + ℓ sin α
tan θ = =
ons. Unfortunately his valiant aide Doubtless x1 ℓ cos α
 
lowered the drawbridge too far and finally −1 h + ℓ sin α
θ = tan
stopped it 28 ◦ below the horizontal. Lost- ℓ cos α
a-Lot screeches to a stop when his and his  ◦
−1 10 m + (4.1 m) sin 28
steed’s combined mass (420 kg) is 0.84 m = tan
(4.1 m) cos 28◦
from the end of the bridge, which is 9.1 m
= 73.113◦ .
long with a mass of 2800 kg. The lift cable is
attached to the bridge 4.1 m from the hinge Taking the sum of the torques about the
and to the parapets 10 m above the bridge. hinge,
X L
τ = −M g cos α + T ℓ sin(θ − α)
h 2
− m g (L − x) cos α
α = 0.

l 2 T ℓ sin(θ − α)
x = [M L + 2 m (L − x)] g cos α
L

g cos α [M L + 2 m (L − x)]
Find the tension in the cable. The acceler- T =
ation of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . 2 ℓ sin(θ − α)
(9.8 m/s2 ) cos 28◦
=
Correct answer: 48.2835 kN. 2 (4.1 m) sin(73.113◦ − 28◦ )
h
Explanation: × (2800 kg) (9.1 m)
i
+ 2 (420 kg) (9.1 m − 0.84 m)
Let : L = 9.1 m , 1 kN
×
g = 9.8 m/s2 , 1000 N
α = 28◦ , = 48.2835 kN .
x = 0.84 m ,
ℓ = 4.1 m ,
Knot in Equilibrium
M = 2800 kg ,
078 10.0 points
h = 10 m , and The system shown in the figure is in equilib-
m = 420 kg . rium. A 15 kg mass is on the table. A string
 Version 001 – Statics – ramadoss – (171) 37
attached to the knot and the ceiling makes an Alternate Solution: Equations 1 and 2
angle of 64◦ with the horizontal. The coeffi- come directly from the free-body diagram for
cient of the static friction between the 15 kg the knot. Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 1,
mass and the surface on which it rests is 0.43.
mmax
tan θ =
µM
mmax = µ M tan θ = (0.43) (15 kg) tan 64◦
◦
= 13.2245 kg .
64
15 kg

What is the largest mass m can have and

still preserve the equilibrium? The accelera-
tion of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .

Correct answer: 13.2245 kg.

Explanation:

Let : M = 15 kg ,
m = 13.2245 kg , and
θ = 64◦ .

For the system to remain in equilibrium,

the net forces on both M and m should be
zero, so the tension in the rope has an upper
bound value Tmax , where

Tmax cos θ = µ M g (1)

µM g
Tmax =
cos θ
(0.43) (15 kg) (9.8 m/s2 )
=
cos 64◦
= 144.193 N .

For m to remain in equilibrium

Tmax sin θ = mmax g (2)

Tmax sin θ (144.193 N) sin 64◦
mmax = =
g 9.8 m/s2
= 13.2245 kg .