The area surrounding the outer suburbs -> reputation of

being "commuter land"

Home to the headquarters of all government departments

The most densely populated area CHARACTERISTIC Home to the country's parliament, its major legal
institutions, and the monarch

not a large city, millions of its inhabitants travel into seven times larger than any other city in the country
London to work everyday
a fifth of the total population of the UK
The garden of England CHARACTERISTIC
THE COUNTY OF KENT The majority of Londoners live i its suburbs work in
London's centre
many kinds of fruit + vegetables grown

more than 300 languages are spoken

a series of hills in a horseshoe shape to the south of London
Although all of Britain's cities have some degree of
culural and variety is by far the greatest in London
restaurants offer cuisine from more than 70 countries
used for sheep farming

THE DOWNS
The southern side of the Downs reaches the sea in many
nearly a third of Londoners were born outside UK
places and form the white cliffs of the south coast

the White Cliffs of Dover is known colloquially today as the original

LONDON (the
walled city of London / City of UK
largest city in
THE SQUARE MILE
Employment in the south-east has been mainly in trade, the western European)
(also know simply as "the City") is home to the
provision of services + light manufacturing, not heavy industry country's main financial organizations

an attractive image of rural beauty

2 areas of central London
SOUTHERN ENGLAND
some industry + one large city (Bristol was once
WE - is known for its many theaters, cinemas and expensive shop
Britain's most important port after London)
WEST END & EAST END
THE WEST COUNTRY
farming is more widespread than it is in most other regions is known as the poorer residential areas
EE
well-known for their dairy produce (Devonshire cream + fruit) the traditional home of the Cockney and for centuries it has
been home to successive waves of immigrant groups

with its rocky coast, numerous small bays (smuggling act)

WESTMINSTER another 'city' outside London's walls, that these national institutions met

most popular holiday area in Britain wild moorlands (Exmoor + Dartmoor)

THE SOUTH-WEST PENINSUALA
IS Britain's second largest city
grow palm trees
The winters are so mild in some low-lying parts of Cornwall
Birthmingham+ area to its North and West known as
the tourists industry has coined the phrase 'the
Cornish Riviera' BIRMINGHAM During the Industrial Revolution Black Country => developed into the country's major
engineering centre

to the north-east of London, is olso comparatively rural

In the twentieth century factories in Bir convert iron + steel -> vast variety of
goods
only region where there r large expases of uniformity flat land
THE MIDLANDS OF ENGLAND notably the towns between the Black Country and Manchester
THE POTTERIES
growing of wheat + other arable crops Dry climate
famous for producing china (made at the factories of Derby, Leicester, Nottingham)

has been reclaimed from the sea

on the east coast
THE FENS GRIMSBY the country's major fish processing centre
has a very watery, misty feeling to it
EAST ANGLIA one of the world's greatest fishing ports

criss-crossed by hundreds of waterways

popular area for boating holidays run up the middle of northern E ->forming a
backbone across north-west England
no towns THE NORFOLK BROADS
low-lying flat lands
THE PENNINE MOUNTAINS the towns on either side flanked by steep slopes -> difficult to build

r surrounded by land -> unsuitable for any agriculture

other than sheep farming
the SUFFOLK Marshes

ON THE EITHER SIDE The large deposits of coal (provide power), and iron ore (make machinery)
most heavily populated THE SOUTH-EAST

In the nineteenth century, the world's leading

thetransition to other forms locate its prototype coal mine ON THE WESTERN SIDE THE MANCHESTER producer of cotton goods
of employment has been slow SOUTH
and painful. has now almost entirely ceased
In the nineteenth century, the world's leading
ON THE EASTERN SIDE THE BRADFORD & LEEDS producer of woollen goods
This upland mass
CAMBRIAN MOUNTAINS
descends eastwards into England NORTHERN ENGLAND FURTHER SOUTH SHEFFIELD A central for the production of steel goods

SWANSEA + NEWPORT + CARDIFF

FURTHER NOUTH NEWCASTLE
7
shipbulding was the major industry

has a population of about a

third of a milion
The capital of Wales CARDIFF WALES The Romantic poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey (the
‘Lake Poets’) lived here and wrote about its beauty.

only part of Britain with a high proportion of industrial villages.

It is the favourite destination o f people who enjoy
THE NORTH-WESTERN CORNER LAKE DISTRICT walking holidays and the
is a highland country, with moorland plateau, hills and mountains
which are often interspersed with deep river valleys.
whole area is classified as a National Park (the largest in England)

Most of the rest of Wales is mountainous

IS SPARSELY POPULATED
Wales has closer contact with its neighbouring part of England
than it does with other parts of Wales: the north with Liverpool,
and mid-Wales with the English West Midlands GEOGRAPHY small towns, quite far apart from each other

NORTH OF THE BORDER WITH E the southern uplands

depends to a large extent on sheep farming
in the north-west
(NORTH-WEST + CENTRAL HIGHLANDS)
MOUNT SNOWDON
Grampians are thinly populated, + half the country’s land mass.
largest National Park in Britain

one-fifth of the land

famous for the manufacture of linen

is still a shipbuilding city

CETRAL PLAIN CENTRAL LOWLANDS) three-quarters of the Scottish population

BELFAST
most of the industrial and commercial centres and much of the cultivated land
lies at the mouth of the river Lagan

mountains + deep valleys + numerous small islands

has the biggest population concentration
off the west coast

this region is, like the rest of Ireland, largely agricultural. An area of spectacular natural beauty

has a rocky northern coastline, a south-central fertile plain and

mountainous areas in the west, north-east and south-east
HIGHLANDS (SOUTHERN UPLANDS) occupies the same land are = southern E

fewer than 1M pp
generally has a sparse and scattered population
NORTHERN IRELAND
Tourism -> local economy the production of whisky
on its north coast GIANT'S CAUSEWAY (the rocks
SCOTLAND (3)
in the area look like enormous
spectacular natural beauty. stepping stones.) BEN NEVIS the highest mountain in the UK,

ANTRIM coast heavy industry

is associated with
the highest peak in NI SLIEVE DONARD worst housing conditions in Britain

is Britain’s largest freshwater lake and lies at

LOUGH NEAGH
GLASGOW the districts called Gorbals
the centre of the country.

the work of the Glasgow School (led by Charles'

Rennie Mackintosh) put the city at the forefront of
has been part of English folklore European design = architecture
a strong artistic heritage

lower rates of unemployment 1990 -> the Eu City of Culture

more expensive houses THE SOUTH The main population concentrations are around the
administrative centreand capital of Edinburgh

the south-eastern THE HOME COUNTIES

POOR NORTH + RICH SOUTH THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE TWO MAJOR CITIES the capital of Scotland + the seat of its parliament

In the last quarter of the twentieth EDINBURGH

century, the decline of heavy industry This reputation, together with its many
the Athens of the North
sine historic buildings + its topography
THE NORTH
caused large-scale m igration of well-
qualified workers from north to south The annual Edinburgh Festival of the Arts is internationally famous

Topic branch 3 ABERDEEN an oil industry city

cool in summer
Scotland and highland areas of DUNDEE
cold in winte Wales and England
North Yorkshire Moors
Temperatures are lower in the north than in the south and national average
temperatures rarely reach 32°C (90°F) in summer or fall below –10°C (14°F) in winter. the Cotswolds

The heaviest annual rainfalls

Low hill ranges stretch over the Kent
THE WEST & THE NORTH much of the country
with an autumn or winter maximum Sussex Downs
RAINFALL CLIMATE
rainfall here is moderate THE SOUTH & THE EAST the Chiltern Hills

The months March to June tend to be the driest ones

Highland zones are marked---- between England and Scotland

September to January the wettest; CHEVIOT HILLS Lake District

THE NORTH-WESTERN
Topic branch 6
Cumbrian Mountains;