Science 8 Module 3 Powerpoint
Science 8 Module 3 Powerpoint
of most matter.
Learning Targets
At the end of this topic, you should have:
▪ named and described the structure of atoms, including its mass, and
locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons inside an atom;
▪ identified the electric charge of an atom and its subatomic particles;
▪ located the atomic number in a periodic table of elements;
▪ identified the subatomic particles associated with mass number;
▪ determined the number of neutrons from the mass number;
▪ interpreted shorthand notations for isotopes and atoms;
▪ inferred that ions are formed from the removal or addition of
electron/s;
▪ evaluated the net electric charge of an atom; and
▪ determined the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a
particular atom.
John Dalton (1766-1844)
He was the son of an English weaver from Eaglesfield in Cumbria. When he wasn’t
carrying out investigations, he was probably teaching at the Presbyterian college in
Manchester. In 1807, John Dalton was the first person to use the word atom to describe
the smallest particle of any element.
However, he still needed more evidence to convince the scientific world, so he asked
Wilson to try and take a photograph of an electron. It took him until 1911 to build a
suitable camera, which was sealed in glass chamber in which electrons could be
produced. The experiment was successfully carried out and the electron was
photographed. JJ Thomson was worried about telling the world his new theory of the
atom, because until now the atom was thought of as a single solid particle.
Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940)
Atoms consisted of rings of negative electrons
embedded in a sphere of positive charge (the
plum pudding model).
▪ The positive and negative charges balance to
make the atom neutral.
▪ The mass of the atom was due to the nucleus.
▪ The mass of an electron was 1/1840 of the
mass of hydrogen, the lightest atom.
▪ There were 1840 electrons in an atom of
hydrogen.
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)
Rutherford was born near the village of Nelson, New Zealand. His father was an odd-
job man and simple farmer. Rutherford obtained an honors degree in mathematics and
science from the University of New Zealand before gaining a scholarship that took him
to work with JJ Thomson at the Cavandish laboratory in Cambridge.
After doing many calculations, Rutherford concluded that the radiation could only
come back if that atom had a hard positively charged core at the center of the atom.
He called this the nucleus. If the atom was 100 m, the size of a football pitch, the
nucleus would be the size of a pea placed in the center of the pitch.
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)
1. The atom consists mainly of space.
2. The mass of the atom is concentrated in the
nucleus, which is a small core at the
3. center of the atom.
4. The nucleus has positive charges.
5. Electrons move around the nucleus like
planets orbiting the sun.
6. The atom is neutral as it has the same
number of positive charges and negatively
7. charged electrons.
Niels Bohr (1885–1962)
Niels Bohr was born into a scientific family. His father was a
professor of physiology and his brother a distinguished
mathematician. After obtaining his Ph.D. from the University
of Copenhagen, Denmark, he accepted an invitation to work
with Rutherford, at Cambridge.
Answer:
Yes. However, these atoms are combined differently than they
were before. Many of the atoms that compose you will be part of
the bodies of all the people on Earth who are yet to be! In this
sense, at least, our atoms are immortal.
Atoms Are Small
Answer:
The mass of Earth does increase by the addition of roughly
40,000 tons of interplanetary dust each year. But the increasing
number of people does not increase the mass of the Earth. The
atoms that make up our body are the same atoms that were
here before we were born.
Atoms Are Recyclable