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SANS10162-4 Design of Cold Formed Stainless Steel

This document is a standard published by SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) regarding the structural use of steel, specifically part 4 which covers the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members. It may only be accessed by the University of Pretoria according to the listed copyright agreement until 2024. Paper copies can only be made by students, lecturers and staff of the university, and cannot be photocopied or reproduced. The document provides definitions, materials considerations, general design concepts, and methods for analyzing various limit states of cold-formed stainless steel structures.

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SANS10162-4 Design of Cold Formed Stainless Steel

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© SABS.

This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the University of Pretoria in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/22-017, valid until 2024-02-28. Only students, lecturers and staff members of the University of Pretoria may make
paper copies of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

ICS 77.140.20; 91.080.10

SABS
ISBN 0-626-11248-6
0162-4~1997
First edition

Code of practice

Structural use of steel

Part 4: The design of cold-formed stainless

steel structural members

Published by
THE SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the University of Pretoria in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/22-017, valid until 2024-02-28. Only students, lecturers and staff members of the University of Pretoria may make
paper copies of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Amendments issued since publication

Amdt No. Date Text affected

I I
I I
This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the University of Pretoria in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/22-017, valid until 2024-02-28. Only students, lecturers and staff members of the University of Pretoria may make
paper copies of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

ICS 77.140.20; 91.080.10 SABS 0162-4:1997

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS

CODE OF PRACTICE

STRUCTURAL USE OF STEEL

PART 4: THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED

STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Obtainable from the

South African Bureau of Standards

Private Bag X I 91
Pretoria
Republic of South Africa
0001

Telegrams : Comparator, Pretoria

Telex : 32 1308SA
Fax : (012) 344-1568

Printed in the Republic of South Africa by the

South African Bureau of Standards

SABS 0162-41
1997

Acknowledgement

The South African Bureau a Standards wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Southern
Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA) in the preparation of this part of SABS 0162.

Notice

This part of SABS 0162 was approved by the President of the South African Bureau of Standards on
7 July 1997.

NOTES

1 In terms of the Standards Act, 1993 (Act 29 of 1993), no person shall claim or declare that he or any other person
complied with an SABS standard unless

a) such claim or declaration is true and accurate in all material respects, and

b) the identity of the person on whose authority such claim or declaration is made, is clear.

2 It is recommended that authorities who wish to incorporate any part of this standard into any legislation in the manner
intended by section 31 of the Act consult the SABS regarding the implications.

This part of SABS 0162 will be revised when necessary in order to keep abreast of progress. Comment
will be welcome and will be considered when this part of SABS 0162 is revised.

Foreword

Annex A forms an integral part of this part of SABS 0162. Annexes B and C are for information only.

ISBN 0-626-11248-6

SABS 0162-4:1997

Contents
Page

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 Definitions. symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 2

3.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 4
3.3 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 11

4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1 Reference standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.2 Othersteels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Loads and limit-states criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.2.1 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2.2 Limit-states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.3 Cold work of forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.3.1 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3.2 Fully effective elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3.3 Elements not fully effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.4 Maximum slenderness ratio for members in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.5 Maximum flat width ratios for elements in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.6 Maximum section depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7 Properties of sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.2 Effective design width of elernents in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.7.3 Shearlageffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.7.4 Curling of flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

iii

SABS 0162-4:1997

6 Member resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Resistance factors for strength analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 Members in tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.4 Members in bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4.2 Laterally supported members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.4.3 Laterally unsupported members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4.4 Channels and Z-shaped members with unstiffened flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.4.5 Shearinwebs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.4.6 Combined bending and shear in webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4.7 Web crippling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4.8 Combined web crippling and bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

6.5 Transverse stiffeners for beam webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6.5.1 Bearing stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6.5.2 Intermediate stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.5.3 Integral stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

6.6 Members in compression (concentrically loaded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

6.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.6.2 Sections not subject to torsional-flexural buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.6.3 Singly symmetric sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.6.4 Point symmetric sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.6.5 Circular hollow sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.6.6 Other sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.6.7 Built-up members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.7 Combined axial load and bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6.7.1 Doubly-symmetric sections (including circular hollow sections) . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6.7.2 Singly-symmetric sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.7.3 Coefficients of equivalent uniform bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.7.4 Single angles loaded through one leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7.1.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.2 Connections subject to force reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.3 Fastening methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.1.4 Resistance factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7.2 Weldedconnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

7.2.1 Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.2.2 Production welding inspection and acceptance criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.2.3 Arc welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.2.4 Resistance welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.2.5 Cleaning of welded areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

SABS 0162-41
1997

7.3 Mechanical fasteners (bolts. rivets i3nd screws) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.3.2 Factored shear resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.3.3 Factored tensile resistance (bolts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.3.4 Factored combined shear and tensile resistance (bolts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.3.5 Factored bearing resistance (single fasteners) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3.6 Factored bearing resistance (groups of fasteners) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3.7 Dimensions of fastener holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.3.8 Minimum edge distance and spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7.4 Connections in built-up members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7.5 Spacing of fasteners in compressive elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8 Bracing ........................................................... 60

8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.2 Sections that are symmetric about the plane of loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.3 Channels and Z-sections in bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

8.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.3.2 Discrete bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.3.3 One flange braced by deck.,slab or sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.3.4 Both flanges braced by deck. slab or sheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

9 Testing .......................................................... 63

9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.2 Typesoftest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.3 Testprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

9.3.1 Type A - Virgin steel properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

9.3.2 Type B - Cold-formed steel properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.3.3 Type C - Performance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9.3.4 Type D - Confirmatory tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

10 Fabrication .......................................................... 65

10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.2 Forming, cutting, punching and drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10.3 Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.4 Straightening and flattening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.5 Provision for expansion and contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10.6 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

11 Erection .......................................................... 66

11.1 Handling requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

11.2 Temporary loads during erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.3 Marking of members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.4 Setting out and erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.5 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

SABS 0162-4:1997

12 Cleaning. storage. handling and surface preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.1 Storageandhandling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
12.2 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
12.3 Surface preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Annexes
A Design tables and figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
B Rarnberg-Osgood equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
C Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

SABS 0162-4:1997

Committee
SABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC de Villiers
(Chairman)
D Miteff
(Standards writer)
E Coetzee
(Committee clerk)
AJ Smith and Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AJ Smith
Columbus Stainless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PT Longman
Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Lilley

Eskom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FA Louwinge

RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J Bredenkamp
GJ van den Berg
P van der Merwe

South African Fire Services Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BJ Hogan

South African Institute of Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Banzhof

South African Stainless Steel Development Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RT White

The South African Institute of Steel Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JN Duncan
University of Pretoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6WJ van Rensburg
University of the Witwatersrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AR Kemp
GJ Krige

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SABS 0162-4:1997

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CODE OF PRACTICE SABS 0162-4~1997

Structural use of steel

Part 4:
The design of cold-formed stainlessl steel structural members

1 Scope

1.IThis part of SABS 0162 applies to the design, based on limit-states, of structural members cold-
formed to shape from AlSl type stainless steels and type 3CR 2 corrosion-resistant steel sheet, strip or
plate up to 25 mm in thickness and intended for load-carrying purposes in buildings. For applications
other than buildings, supplementary standards may have to be used to take account of different
structural loads and effects, environments or service conditions.
NOTE - For type 409 fenitic stainless steel, the maximum thickness is 3,8 mm and, for type 430 and 439 ferritic stainless
steels, 3,2 mm.

1.2 Where a structure consists of cold-formed steel structural members, provision shall be made to
ensure adequate stability of the structure as a whole, as well as adequate lateral, torsional and local
stability of all structural parts so as to provide resistance to widespread collapse due to local failure.
Supplementary provisions might be required for structures where accidental loads, for example vehicle
impact or explosion, could occur. Where members designed in accordance with this part of SABS 0162
are intended for use in structures to which other recognized standards apply, this part of SABS 0162
supplements such standards as applicable.

1.3 The resistance factors adopted in this part of SABS 0162 (see clause 6) are correlated with the
loads and load factors for buildings as specified in SABS 0160.

1.4 Where this part of SABS 0162 provides design expressions or dimensional limitations that are not
applicable to a specific situation, a rational design based on appropriate theory, test, analysis, and
engineering judgment may be used.

2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of this part of SABS 0162. All standards are suibject to revision and, since any reference to a standard
is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements based on this
part of SABS 0162 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and internationalstandards can be
obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards.
ASTM A 167-Wa, Specification for stainless and heat-resistingchromium-nickel steel plate, sheet and
strip.

ASTM A 176-94, Specification for stainless and heat-resistingchromium steel plate, sheet, and strip.

SABS 0162-4:1997

ASTM A 193M-96, Specification for alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting materials for high-temperature
service.

ASTM A 24OM-96, Specification for heat-resisting chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate,
sheet and strip for pressure vessels.

ASTM A 276-95, Specification for stainless and heat-resisting steel bars and shapes.

ASTM A 666-94a, Specification for austenitic stainless steel, sheet, strip, plate, and flat bar.

ASTM E 9, Compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature.

ASTM F 593, Specification for stainless steel bolts, hex cap screws and studs.

AWS B2.1, Standard for welding procedure and performance qualification.

AWS C1.1-66, Recommended practices for resistance welding.

ANSVAWS D1.3-89, Structural welding code - sheet steel.

ANSVAWS D1.1-96, Structural welding code - steel.

DIN 5512-3, Stainless steel flats for use in rail vehicle construction.

SABS 1200 H, Standardized specifications for civil engineering construction - H: Structural steelwork.

SABS 0160, The general procedures and loadings to be adopted in the design of buildings.

SABS 0162-1, The structural use of steel - Part I: Limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork.
SABS IS0 6892, Metallic materials - Tensile testing.

3 Definitions, symbols and units

3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of SABS 0162, the following definitions apply:

3.1 .I cold-forming: The shaping of flat rolled steel at ambient temperature, to produce a formed
section or profile.

3.1.2 cross-sectional areas:

3.1.2.1 effective cross-sectional area, A,: The cross-sectional area calculated using the effective
widths of compression elements in accordance with 5.7.2.
NOTE -The cross-sectional area can be an effective gross cross-sectional area, or an effective net cross-sectional area,
as applicable.

3.1.2.2 full cross-sectional area, A: The unreduced cross-sectional area, equal to either the gross
or the net cross-sectional area, as applicable.
NOTE - Effective widths are not considered.

3.1.2.3 gross cross-sectional area, A,: The cross-sectional area without deductions for holes,
openings or cut-outs.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

NOTE - Effective widths are not considered.

3.1.2.4 net cross-sectional area, A,: The gross cross-sectional area minus the area of holes,
openings and other cut-outs.

NOTE - Effective widths are not considered.

3.1.3 doubly-symmetric section: A section that is symmetric about two orthogonal axes through its
centroid.

3.1.4 effective width, 6: The dimension substituted for the flat width of an element when the flat width
is reduced for design purposes.

NOTE -The effective width is determined in accordarice with the requirements of 5.7.2.

3.1.5 effective width ratio, B(= blt): The ratio of the effective width b to the thickness t of an
element, determined in accordance with the requirements of 5.7.2.

3.1.6 engineer: The person responsible for the design and satisfactory completion of a structure in
accordance with this part of SABS 0162.

3.1.7 factored resistance: The product of a nominal resistance R and the appropriate resistance
factor, @.

3.1.8 flange of a section in bending: The flat width, including any intermediate stiffeners plus the
adjoining corners.

3.1.9 flat width, w: The width of an element exclusive of corners.

3.1 . I 0 flat width ratio, W (= wlt): The ratio of the flat width w to the thickness t of an element.

3.1.I1 limit-state: Any condition in which a structural member ceases to fulfil the function for which
it was designed.

NOTE - Limit-states concerning safety are called the ultimate limit-states and include exceeding of the load-canying
capacity, overturning, sliding, fracture and fatigue failure. Limitstates that restrict the intended use and occupancy of a
structure are called serviceability limit-states and include excessive deflection and vibration, and permanent deformation.

3.1 . I 2 multiply-stiffened element: An element that is stiffened at both edges and is also stiffened
by means of intermediate stiffeners that are parallel to the direction of stress and that conform to the
requirements of 5.7.2.5.

3.1 . I 3 nominal loads: The nominal loads specified in SABS 0160.

3.1 . I 4 point-symmetric section: A section that is symmetric about a point (i.e. about the centroid
of the section).

3.1. I 5 resistance, R The resistance of a member or connection determined in accordance with this
part of SABS 0162, on the basis of specified imaterial properties and nominal dimensions.

3.1 .I6 resistance factor, @: A factor, given in the appropriate clauses of this part of SABS 0162, that
is applied to a specific material property or to the resistance of a member, connection or structure and
that, for the limit-state under consideration, .takes into account the variability of material properties,
dimensions, workmanship, type of failure and the uncertainty in the prediction of member resistance.

SABS 0162-4:1997

NOTE -To maintain simplicity of design formulae in this part of SABS 0162, the type of failure and the uncertainty in the
prediction of member resistance have been incorporated in the expressions of member resistance.

3.1 .I7 serviceability load: The design load or action effect pertaining to a serviceability limit-state.

3.1 . I 8 singly-symmetric section: A section that is symmetric about one axis through its centroid.

3.1.19 slenderness ratio, KLk The ratio of the effective length KL, to the radius of gyration, r, of the
full cross-section of a compressive member.

3.1.20 stainless steel: Any of a large family of corrosion-resistant iron-chromium alloys, containing
1 0 3 % (by mass) or more of chromium and various other alloying elements.

3.1.21 stiffened element: A flat element of which both edges parallel to the direction of loading are
supported by stiffeners that comply with the requirements of 5.7.2.

3.1.22 structural quality steel: The steel produced to a recognized standard or other published
specification that specifies mechanical properties and chemical composition.

3.1.23 sub-element of a multiply-stiffenedelement: The portion of a multiply-stiffenedelement

between adjacent intermediate stiffeners, between web and intermediate stiffener, or between edge and
intermediate stiffener.

3.1.24 thickness, t: The base steel thickness, exclusive of coatings.

3.1.25 torsional-flexural buckling: A mode of buckling in which a compressive member bends and
twists simultaneously.

3.1.26 ultimate load: The design load or action effect pertaining to the ultimate limit-state. (See 4.4.2
of SABS 0160.)

3.1.27 unstiffened element: A flat element with one longitudinal free edge.

3.1.28 unsymmetric section: A section that is not symmetric about either an axis or a point.

3.1.29 virgin steel: Steel in the condition before cold-forming.

3.1.30 web of a section in bending: The portion that joins two flanges or is joined to only one flange
(provided that it crosses the centroidal axis and transmits shear in bending).

NOTE - Its length is taken as the flat length, measured in the plane of the web, excluding the corners.

3.2 Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this part of SABS 0162. Deviations therefrom and additional
nomenclature are noted where they appear.

3.2.1 General symbols

A full cross-sectional area of member

A, area term used in calculating resistance of bearing stiffeners; cross-sectional area of

fastener based on nominal diameter

SABS 0162-4: 1997

area term used in calculating resistance of bearing stiffeners

effective cross-sectional area of rriember

effective cross-sectional area of s1:iffener

full cross-sectional area of stiffener section, exclusive of any portion of adjacent elements

gross cross-sectional area of memiber

net cross-sectionalarea of member

area term used in calculating resistance of circular hollow section compressive members
when local buckling is being considered

reduced effective cross-sectional area of stiffener

gross cross-sectional area of transverse or intermediate stiffeners

cross-sectionalarea of web

fastener edge distance; length of bracing interval; distance between web centre lines of
closed box section; effective throat thickness of fillet weld; effective throat thickness of flare-
bevel groove weld

a" distance between shear centre of channel and mid-pane of web

B effective width ratio of element in Icompression (bh)

BI reduced effective width ratio

b effective design width; width of outstanding leg of angle or flange of a channel; distance
between flange centre lines for a c:losed box section; width of an arc seam weld

effective widths (see figures 2, 6(ai) and 6(b))

limiting flat width ratio

warping constant of torsion

C distance from the centroid of a merrlber to its extreme compressive fibre; permissible curling
displacement

diameter of fastener; outside diameter of circular hollow section; flat width of lip stiffener

effective width of lip stiffener (see figure 2)

diameter of fastener hole

overall depth of lip stiffener (see figure 2)

reduced effective width of lip stiffener (see figure 2)

minimum overall depth of simple liip stiffener bent at right angles

eccentricity

SABS 0162-4:1997

distance from fastener to flanges that are tending to close in built-up member; spacing of
rows of fasteners measured perpendicular to direction of force

web slenderness ratio (= h,lt)

overall depth of section

clear distance between flats of flanges measured in plane of web

clear perpendicular distance between flats of flanges

flat dimension of web measured in plane of web

required moment of inertia for adequate stiffener that allows adjacent compressive element
to behave as fully stiffened element (applies to edge and intermediate stiffeners)

Is14

moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area of stiffener, about its own centroidal axis
parallel to element to be stiffened; moment of inertia of pair of attached intermediate
stiffeners or of single intermediate stiffener, with reference to axis in plane of web

moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area of multiply-stiffened element, including

intermediate stiffeners, about its own centroidal axis

moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area about major centroidal axis

moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area about its centroidal axis parallel to the web@)

product of inertia of full cross-sectional area

moment of inertia of compressive portion of full cross-sectionalarea about centroidal axis

of entire section parallel to web(s)

St.Venant torsion constant

effective length

effective length factor for torsional buckling

effective length factor for buckling about the x-axis

effective length factor for buckling about the y-axis

buckling coefficient for compressive elements

shear buckling coefficient

unbraced length of a section

unbraced length of member; span of beam; length of weld

total length of transverse stiffener

length of member unsupported against twisting

SABS 0162-4:1997

m distance between shear centre of channel and mid-plane of web; number of holes across
connected leg or web of tensile member; number of fasteners in first row parallel to edge

N ratio of bearing length to web thickness (= I&)

n number of rows of fasteners

nc number of 90" corners in flange of section in bending or in entire cross-section of

compressive or tensile member. If angles other than 90" are used, n, is the sum of bend
angles divided by 90"

number of fasteners across connected leg or web

number of holes across connected leg or web of tensile member

bearing length

perimeter length of multiply-stiffenedelement between webs or from web to edge stiffener

ratio of inside bend radius to thickness (= r/t )

radius of gyration of full cross-sectional area; inside bend radius

polar radius of gyration of full cross-sectional area about shear centre

least radius of gyration of full cross-sectionalarea

radii of gyration of full cross-sectionalarea about centroidal principal axes

radius of gyration of full cross-sectional area of individual section in built-up member

spacing between fasteners; spacing between rows of fasteners measured parallel to the
direction of force; distance between transverse stiffeners

t base steel thickness; thickness of thinner connected sheet; thickness of cover plate or sheet

equivalent thickness of replaced intermediate stiffeners (see figure 4)

thickness of thickest connected sheet in simple lap joint; thickness of flange in closed box
members

thickness of web in closed box member

flat width ratio (= wit )

ratio of width of flange projecting beyond web or half the distance between webs for box or
U-type sections, to thickness of flange (= wlt )

limiting flat width ratio for fully effective compressive elements

flat width ratio of multiply-stiffened flange element between webs or from web to edge
stiffener (= w,lt, )

K flat width ratio of flange element stiffened by webs with one intermediate stiffener (= wslt )

flat width

flat width between webs or from web to edge stiffener of multiply-stiffenedflange element
(see figure 4)

flat width of stiffened flange element with one intermediate stiffener (see figure 3)

width of flange projection beyond web for I-beam and similar sections; half the distance
between webs for box or U-type sections

distance from concentrated load point to brace

distance from shear centre to centroid of cross-section (about the x-axis)

distance from shear centre to centroid of cross-section (about the y-axis)

compressive section modulus based on moment of inertia of effective cross-sectionalarea,

calculated in accordance with clause 5.6.2, divided by distance from centroidal axis to
extreme compressive fibre

compressive section modulus based on moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area (gross
or net) divided by distance from centroidal axis to extreme compressive fibre

tensile section modulus based on moment of inertia of effective cross-sectional area (gross
calculated in accordance with clause 5.6.2,divided by distance from centroidal axis to
extreme tensile fibre

tensile section modulus based on moment of inertia of effective net cross-sectional area cal-
culated in accordance with clause 5.6.2, divided by distance from centroidal axis to extreme
tensile fibre

compressive section modulus of full cross-sectional area about centroidal x-axis,

perpendicular to web, i.e. I. divided by distance from centroidal axis to extreme compressive
fibre

compressive section modulus of full cross-sectional area about centroidal x-axis, parallel
to web, i.e. Zydivided by distance from centroidal axis to extreme compressive fibre

angle between plane of web and plane of bearing surface (degrees); angle made by end
edge with direction of load (degrees)

3.2.2 Force, stress and resistance symbols

4, factored bearing resistance of sheet

c b bending coefficient (see 6.4.3.3)

ce Euler elastic buckling load (= n2E,,Z/(KL)2)

c* factored compressive resistance of concentrically loaded member; factored compressive

resistance of transverse stiffener

c u axial compression in member or component due to ultimate loads

CY factor used in inelastic reserve resistance calculations

initial elastic modulus of steel

secant modulus of steel

tangent modulus of steel

calculated stress in element

compressive limit stress under concentric loading

calculated average flange stress, i.e. maximum flange stress multiplied by ratio of effective
design width to actual width

bending limit stress

elastic buckling stress

compressive limit stress in single-web, circular hollow section, or box beam

Euler elastic buckling stress

Euler elastic buckling stress about x-axis

Euler elastic buckling stress about x-y axis

Euler elastic buckling stress about y-axis

nominal tensile strength of fastener

nominal shear strength of fastener

proportional limit

proportional limit in compression

proportional limit in tension

Euler elastic buckling stress about axis of symmetry for singly-symmetric sections

elastic torsional-flexural buckling stress

elastic torsional buckling stress

tensile strength of virgin steel determined from 4.2; tensile strength of fastener

limit stress in shear

yield strength of virgin steel in relevant direction

yield strength of flats in relevant direction

average tensile yield strength that incorporates effects of cold work of forming

yield strength in compression

yield strength in tension

SABS 0162-4:1997

shear yield strength

calculated stresses (see figures 6(a) and 6(b))

calculated stress (see figure 2 and 5.7.2.3)

initial shear modulus of steel

tangent shear modulus of steel (see 6.4.3.1)

factored moment resistance

factored moment resistances with possibility of lateral instability excluded

moment in member or component due to ultimate loads

moments at point under consideration due to ultimate loads when used in conjunction with
6.7.l(a); maximum calculated moments due to ultimate loads occurring either at or between
braced points when used in conjunction with 6.7.l(b); moment due to ultimate loads when
used in conjunction with 5.2.2

ultimate moment causing maximum compressive strain of Cyer

moment causing maximum strain of ey

smaller end moment

larger end moment

lateral force due to ultimate loads used to design bracing

factored web-crippling resistance of member in bending

concentrated load or reaction due to ultimate loads

ultimate load per unit length of beam

absolute value of stress ratio V;/& )

resistance

tested serviceability limit-state

tested strength limit-state

factored tensile resistance

locally applied ultimate load on beam

factored shear resistance of web

shear in member or component due to ultimate loads

load factor

amplification factors

SABS 0162-4:1997

yield strain (= fy/Eo)

Poisson’s ratio (= 0,30)

resistance factor for bending

resistance factor for axial compression

resistance factor for connections

resistance factor for web crippling in beams having other than single unreinforced web

resistance factor for web crippling in beams with single unreinforced web

resistance factor for shear

4 resistance factor for other strength limit-states as determined by tensile strength of material

4, resistance factor for tensile strength calculations

4” resistance factor for ultimate load calculations

a,a,,U, coefficients used to determine equivalent uniform bending stress

3.3 Units

Equations and expressions appearing in this part of SABS 0162 are compatible with International Metric
System (SI) units.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

4 Materials

4.1 Reference standards

Stainless steels for the manufacture of structural members under this part of SABS 0162 shall conform
to one of the following standards, except as provided for in 5.2:

a) ASTM A 167;

b) ASTM A 176;

c) ASTMA240;

d) ASTMA276;

e) ASTMA666;

f) DIN 5512-3; or

g) Colurnbus specification for type 3CR12 sfeel.’)

NOTE -The maximum thickness of type 409 ferritic stainless steel used in this specification is 3,8 mm. The maximum
thickness for types 430 and 439 ferritic stainless steels is 3,2 mm.

4.2 Other steels

Steels not covered by 4.1 and used for structural members and connections shall comply with one of
the following requirements:

a) the ratio of tensile strength to yield strength shall be not less than 1,08 and the total elongation
shall be not less than 10 % for a 50 mm gauge length or 7 % for a 200 mm gauge length standard
specimen tested in accordance with SABS I S 0 6892; or

b) other stainless steels that do not meet the provisions of 4.2(a) may be used for particular
applications, provided that the following conditions are met:

1) the yield strength for design, fy,does not exceed 360 MPa or 0,75 of the minimum yield
strength specified for the material, and the tensile strength for design,f,, does not exceed
0,75 of the minimum tensile strength specified for the material, when clauses 5 to 7 are being
used;

2) the suitabilityof such steels for the application (including connections) is determined by load
tests in accordance with clause 9, but loads so determined shall not exceed those calculated
in accordance with clauses 5 to 8 and 9; and

3) for applicationswith established performance no load testing is required, but loads shall not
exceed those calculated in accordance with clauses 5 to 8 and 9.

1) Available from South African Stainless Steel Development Association, 3rd floor, Mutual Place, 3 Mutual Road,
Rivonia, PO Box 4479, Rivionia, 2128 South Africa.

SABS 0162-4:1997

4.3 Mechanical properties

The values of mechanical properties of steels used for design purposes are given in annex A.

5 General design considerations

5.1 General

All calculations for loads, forces, deflections anti other effects shall be in accordance with conventional
methods of structural analysis, unless otherwise specified. Design shall be carried out with reference
to the load factors and strength criteria contaiined in this part of SABS 0162.

5.2 Loads and limit-states criterion

5.2.1 Loads

Nominal loads and other influences to be considered in the design of cold-formed steel structural
members shall be adopted in accordance with SABS 0160.

5.2.2 Limit-states

The criterion for failure at ultimate limit-states or for unfitness for purpose at serviceability limit-states
of a structure or part thereof is:

Factored design resistance 2 Effect of ultimate or serviceability loads

where the factored resistance is determined in accordance with clauses 6 to 8, and the effect of the
ultimate or serviceability loads is determined in accordance with this part of SABS 0162, using the
ultimate or serviceability loads defined in SAES 0160.

5.3 Cold work of forming

5.3.1 Application

5.3.1.1 Use of the increase in strength owing to cold work of forming is optional. If it is used, it shall be
confined to the following subclauses of this pert of SABS 0162, in accordance with 5.3.2:

a) members in tension: 6.3;

b) members in bending: 6.4.1, 6.4.2 (except 6.4.2.2), and 6.4.3 (except 6.4.3.5);

c) members in compression (concentrically loaded): 6.6 (except 6.6.5); and

d) combined axial load and bending: 6.7

5.3.1.2 When cold work of forming is being used,& shall be replaced byf',.

5.3.1.3 The increase in yield strength owing to cold work of forming shall not be used for members that
are welded, annealed, or subjected after forming to heat treatment that may soften the steel in critical
areas.

The equations in 5.3.2 are only applicable to the ferritic stainless steels type 409, type 430, and type 439
and to type 3CR12 steel. The increase in strength owing to cold-working for the austenitic stainless

SABS 0162-4:1997

steels type 201, type 301, type 304, or type 316 shall be determined by a rational method or by tests.

5.3.2 Fully effective elements

The yield strength f of axially loaded tensile members, tensile flanges of members in bending, axially
loaded compressive members with fully effective areas, and compressive flanges of members in
bending of which the elements are not subject to a reduction in effective area as required by 5.7.2, shall
be determined by one of the following methods:

a) from full section tensile or compressive tests as specified in 9.3.2; or

b) by calculation, as follows:

where

B, = 1,486 12)- [2)-

0,210 0,128

and
m = 0,123
12)
- - 0,068

f, is the average yield strength of the steel in the full section of compression members or in the
full flange section of flexural members;

C is the ratio of the total corner cross-sectional area to the total cross-sectional area of the full
section for compression members; for flexural members, it is the ratio of the total corner
cross-sectionalarea of the controlling flange to the full cross-sectionalarea of the controlling
flange;

Lf is the weighted average yield strength of the flat portions established in accordance with 9.3,
or the virgin steel yield strength if tests are not made;

& is the tensile yield point of corners. This formula is applicable only when
AVlf, >
1,2; R = r/t s 7, and the minimum included angle is at most 120";

Y is the inside bend radius;

AV is the tensile yield strength of virgin steel specified in annex A or established in accordance
with 9.3; and

fuy is the ultimate tensile strength of virgin steel specified in annex A or established in
accordance with 9.3.

SABS 0162-4:1997

5.3.3 Elements not fully effective

The yield strengthf,, of axially loaded compressive members and of compressive flanges of members
in bending that do not conform to 5.3 shall be taken as either

a) the specified minimum tensile yield strength of the virgin steel established in accordance with
clause 4; or

b) the tensile yield strength of the flats,f,, determined in accordance with 9.3.2.

5.4 Maximum slenderness ratio for members in compression

The effective slenderness ratio KL/r of members in compression shall not exceed 200, except that,
during construction only, Kwr should preferably not exceed 300. The value of the effective length
factor K to be used in the design of members in compression shall be at least that given in 9.3 or in
annex B, both of SABS 0162-1.

5.5 Maximum flat width ratios for elements in compression

The maximum flat width ratio Wh,disregarding intermediate stiffeners, shall be as follows:

a) for stiffened compressive elements that heve one longitudinal edge connected to a web or flange
element and the other stiffened by

1) a simple lip : :50

2) any other kind of stiffener

-when Z, s Z, :50
-when Z, > Z, 190

b) for stiffened compressive elements with both longitudinal edges connected to a web or other
stiffened element : 40

c) for unstiffened compressive elements: :50

NOTES

1 Unstiffened compressive elements (see 5.5(c)) that have flat width ratios exceeding approximately 30 and stiffened
compressive elements (see 5.5(b)) that have flat width ratios exceeding approximately 75 are likely to develop noticeable
deformation under nominal load without detriment to the load-carrying capacity.

2 Compressive elements that have flat width ratios exceeding the limits specified in 5.5may be used to support loads,
but substantial deformation of such elements under load might occur and could invalidate the design formulae of this part
of SABS 0162.

3 Additional flat width limits might be specified in certain clauses.

5.6 Maximum section depths

5.6.1 The slenderness ratio H of members in bending shall not exceed the following limitations:

a) for sections with unreinforced webs: 200

b) for sections with webs provided with transverse stiffeners that satisfy the requirements of 6.5

SABS 0162-4:1997

1) with bearing stiffeners only : 260

2) with bearing stiffeners and

intermediate stiffeners : 300

where

H = h, It;

h, is the flat dimension of a web measured in the plane of the web; and

t is the web thickness.

5.6.2 Where a web consists of two or more sheets, the ratio H shall be computed for each individual
sheet.

5.7 Properties of sections

5.7.1 General

Properties of sections, including cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, section modulus, and radius
of gyration, shall be determined in accordance with conventional methods. Properties shall be based
on the gross cross-sectional area (or net cross-sectional area where applicable), except where the
substitution of effective width for the flat width is required by 5.7.2.

5.7.2 Effective design width of elements in compression

5.7.2.1 General

When the flat width ratio Wfor elements in compression exceeds W,, (see 5.5),the flat width w shall be
replaced by an effective width b. The effective width is a function of the effective width ratio B and is
defined in 5.7.2.2 to 5.7.2.8. For shear lag effects, see 5.7.3 and for curling of flanges, see 5.7.4. For
strength calculations, ultimate loads are used; for serviceability calculations, serviceability loads are
used.

The effective width ratio B shall be determined as follows:

Case 1: When W I Fim

B= W

Case 2: When W> W

B = 0,95 7[ 0208
1 -L
W
& ]< w
f

where, for cases 1 and 2,

yim= 0,644
J -
k:
k and Ware as defined in 5.7.2.2 to 5.7.2.8

SABS 0162-4:1997

For strength determination, f is the calculated stress in the compressive element ( 1.f , ) using ultimate
loads and effective section properties.

For serviceability determination, f is the calculated stress in the compressive element using
serviceability loads and effective section properties.

5.7.2.2 Elements under uniform stress stiffened on each edge by a web or flange

5.7.2.2.1 The effective width b = Bt for strength and serviceability shall be determined in accordance
with 5.7.2.1 with k = 4 and W = w/t (see figure 1).

5.7.2.2.2 For the special case of serviceability determination of stiffened elements of multiple-web
profiles, the following method of calculating the effective width shall be used:

Case 1: W I W,,

B= W

Case 2: W > W,,

B = 0,95 E[l -E] - 0208

W f
2: w
where

f is the calculated stress in the compressive element, using serviceability loads and
effective section properties;

E, =
2
where

E,, is the secant modulus corresponding to stress in the tension flange; and

E,, is the secant modulus corresponding to stress in the compression flange.

SABS 0162-4:1997

f Konoression)

iDrg.l4484-EC/97-06
SABS 0162-&:I997

Figure 1 -
Example of stiffened flange element
subject to uniform compressive stress

5.7.2.3 Elements under uniform stress stiffened on one edge by a web or flange and on the
other by an edge stiffener

The effective widths b, and b,, the reduced effective width d,, and the reduced effective area A, for
strength and serviceability shall be determined in accordance with the following (see figure 2):

Case 1: WI. wlml (no edge stiffener required)

b, = b2= wf2

d, = d, for simple lip stiffener

A , = A,, for other stiffener shapes

b , = -I <Bt- Bt
2 2

d, = d, I, i. d, for simple lip stiffener

A , = A , , I, 2 A,, for other stiffener shapes

where

I, = I,/ I,

I, = 400t4 [ - JF)
3

SABS 0162-4:1997

Case 3: W > W,,

b,, b,, d,, A,, I, are as defined in case 2

with
I,= t 4 [115 ( W / y , ) + 51
and where, for cases 1,2, and 3,

b,, b, are the effective widths illustrated in figure 2

w,, = 0
6
,4E with k
4 = 0,43

W = w/t

Jf3 are the calculated stresses in compressive elements, using ultimate loads and effective
section properties for strength determination, and serviceability loads and effective section
properties for serviceability determination (see figure 2);

d, w, di are the dimensions illustrated in figure 2;

is the effective width of the stiffener illustrated in figure 2, calculated in accordance with
5.7.2.7 and with W = d/t andf=f3;

is the reduced effective width of the stiffener illustrated in figure 2, to be used in calculating
overall effective section properties;

is the effective area of the stiffener, based on the local buckling effective width de of each
individual plate element;

is the reduced effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener, to be used in calculating

overall effective section properties; the centroid of the stiffener is considered to be located
at the centroid of the full area of the stiffener, and the moment of inertia of the stiffener
about its own centroidal axis shall be that of the full section of the stiffener;

is the required moment of inertia for an adequate stiffener that allows the adjacent
compressive element to behave as a fully stiffened element;

is the moment of inertia of the full cross-sectional area of the stiffener about its own
centroidal axis parallel to the element to be stiffened (for edge stiffeners, the radius
between the stiffener and the element to be stiffened is not considered as part of the
stiffener); for the edge stiffener $shownin figure 2, I,= (1/12)td)sin20;

is calculated in accordance with !5.7.2.1 with k as given in table 1 for simple lip stiffeners
and for other stiffener shapes,

k = 3,57 (ZJn + 0,43 5 4

SABS 0162-4: 1997

where

n = 0,50 for case 2

n = 0,33 for case 3

Table 1 - Buckling coefficients for elements in compression

under uniform stress with a simple lip stiffener
(as shown in figure 2)

1 2 3 4
d,/w 6 0,25 0,25 < d, /w 5 0,8

Case2 I,> 1 k= 4 k = 5,25 - 5(d,/w)

Ir<1 k = 3,57(1,)’s5 + 0,43 k = [4,82 - 5(d,/w)](Ir)” + 0,43

I, > 1 k=4 k = 5,25 - 5(d, /w)

Case 3
I,< 1 k = 3,57(1,)’.’’ + 0,43 k = [4,82 - 5(d, / ~ ) ] ( 1 , )+~0,43
,”

f (Compression)

SABS 0162-4.1997

Figure 2 - Example of edge-stiffened flange element

subject to uniform compressive stress

5.7.2.4 Elements under uniform stress with one intermediate stiffener and stiffened on each
edge by a web or flange

The effective width b = Bt for strength and serviceability shall be determined in accordance with the
following (see figure 3):

Case 1: W, i qim(no intermediate stiffener required)

b=w

A, =A,,
Case 2: Frn< W,53&;,
b =Bt

SABS 0162-4: 1997

where

B is calculated in accordance with 5.7.2.1, with W = w/t and k defined as follows:

k = 3(Zr)0,5 +1I
4

zr = I, / I,

Z, = 5 0 t 4 ( W s /W b - 1 )

Case 3: W, > 3Fim

where

B is calculated in accordance with 5.7.2.1 with W = w/tand kdefined as follows:

k = 3(Zr)033 +1I
4

zr = I, / z,
I, =t"W,/W,,-l)

where, for cases 1, 2 and 3,

W,, = 0 , 6 4 4 E withk=4

f is the calculated stress in the compressive element, using ultimate loads and effective
section properties for strength determination, and serviceability loads and effective
section properties for serviceability determination (see figure 3);

W, = w,/t, where W, is illustrated in figure 3;

A,, is the effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener, based on the effective width of the
individual plate elements;

A, is the reduced effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener to be used in calculating

overall effective section properties; the centroid of the stiffener is considered to be
located at the centroid of the full area of the stiffener, and the moment of inertia of the
stiffener about its own centroidal axis shall be that of the full section of the stiffener;

Z, is the required moment of inertia for an adequate stiffener that allows the adjacent
compressive element to behave as a fully stiffened element; and

Z, is the moment of inertia of the full cross-sectional area of the stiffener about its own
centroidal axis parallel to the element to be stiffened.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Drg.lCL86-EC197-06
5ABS 0162-L-1997

Figure 3 - Example of stiffened flange element with one intermediate

stiffener subject to uniform compressive stress

5.7.2.5 Elements under uniform stress with multiple stiffeners

For a flat compressive element to be considered a multiply-stiffenedelement, it shall be stiffened either

between webs with two or more intermediate stiieners, or between a web and an edge stiffener with one
or more intermediate stiffeners (see figure 4).

The intermediate stiffener(s) shall be disregarded unless for each stiffener

where

I, = (43W- 26)t 2 1st

I, is the moment of inertia of full cross-sectional area of the stiffener about its own
centroidal axis, parallel to the element to be stiffened.

The following limitations shall also apply:

a) If the spacing of stiffeners between two webs is such that the flat width ratio W o f any of the sub-
elements between stiffeners exceeds Km,only two intermediate stiffeners (those nearest each
web) shall be considered effective.

b) If the spacing of stiffeners between a web and an edge stiffener is such that the flat width ratio W
of any of the subelements between stiieners exceeds W,, only the intermediate stiffener nearest
the web shall be considered effective.

c) The effective width b of the sub-elements in (a) and (b) above shall be based on the reduced
effective width ratio B,

where

b = B,t

and B~ = B when W150

B, = ( B - 0,lW + 6) when W>50

B is calculated in accordance with 5.7.2.1, with k = 4 and W = w/t.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

d) When the effective structural properties of a section are being calculated, the area of edge and
intermediate stiffeners in (a) and (b) shall be replaced by a reduced effective area A,

A, = A, when W I 50

AI = (3-2Br lW + B, I30 - W130)Afs when 50 < W c 90

A, = (B, when W > 90

where
Tim= 0,644 -
J-7 with k = 4

w = w/t

A, is the reduced effective area of stiffener to be used in calculating overall effective

section properties; the centroid a4 the stiener is considered to be located at the centroid
of the full area of the stiffener, and the moment of inertia of the stiffener about its own
centroidal axis is taken to be that of the full section of the stiffener;

A, is the full cross-sectional area of the stiffener; and

Z, is the required moment of inertia for an adequate stiffener.

e) If the intermediate stiffeners are spaced so closely that the flat width ratio Wof all the sub-elements
between stiffeners does not exceed W,, all the stiffeners may be considered effective. In the
calculation of the flat width ratio W, and the effective width ratio B of the entire multiple stiffened
element, such element shall be considered as replaced by an element without intermediate
stieners whose width w, is the flat width between webs or from web to edge stiffener, and whose
equivalent thickness t, is determined as follows:

12 gf]
0,33

t,=t +

where

Zsf is the moment of inertia of the full cross-sectional area of the multiply-stiffened
element, including intermediate stiffeners, about its own centroidal axis;

p is the perimeter length of the rriultiply-stiffenedelement, between webs or from web to

edge stiffener, as illustrated in figure 4;

t is the base steel thickness;

w, is the flat width between webs or from web to edge stiffener, as illustrated in figure 4;

SABS 0162-4:1997

w, = w,/t,

The effective width ratio B of the multiply-stiffenedelement, including stiffeners, is calculated by

using W = W,, and the effective area of this element used to calculate section properties is Bt, t.

The moment of inertia of the entire section shall be calculated assuming the "equivalent element"
to be located at the centroidal axis of the multiply-stiffened element, including intermediate
stiffeners. The actual extreme fibre distance shall be used in calculating the section modulus.

wfn W"
f, f (Compressoinl

Figure 4 - Example of multiply-stiffenedflange element

subject to uniform compressive stress

5.7.2.6 Unstiffened elements under uniform stress

The effective width b = Bt for strength and serviceability shall be determined in accordance with 5.7.2.1,
with k = 0,43and W = w/t (see figure 5).

f Kompressionl

IIIIIIIIIIII ---I

I SABS 0162-4.1997 I
Figure 5 - Example of unstiffened flange element
subject to uniform compressive stress

5.7.2.7 Unstiffened elements and edge stiffeners under stress gradient

The effective width d, = Bt shall be determined in accordance with 5.7.2.1, with k = 0,43, f = A , and
W= d/t. For strength determination, f3is calculated using ultimate loads and effective section properties;
for serviceabilitydetermination,f3is calculated using serviceability loads and effective section properties
(see figure 2).

SABS 0162-4:1997

5.7.2.8 Webs and stiffened elements under stress gradient

When W > W , , the effective widths b, and b,for strength and serviceability shall be determined in
accordance with the following:

for webs V; in compression andf, in tension - see figure 6(a)):

b, = Bt43 + q)
b2 = Bt/(l + 4 ) - b,

B is calculated in accordance with 5.7.2.1, withf=f, and k as follows:

k = 4+2(1 + q)3+2(l + q) when 0 5 g 5 1

k = 6(1 + q)’ when 1 ~ 9 5 3

f, (C omp r es si o n1

Centroidal axis

Figure S(a) - Example of stiffened web element subject to

stress gradient (compression and tension)

for other stiffened elements (fi andf, in compression - see figure 6(b)):

6, =Bt/(3 - 4 )

b2= Bt - b,

B is calculated in accordance with 5.7.2.1, withf=f, and k as follows:

k = 4+2(i- q)3+2(1- q )
where, for both cases (a) and (b) above,

6, , b2 are the effective widths illustrated in figures 6(a) and 6(b)

W = w/t

W is the flat width illustrated in figiures 6(a) and 6(b)

4 = hK
f,,h are the calculated stresses shown in figures 6(a) and 6(b).

SABS 0162-4:1997

In figure 6(a),J;is in compression andhin tension. In figure 6(b),J; andhare both in compression, with
J; >f2. For strength determination,J; and& are calculated using ultimate loads and effective section
properties; for serviceability determination, J; and h are calculated using serviceability loads and
effective section properties.

f , (Compression1

Figure 6(b) - Example of stiffened flange element subject

to stress gradient (compression both ends)

5.7.3 Shear lag effects

Where the span of a member in bending is less than 30w ' (with w ' as defined in table 2) and the
member carries a single concentrated load, or several such loads spaced farther apart than 2w',the
effective width of any flange b whether in tension or compression, shall also be limited by the ratio given
in table 2. Flanges in compression shall also be limited by the effective width provisions of 5.6.2.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Table 2 - Short wide flanges - Maximum allowable

ratio of effective width to actual width

Span 2ow ' 18w' 16w ' 14w 12w' low' 8w' 6w'

Ratio 1,oo 0,96 0,91 0,89 0,86 0.82 0,78 0,73 0.67
b h

Explanation of symbols:

L is the full span for simple beams, or the distance between inflection points for continuous beams, or twice the length of
cantilever beams;

w' is the width of the flange projecting beyond the web for I-beamand similar sections, or half the distance between webs for box
or U-type sections. (For flanges of I-beams and similar sections stiffened by lips at the outer edges, W' shall be taken as the
sum of the flange projection beyond the web plus ihe depth of the lip);

b is the effective width of the flange; and

w is the flat width.

5.7.4 Curling of flanges

Where a flange of a member in bending is unusually wide and it is desired to limit the amount of curling
or movement of the flange towards the centroidal axis, the gross width ratio, W, of either stiffened or
unstiffened compressive and tensile flanges shall not exceed the value W,, given by

W,, = 0,78

where

U, is the width of the flange projecting beyond the web for I-beams and similar sections, or half
the distance between webs for box or U-type sections;

t is the thickness of the flange;

h, is the clear perpendicular distance between the flats of flanges;

c is the permissible curling displacernent; and

f, is the average flange stress,which equals the maximum flange stress multiplied by the ratio
of the effective design width to the actual width calculated at nominal loads.
NOTE - The allowable amount of curling will vary with different kinds of sections and has to be established by the
engineer. A curling displacement in the order of 5 % of the depth of the section is usually not considered excessive.

6 Member resistance

6.1 General

All factored resistances determined in accordance with this clause shall be greater than or equal to the
effect of the ultimate loads determined in acclordance with 5.2.2.

SABS 0162-4:1997

6.2 Resistance factors for strength analysis

Except as otherwise specified, the value of the resistance factor when member resistance is being
determined, shall be taken as follows:

a) for axial tension:

1) @t = 0,85

2) @"=0,75

where

@t is the resistance factor for tensile strength calculations; and

is the resistance factor for ultimate load calculations.

b) for axial compression:

1) doubly-symmetric sections; double-angle sections restrained against torsional-flexural

buckling; and circular hollow sections: @a = 0,85

2) singly-symmetric, point-symmetric, and asymmetric sections; single angles and double-

angle sections not restrained against torsional-flexural buckling; and bearing stiffeners:
@ a = 0,75

c) for bending:

1) for sections with stiffened and partially stiffened compression elements: ab= 0,90
2) for sections with unstiffened compression flanges: @b = 0,85

d) for web crippling in beams:

1) single unreinforced webs and deck sections: @s = 0,70

2) other webs: @o = 0,67

e) for shear in webs:

1) & = 0,85

2) for sections with unstiffened compression flanges: @, = 0,85

f) for bolted connections:

1) shear in connected part: @ = 0,70

2) tension in connected part: @ = 0,70

3) bearing: @ = 0,65

4) shear in bolts: @ = 0,65

5) tensile strength in bolts: = 0,75

SABS 0162-4:1997

g) for welded connections:

1) groove welds in butt joints: aC= 0,150

2) fillet welds: 4c= 0,55
3) resistance welds: 4c= 0,60.
6.3 Members in tension

6.3.1 The factored tensile resistance T, of a concentrically loaded member shall be the lesser of

and

6.3.2 Except as provided in 6.3.3, the fadored tensile resistance of eccentrically loaded tensile
members shall be the lesser of

and

where

Z, is the tensile section modulus based on the moment of inertia of the effective gross cross-
sectional area, calculated in accordance with 5.7.2, divided by the distance from the
centroidal axis to the extreme tensile fibre;

Z, is the tensile section modulus based on the moment of inertia of the effective net cross-
sectional area, calculated in accordance with 5.7.2, divided by the distance from the
centroidal axis to the extreme tensile fibre; and

e is the eccentricity.

6.3.3 The factored tensile resistance of single angles with unstiffened legs connected by fasteners in
one leg, and of single channels with unstiffened flanges connected by fasteners in the web, shall be the
lesser of

a) for angles:

and

SABS 0162-4:1997

b) for channels:

Tr = 0, [Ag-(b + m4PI f ,
and
Tr = @t Agfy
where

b is the width of the outstanding leg of an angle or flange of a channel;

d,, is the diameter of the fastener hole;

m is the number of holes across the connected leg or web; and

t is the base steel thickness.

6.4 Members in bending

6.4.1 General

6.4.1.1 Subject to the provisions of 6.4.1.2, the factored moment resistance of a member in bending
shall be the least of

Mr = @ b 'cf,

Mr = @u ZtnL

Mr = @b ' t f ,

Mr = abzxcf, (applies to 6.4.3.5 only)

is the compressive limit stress calculated in accordance with either 6.4.2 or 6.4.3;

is the compressive section modulus based on the moment of inertia of the effective cross-
sectional area, calculated in accordance with 5.7.2, divided by the distance from the
centroidal axis to the extreme compressive fibre;

is the tensile section modulus based on the moment of inertia of the effective gross cross-
sectional area, calculated in accordance with 5.7.2, divided by the distance from the
centroidal axis to the extreme tensile fibre;

is the tensile section modulus based on the moment of inertia of the effective net cross-
sectional area, calculated in accordance with 5.7.2, divided by the distance from the
centroidal axis to the extreme tensile fibre; and

is the compressive section modulus Z, of the full cross-sectional area about the centroidal
axis perpendicular to the web, Zx, divided by the distance from the centroidal axis to the
extreme compressive fibre.

6.4.1.2 The following exceptions, additions and modifications to 6.4.1 .Iapply:

a) for channels and Z-shaped members with unstiffened flanges, refer to 6.4.4;

SABS 0162-4:1997

b) for closed box members refer to 6.4.3.4;

c) for circular hollow sections refer to 6.4.3.5;

d) in addition to 6.4.1.1,
6.4.6and 6.4.8shall be considered.

6.4.2 Laterally supported members

fc shall be calculated in accordance with either 6.4.2.1or 6.4.2.2, whichever gives the lesser value.
Lateral support may be provided by continuous or discrete bracing members. For discrete bracing, 6.4.2
only applies whenf,, as calculated in accordance with 6.4.3,is equal to or exceeds&

6.4.2.1 Based on initiation of yielding

6.4.2.2 Based on inelastic reserve capacity

NOTE -This subclause does not apply to cylindrical tubular members (see 6.4.3.5).

6.4.2.2.1 The inelastic reserve capacity may be used when all of the following conditions are met:

a) the member is not subject to twisting or to lateral, torsional or torsional-flexural buckling;

b) the effect, if any, of cold work of forming is disregarded;

c) the ratio of the depth of the compressive portion of the web to its thickness does not exceed

d) the depth-to-thickness ratio h,/t does not exceed 3,73 a ;

e) the shear force due to ultimate loads, V,, does not exceed 0,35A,&,; and

f) the bend angle between web and flange is between 70" and 110" inclusive.

6.4.2.2.2 f c shall not exceed the lesser of 1 ,25My

/ Z, and M u /Z,

where

Z, is as defined in 6.4.1.l;

My is the moment causing a maximum strain of E, = f y /Eo;

M', is the ultimate moment causing a maximum compressive strain of C,.E,; and

C, is a factor determined as follows:

a) for stiffened cornpressive elements without intermediate stiffeners, C,is determined as

follows:
1) when

ws 1,11 \IEolfyc then

cy = 3

SABS 0162-4: 1997

2) when

3) when

W > 1,28 (IEolfyc then

cy = 1
b) for unstiffened compressive elements, compressive elements with edge stiffeners,
compressive elements with one intermediate stiffener, and multiply-stiffened
compressive elements, C, = 1.

6.4.2.2.3 Where applicable, effective design widths shall be used in calculating section properties. M I,,

shall be calculated considering equilibrium of stresses, assuming

a) an ideally elastic-plastic stress-strain curve in tension and in compression;

b) small deformations; and

c) that plane sections before bending remain plane during bending.

6.4.3 Laterally unsupported members

6.4.3.1 General

For either doubly-symmetrical I, Z-sections or singly-symmetrical shaped single-web members, the

compression limit stressf,shall be the least of the stresses& determined in accordance with 6.4.3.2 to
6.4.3.4 (inclusive), subject to the limitationf, 1.f,.

For the purposes of 6.4.3.1, 6.4.3.2, and 6.4.3.3 the following formulas and definitions apply:

G, = Go (E, I E,,) is the tangent shear modulus

SABS 0162-4:1997

6.4.3.2 Bending about centroidal axis perpendicular to web

The bending limit stressf, shall be calculated as follows:

a) for doubly-symmetric I-sections

b) for singly-symmetric sections such as channels

c) for point-symmetric Z-sections

6.4.3.3 Bending about centroidal axis parallel to web of singly-symmetric sections (such as
channels)

The bending limit stressf, shall be calculated as follows:

where

C, = ZJo is the bending coefficient, which can be taken conservatively as unity; or shall not
exceed 2,5 when o is calculated as

o = 0,6 + 0,4M, / M2for members bent in single curvature; or as

o = 0,6 - 0,4M, / M2for members bent in double curvature.

When the bending moment at any point within an unbraced length 1 is larger than that at
either end of this length, the bending coefficient, C,, shall be taken as unity. Also, for
members subject to combined axial and bending forces (see 6.7),C, shall be taken as unity;

Ml / M 2 is the moment ratio of the smaller to the larger moment, taken at opposite ends of the
unbraced length in the plane of bending.

CS = for bending causing compression on the shear-centre side of the centroid;

+I
CS = -1 for bending causing tension on the shear-centre side of the centroid;

SABS 0162-4: 1997

rx ry9
are the radii of gyration of the full cross-section about the centroidal principal axes;

K,, K,, K, are the effective length factors for bending about the x- and y-axes, and for twisting;

L, ,L,, L, is the unbraced length of member for bending about the x- and y-axes, and for
twisting;

XO is the distance from the shear centre to the centroid of section;

J is the St. Venant torsion constant for open sections; and

c
w is the warping constant of torsion.
6.4.3.4 Closed box members

When bending is about the major axis of the section, f , is determined in accordance with 6.4.3.1, with
f b defined as follows:
0,833Cb7c
h =
LZXC
pzq
where

L is the unbraced length of the member;

J = 2(ab)2 for closed box members;

( a q - Wt,)
a is the distance between the web centre lines;

b is the distance between the flange centre lines;

t, is the thickness of the flanges; and

t, is the thickness of the webs.

6.4.3.5 Circular hollow sections

When the outside-diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios do not exceed 0,881E,, &, the compressive stress
f, on the full cross-sectional area shall be calculated as follows:
a) when d/t c 0 , l 12E0lf,
s, = f ,
b) when O,112E0lf, < d/t 5 0,881E0lf,
L = Kcfy
where

K, =
(1- C)(Eolfy) +- 5,882C
(8,93 -A,)(d/t) 8,93 -Ac

E&
Ac = 3,048C s -
dlt
c = &lf,
fp is the proportional limit; and
f , is the yield strength.

SABS 0162-4:1997

6.4.3.6 Other sections

For singly-symmetrical I-sections or for non-symmetric sections whose cross-sections do not have any
symmetry, either about an axis or a point, the factored moment resistance shall be determined by
rational analysis. Alternatively, members subject to bending that are composed of such sections may
be tested in accordance with 9.3.3.

6.4.4 Channels and 2-shaped members with unstiffened flanges

For channels and Z-shaped members with unstiffened flanges and f, <A, the factored moment
resistance shall be further limited as follows:

where

k = 0,43; and

W is the flat width ratio of the unstiffened flange.

6.4.5 Shear in webs

The factored shear resistance, V,, of a web shall be determined by

nzE,k,
f,= subject to the limitationf, 0,64f,
12(1 -p2)H2
and

f, is the yield stress of the web material;

H = h, It ;

h, is the flat dimension of the web, measured in the plane of the web;

k, is the shear buckling coefficient, determined as follows:

a) for unreinforced webs, k, = 5,:34

b) for beam webs with transverse stiffeners complying with the requirements of 6.5

SABS 0162-4~1997

s is the distance between the transverse stiffeners; and

t is the thickness of the web material.

Where the web consists of two or more sheets, each sheet shall be considered as a separate member
carrying its portion of the shear.

6.4.6 Combined bending and shear in webs

For webs subject to both bending and shear stresses, the member shall be so proportioned that the
following limit is observed:

For beam webs with both bearing and intermediate transverse stiffeners that comply with the
requirements of 6.5, the member may be so proportioned that the following three limits are observed:

c) 0,6 [ 2) [ 2)
2
+
2
< 1,3 when -
M U > 0,5

MT
and -
V U > 0,7

Vr
where

Mu is the moment due to ultimate loads;

V, is the shear due to ultimate loads;

M, is the factored moment resistance from 6.4.1 and 6.4.2; and

V, is the factored shear resistance from 6.4.5, without the limit of 0,64f, onf,.

6.4.7 Web crippling

To avoid crippling of an unreinforced web of a member subject to bending, whose slenderness ratio H
is equal to or less than 200, concentrated loads and reactions P, shall not exceed the relevant values
of P,given in tables 3,4 or 5. Webs of members in bending for which Hexceeds 200 shall be provided
with adequate means of transmitting concentrated loads or reactions directly into the web(s).

In tables 3,4 and 5, P, represents the load or reaction in the case of one solid web connecting top and
bottom flanges. For webs consisting of two or more such sheets, P, shall be computed for each
individual sheet and the results shall be added to obtain the limiting load or reaction for the full section.

SABS 0162-4:1997

One-flange loading or reaction occurs when the clear distance between the bearing edges of adjacent
opposite concentrated loads or reactions exceeds 1,5h,.

Two-flange loading or reaction occurs when the clear distance between the bearing edges of adjacent
opposite concentrated loads or reactions is equal to or less than 1,5h3.

End loading or reaction occurs when the distance from the edge of the bearing to the end of the member
is equal to or less than 1,5h3.

Interior loading or reaction occurs when the distance from the edge of the bearing to the end of the
member exceeds I&.

Table 3 -- Built-up sections

NOTE -This table applies to I-beams made of two channels connected back-to-back by a line of connectors near each
flange or similar sections that provide a high degree of restraint against rotation of the web, such as I-sections made by
welding two angles to a channel.

1 2 3
One-flange loading End P, = &,tfr;C,( 1(H1,25 0)
or reaction
Interior P,= ~,t2f,C,(0,88+0,063t)(15+3,25 0)
Two-flange loading End P, = ~ , t ' f , C 4 ( 0 , 6 4 + 0 , 1 6 t ) ( 1 ~ 1 , 2 5 ~ )
or reaction
Interior P, = 4$j&(O,82+o,079t)( 15+3,25 fi)

SABS 0162-4: 1997

Table 4 - Sections that have single webs

NOTE - This table applies to single-web sections such as channels and Z-sections.

1 2

End
For sections having stiffened flanges
P, = @* lOttf,(1,33-0,33k)(1,15-0,15R)(1+0,01N)(1-0,OOlBH)
One-flange
loading or
For sections having unstiffened flanges')
reaction
P, = @,6,6t?f,(1,33-0,33k)(1,15-0,15R)(1+0,01N)(1-0,0013H)

Interiol2)
P, = 4s16tzf,(1,22-0,22k)(1,06-0,06R)(1+0,007N)(1-0,0014H)

End
P,= @,7,4?f,(1 ,33-0,33k)(I ,15-0,15R)(1+0,01N)(1-0,0023H)
Two-flange
loading or reaction Interior
P,= @,1612f,(l,22-0,22k)(I,06-0,06R)(1+0,01N)(1-0,0029H)

1) When N > 60, the factor (1+0,01N) may be increased to (O,71+0,015N).

2) When N > 60, the factor (1+0,007N) may be increased to (0,75+0,01lN).

NOTES

1 The above equations apply when R L 4, N i 200, and lblh3 L 1,O.

2 New symbols are defined following table 5.

Table 5 - Deck sections (multiple webs)

End
One flange P, = @,io12f,(sine)(i-o,ik)(i-o,i fi)(l+0,005N)(l-0,002H)
loading or
reaction Interior
P, = @J 8i2-qsine)(1 -0, ik)(i -0,075 fi)(i+o,oo5~)(1-0,001~)

End
TWO- P, = @,ior?f,(sine)(i-0, ik)(i-o,i fi)(i+o,o 1 ~ ) ( 1 - 0 , 0 0 2 ~ )
flange
loading or Interior
reaction P, = ~,18t2f,(sin~)(l-O,2k)(1-0,03~)(1+0,01N)(1-0,0015H)

In tables 3, 4 and 5,
C, = (1,49 - 0,53k) > 0,6

C, = 1 + HI750 5 1,2
C, = llkwhen H s 66,5

c, = (1,l - Hl665)lk when H > 66,5

SABS 0162-4:1997

C, = (0,98 - Hl865)lk

H = h,/t

k = 883f,lE,

R = rlt

r is the inside bend radius;

t is the web thickness;

8 is the angle between the plane of the web and the plane of the bearing surface, 45" s 8 i; 90".

6.4.8 Combined web crippling and bending

Unreinforced flat webs of shapes subjected to a combination of bending and concentrated load or
reaction shall be designed to meet the following requirements:

a) For shapes that have single unreinforced webs:

1,07Pu Mu
- + --< 1,42
pr Mr
Exception: At the interior supports of continuous spans, this formula is not applicable to decks or
beams with two or more single webs, provided that the compression edges of adjacent webs are
laterally supported in the negative moment region by continuous or intermittently connected flange
elements, rigid cladding or lateral bracing, and the spacing between adjacent webs does not exceed
250 mm.

b) For shapes that have multiple unreinforced webs such as I-sections made of two channels
connected back-to-back, or similar sections which provide a high degree of restraint against rotation
of the web (such as I-sections made by welding two angles to a channel):

Mu < 1,32
0,82Pu + -
- -
pr Mr

Exception: When Wt 2 , 3 3 1 m and W I Wh,the concentrated resistant load or reaction may

be determined by 6.4.7.

where

P, is the factored web-crippling resistance in accordance with 6.4.7;

Mu is the bending moment due to ultimate loads at the point of application of the
concentrated load or reaction;

ME is the factored moment resistance in accordance with 6.4.1 and 6.4.2. (Combined web
crippling and bending does not need to be checked for multiple-web deck sections
except where M, has been calculated in accordance with 6.4.2.2.);and

W,, is the limiting flat width ratio for uniformly compressed stiffened elements.

SABS 0162-4:1997

6.5 Transverse stiffeners for beam webs

6.5.1 Bearing stiffeners

Transverse stiffeners attached to beam webs at points of concentrated loads or reactions shall be
designed as compressive members. Concentrated loads or reactions shall be applied direct into the
stiffeners or each stiffener shall be fitted accurately to the flat portion of the flange to provide direct
load- bearing into the end of the stiffener. Means for shear transfer between the stiffener and the web
shall be provided in accordance with clause 7. The factored compressive resistance C, of the stiffener
shall be the lesser of

= b,t + A , for transverse stiffeners at interior supports and under concentrated load;

= b2t + A , for transverse stiffeners at end support;

= 1st + A , for transverse stiffeners at interior supports and under concentrated load;

= 10t + A , for transverse stiffeners at end support;

is the gross cross-sectionalarea of transverse stiffeners;

= + 0,721 < 25t;

25t[0,0024(LSt/t)
= + 0,831 s 12t;
12t[0,0044(LSt/t)

is the compressive limit stress determined in accordance with 6.6 when the web stiffener
section having a cross-sectional area A, is designed as an axially-loaded compressive
member with K = 1;

is the lower value of the yield stress of the beam web or stiffener section;

is the total length of the transverse stiffener; and

is the thickness of the beam web.

The flat width ratio Wof stiffened and unstiffened elements of cold-formed steel transverse stiffeners
shall not exceed W,, as defined in 5.7.2,withf=f, the yield stress of the stiffener steel.

6.5.2 Intermediate stiffeners

Where intermediate stiffeners are required, the spacing shall be such that the web shear V, does not
exceed the value of V,allowed in 6.4.5,and the ratio s/h, shall not exceed the lesser of (260/H)’and 3,O.
The moment of inertia of a pair of attached intermediate stiffeners or of a single intermediate stiffener,
with reference to an axis in the plane of the web, shall not be less than

SABS 0162-4:1997

The gross cross-sectional area of intermediate stiffeners shall not be less than

A, =
1- c,
- 2 d h , +( (s/h3)2 p’
1+(slh,)2)”

where

C, = --m
500
H
when 0,8 < C , l :I,O

when slh, > 1,0

k, = 5,34 + -
4,OO
(s/h,)2

k, = 4,OO + -
5,34
when slh, 5 1,O
WhJ2
s is the distance between transverse stiffeners;
f , of web steel
Y =
f , of stiffener steel

D = 1,O for stiffeners in pairs;

d = 1,8 for single-angle stiffeners;

d = 2,4 for single-plate stiffeners; and

t is the web thickness.

6.5.3 Integral stiffeners

The factored resistance of members with integral stiffeners that do not meet the requirements of either
6.5.1 or 6.5.2, such as stamped or embedded transverse, inclined or longitudinal stiffeners, shall be
determined by tests in accordance with 9.3.3.

6.6 Members in compression (concentrically loaded)

6.6.1 General

6.6.1.1 Except as provided in 6.6.1.2,6.6 applies to members subject to compression and in which the
resultant of all loads and moments acting on the member is equivalent to a single force acting through
the centroid of the full cross-sectional area in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the member. For
such members, the factored compressive resistance C, shall be determined in accordance with 6.6.1.3
and subsequent clauses as applicable.

6.6.1.2 The following exceptions, additions and modifications to 6.6.1.1 apply where relevant:

a) members for which the loading criterion stated in 6.6.1.1 does not apply shall be designed in
accordance with 6.7;

SABS 0162-4: 1997

b) members that are cold-formedfrom material exceeding 4 3 mm in thickness shall be designed as

follows:

1) the area of the member shall be the effective cross-sectional area calculated on the basis
of the effective width provisions of 5.7.2; and

2) the effective width shall be determinedwith the value off set equal to the axial compressive
stress given by the applicable expression in SABS 0162-1, taking the radius of gyration as
that of the full cross-section of the member; and

c) additional requirements for members consisting of channels, Z-shapes and single angles with
unstiffened flanges are contained in 6.6.3.2.

6.6.1.3 Except as noted in 6.6.5, for members in which the maximum flat width ratio of stiffened
compressive elements does not exceed 200 and for which the maximum flat width ratio of unstiffened
compressive elements does not exceed 50, the factored compressive resistance C, shall be determined
by
C, = @a A, fa

where

f, is the least of the flexural, torsional and torsional-flexural buckling stresses determined in
accordance with 6.6.2 to 6.6.4 (inclusive), subject tof, < f y ; and

A, is the effective cross-sectional area, determined in accordance with 5.7.2or 6.6.5, as

applicable, with f =f,.

6.6.2 Sections not subject to torsional-flexural buckling

For I-sections, closed cross-sections and any other sections that can be shown to be not critical in
torsional buckling or not subject to torsional-flexural buckling,& is given by

where
dE,
.L=-
(UIr)*

f is the critical flexural buckling stress;

E, is the tangent modulus corresponding to&;

KLIr is the the greater of the effective slenderness ratios about the principal axes;

K is the effective length factor (see 5.4);

L is the unbraced length of the member; and

Y is the radius of gyration of the full cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis.

6.6.3 Singly-symmetric sections

6.6.3.1 For singly-symmetric open sections, such as plain and lipped channels and single or double plain
and lipped angles, that might be subjected to torsional-flexural buckling,& is given by the lesser of

SABS 0162-4:1997

where

fe is as defined in 6.6.2 or 6.6.7.1, as applicable;

Lt =-EL1 +J;)-&A +A)’-~PAA]

J; =Are,
1 It.+-]
A is the critical buckling stress about the symmetry axis;

x, is the distance from the shear centre to the centroid of the section;

KL/r is the effective slenderness ratio associated with bending about the axis of symmetry of the
full cross-section;

J is the St. Venant torsion constant for open sections

t is the steel thickness of the member segments.

6.6.3.2 For channels, Z-shapes and single-angle sections with unstiffened flanges, the factored
compressive resistance shall be further limited as follows:

where

E, is the secant modulus corresponding to the critical buckling stress;

k = 0,43
W is the flat width ratio of the unstiffened flange element.

This additional limit shall be waived if the channel or Z-sections are fully restrained with respect to
torsional and flexural buckling about the asymmetric axis.

SABS 0162-4:1997

6.6.4 Point-symmetric sections

For point-symmetric open sections, such as cruciform and Z-sections, or such built-up sections that
might be subject to torsional buckling and that are not braced against twisting, 6.6.1 shall be used to
obtain the factored resistanceC, withA equal to the lesser of 0,833A from 6.6.2 and 0,833Atfrom 6.6.3.

6.6.5 Circular hollow sections

The outsidediameter-to-wall-thicknessratio, d/t, shall not exceed 0,881EOlf,.The factored compressive

resistance C, shall be calculated in accordance with 6.6.1.3, with A , andf, determined as follows:

0,881Eo
A. = K, A with -d < -
t fY

( l - c)(EoIFy) 5,882C
K,
+

=
(8,93 - Ac)(d/t) 8,93 - A,

A, = 3,048C s 0
“lfy
dlt
C = f,ryratio of the effective proportional limit to the yield strength
where

fa = 0,833L subject tof,L f,

6.6.6 Other sections

For non-symmetric sections whose cross-sections do not have any symmetry, either about an axis or
a point, and for sections formed with any stiffened elements whose flat width ratio exceeds 200 or any
unstiffened elements whose flat width ratio exceeds 50, the factored compressive resistance C, shall
be determined by rational analysis. Alternatively, compressive members composed of such sections
may be tested in accordance with 9.3.3.

6.6.7 Built-up members

6.6.7.1 For compressive members composed of two or more sections connected together at discrete
points, such as double angles and battened channels, the factored compressive resistance C, for
buckling about the built-up member axis shall be given by 6.6.1, using

where

SABS 0162-4: 1997

where

f, is the critical flexural buckling stress;

Et is the tangent modulus corresponding tof,;

KLIr is the overall slenderness ratio of the entire section about the built-up member axis;

s is the fastener spacing; and

rl is the radius of gyration of the full cross-sectional area of an individual section in a built-up
member.

6.6.7.2 Each discrete connection shall be capable of transmitting a longitudinal shear force of
0,05times the force in one section of a built-up member.

6.6.7.3 For torsional-flexural buckling of singly-symmetric sections, 6.6.1 shall be used to obtain the
factored compressive resistance C, except that in 6.6.3 (where applicable),f, shall be as determined
in 6.6.7.1, and thisf, replacesx in the expression forLt.

6.7 Combined axial load and bending

6.7.1 Doubly-symmetric sections (including circular hollow sections)

When subject to both axial compression and bending, members shall be proportioned to meet the
following requirements:

where

Cu is the axial force in the member owing to ultimate loads;

A, is the effective cross-sectional area determined in accordance with 5.7.2 withf=f,;

Mr is the factored moment resistance calculated in accordance with 6.4.1 and 6.4.2; and

Mu is the factored moment due to ultimate loads at the point under consideration.

where

cr is the factored compressive resistance as defined in 6.6;

Mrx?Mry are the factored moment resistances in accordance with 6.4.1 and 6.4.3, with C, = 1;

Mux 9 Muy are the maximum calculated moments owing to ultimate loads, occurring either at
or between braced points;

SABS 0162-4:1997

0 x 9 my are the coefficients used to determine equivalent uniform bending stress defined in
6.7.3;

a,,a, are amplification factors, equal to 1 - C,/C,;

cl is the axial compressive force in the member owing to ultimate loads; and

ce =AA, whereL is as defined in 6.6.2 with KWr being the slenderness ratio in the plane
of bending for which the a values are calculated, and A is the full cross-sectional
area.

6.7.2 Singly-symmetric sections

The same method as for doubly-symmetric sections should be followed for singly-symmetric sections.

6.7.3 Coefficients of equivalent uniform bending

6.7.3.1 General

The coefficients of equivalent uniform bending, oxand 9,

shall be determined by analysis, or the values
specified in 6.7.3.2 and 6.7.3.3 may be used. The symbol o refers to either oxor ay.

6.7.3.2 Members not subject to transverse loads between supports

6.7.3.2.1 For compressive members in frames that depend on their own flexural stiffness to prevent
sidesway in the direction being considered:

o = 0,85 for members bent in double curvature or subject to moment only at one end; and

o = 1,O for members bent in single curvature due to moments at both ends.

6.7.3.2.2 For compressive members in frames that are braced against joint translation in the direction
being considered:

o = 0,6 + 0,4M,/M2for members bent in single curvature; and

o = 0,6 - 0,4M,/M2 for members bent in double curvature, but not less than 0,4

where

M , /M2 is the ratio of the smaller to the larger moment at opposite ends of the unbraced length in
the plane of bending considered.

6.7.3.3 Members subject to transverse loads between supports

For compressive members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and subject
to transverse loading between their supports, the value of o may be determined by rational analysis.
However, in lieu of such analysis, the following values may be used:

o = 0,85 for members whose ends are restrained; and

o = 1,OO for members whose ends are unrestrained.

SABS 0162-411997

6.7.4 Single angles loaded through one leg

For single angles loaded at each end through the same leg by bolts or welds, the factored compressive
resistance C,shall be as given in 6.6.1.3, using& = O,833f,, but shall not exceed 0,5A& for members
loaded through a single bolt, or 0,67A& for members loaded through welds or multiple bolts,

where
XZE,
f,=
(KLIrV)’+(5hlt)*

L is the unbraced length of the member;

r, is the least radius of gyration of the full cross-sectionalarea;

h is the larger leg width;

t is the leg thickness; and

K is the effective length factor

= 0,8 for translation-fixed connections using a single bolt,

= 0,7 for translation-fixed connections using welds or two or more bolts.

7 Connections

7.1 General

7.1.1 Design

Connections shall be designed to transmit the effects of ultimate loads in connected members, with due
regard for eccentricity.

7.1.2 Connections subject to force reversal

Connections subject to sudden reversal of force due to moving loads, other than loads caused by wind
or earthquake, shall be proportioned for a force reversal equal to the sum of the forces of each sign.

7.1.3 Fastening methods

Any suitable mechanical fastener, weldment, special device or other effective means, may be used to
join component parts, provided that the fastening method is compatible with the service conditions.
Fastening methods that are not covered by requirements in clause 7 shall be subject to evidence of
suitability before use.

7.1.4 Resistance factor

The value of the resistance factor &, when connection resistance is being determined, shall be taken
as follows:

a) for bolted connections:

1) tension in connected part: @c = 0,70

2) bearing: @c = 0,65

SABS 0162-4:1997

3) shear in bolts: aC= 0,65

4) tensile strength in bolts: 4" = 0,75
b) for welded connections:

1) groove welds in butt joints: aC= 0,60

2) fillet welds for longitudinal loading: aC= 0,55

3) fillet welds for transverse loading: aC= 0,65

4) resistance welds: @c = 0,60.

7.2 Welded connections

7.2.1 Qualification

Arc welding shall be performed by fabricators or erectors in accordance with the relevant qualification
requirements of AWS B2.1.')

7.2.1.1 The qualifier

The qualifier shall be a suitably qualified welding inspe~tor.~)

7.2.1.2 Welding procedure qualification

Welding procedures shall be qualified in accordance with category 1 standard qualified weldments, or
special test weldments. If special test weldments are used, the required tests, examination and
acceptance criteria may need to be contractually agreed upon.

7.2.1.3 Performance qualifications

Performance qualification shall be performed in accordance with the qualification by standard test
method, and not by workmanship test.

7.2.2 Production welding inspection and acceptance criteria

7.2.2.1 Thicknesses less than 3,2 mm

Productionwelding inspection and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with the relevant section
of ANWAWS D1.3.

7.2.2.2 Thicknesses equal to or exceeding 3,2 mm

Productionwelding inspection and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with the relevant section
of ANSI/AWS D1. I .

2) To be superseded by AWS D1.6 (in course of preparation).

3) American Welding Society (AWS) Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)

Certification Scheme for Welding and Inspection Personnel (CSWIP)
Welding Inspector and Senior Welding Inspector
South African Institute of Welding (SAIW) welding inspector levels I, II, or 111.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

7.2.3 Arc welds

7.2.3.1 Full strength groove welds in butt joints

The resistance in tension or compression of the groove weld in a butt joint shall be the same as that
prescribed for the lower strength of the parent metals being joined. The groove weld in a butt joint shall
fully penetrate the joint and its thickness shall be equal to or shall exceed the thickness of the material.

v, = @&tf,
where

@, is the resistance factor for welded connections;

L is the length of the weld;

t is the thickness of the thinnest welded sheet; and

fu is the tensile strength of the annealed base metal.

7.2.3.2 Arc spot welds

7.2.3.2.1 General

Arc spot welds covered by this part of SABS 0162 are for welding sheet steel to thicker supporting
members in the flat position. The weld is formed by melting through the steel sheet to fuse with the
underlying supporting member, whose thickness at the weld location shall be at least 2,5 times the steel
sheet thickness (aggregate sheet thickness in the case of multiple plies). The materials to be joined
shall be of weldable quality and the electrodes to be used shall be suited to the materials, the welding
method, and the ambient conditions during welding.

7.2.3.2.2 Maximum and minimum sheet thickness

For arc spot welds:

a) the maximum single sheet thickness shall1 be 2,Omm;

b) the minimum sheet thickness shall be 0,'7rnm; and

c) the maximum aggregate sheet thickness of double sheets shall be 2,5 mm.

7.2.3.2.3 Minimum weld size

The minimum surface diameter of an arc spot. weld shall be 12 mm.

7.2.3.2.4 Minimum distance from edge

The minimum distance from the centre line of ithe weld to the end or boundary of the connected sheet
shall be 25 mm.

SABS 0162-411997

7.2.3.2.5 Factored resistances

For an arc spot weld:

Tr = 4,0,67t(d - tV;

where

Vr is the factored shear resistance;

T, is the factored tensile resistance;

f, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the sheet;

f,, is the specified minimum ultimate strength of the welding electrode;

t is the thickness of the sheet (one sheet thickness in the case of multiple plies);

d is the surface width (diameter) of the weld, not to be taken as exceeding 20 rnm;

d, is the effective width of the weld = 0,7d - 1,52 t ; and

2 t is the total sheet thickness to be fused to the supporting member.

7.2.3.3 Fillet welds

Fillet welds covered by this part of SABS 0162 apply to the welding of joints in any position, either sheet
to sheet or sheet to thicker steel member.

The factored shear resistance V, of a fillet weld in lap and T-joints shall be determined as follows:

a) For welds parallel to the direction of loading,

when L/t ~ 3 0 :

b) For welds perpendicular to the direction of loading,

Vr = 4,tLL 4ct\$.fxx
where

L is the length of the fillet weld;

t is the thickness of the thinner sheet;

t, is the effective throat thickness;

fu is the tensile strength of the thinner sheet: and

f,, is the tensile strength of the weld metal.

SABS 0162-4:1997

7.2.3.4 Flare-bevel groove welds

Flare-bevel groove welds (see figure 7) covered by this part of SABS 0162 apply to welding of joints in
any position, i.e. sheet-to-sheet for f1are-V groove welds, and sheet-to-sheet or sheet-to-thicker-steel-
member for flare-bevel groove welds.

The factored shear resistance of welds V, shall be governed by the thickness t of the steel sheet
adjacent to the welds and shall be determined as follows:

a) For flare-bevel groove welds perpendicular to the direction of loading (see figure 7(a))

where

L is the length of the weld;

f, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the thinner sheet; and

t is the thickness of the thinner sheet.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

(a)

Drg.l4492AEC/97-06
SABS 0162-Lz1997

Figure 7 - Flare-bevel groove welds

SABS 0162-4:1997

b) For flare-bevel groove welds parallel to the direction of loading (see figures 7(b) and 7(c)), if the
effective throat thickness t, is equal to or greater than t, but less than 2t,or if the lip height d is less
than the weld length L , then

V , = @,0,75tLf,

If t, is equal to or exceeds 2t and the lip width d is equal to or exceeds the weld length L, then

where

t, is the effective throat thickness of the flare-bevel groove weld as shown in figure 7(c).

7.2.4 Resistance welds

The values in this subclause are based on the values in AWS C1.1-66.Values for intermediate
thicknesses can be obtained by linear interpolation. These values may also be applied conservatively
for type 201. In all cases, welding shall be performed in accordance with AWS C1 .l-66.

7.2.4.1 Spot welds

For types 301,304 and 316 stainless steel sheets, the design shear strength for spot welding shall be
determined as follows:

v, = 4,Pn
where

& is the resistance factor for resistance welds; and

P,, is the nominal shear strength for spot welds in table 6.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Table 6 - Nominal shear strength for resistance spot welding

1 2 3 4

Thickness of Shear strength per spot, Pn

thinnest outside
sheet, t

Annealed,
1/16 Hard 114 Hard % Hard

mrn kN kN kN

0,15 0,27 0,31 0,4

0,20 0,44 0,58 0,67
0,25 0.67 0,76 0,93

0,30 0,85 0,93 1,11

0,35 1,07 1,11 1,42
0,40 1,25 1,33 1,69

0,45 1,42 1,60 2,09

0,53 1,64 2,09 2,22
0,63 2,22 2,67 3,02

0,79 3.02 3,56 4,13

0,86 3,56 4,09 4,89
1,oo 4,45 5.65 6,23

1,lO 5,34 6,45 7,56

1,20 6,45 7,56 8,89
1,40 7,56 83 10,9

1,60 8,67 10,68 12,9

1,80 10,68 12,45 15,79
2,oo 12,Ol 15,12 17,79

2,40 15,79 18,68 23,57

2,90 18,68 22,24 28,47
3,20 22.24 26.69 33,80

Nominal tensile strength per spot can conservatively be taken as 25 % of shear strength.

7.2.4.2 Pulsation welding

When types 301, 304 and 316 stainless steel sheets are joined by spot pulsation welding, the factored
shear resistance per spot shall be determined as follows:

vr = 4P"
where

+c is the resistance factor for resistance welds; and

P, is the nominal shear strength for pulsation welds in table 7.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Table 7 - Nominal shear strength for pulsation welding

I 1 I 2 I 3
Thickness of Shear strength per spot,
thinnest outside P"
sheet, t

I mm

6,35
1 I 33,80
43,37
47,15
57,82
44,48
5417
57,82
75,62

7.2.5 Cleaning of welded areas

After final welding operations, the affected area shall be post-weld cleaned in accordance with
clause 12.

7.3 Mechanical fasteners (bolts, rivets and screws)

7.3.1 General

7.3.1.1 The following requirements apply where the thickness of the thinnest connected part is 4,5 mm
or less, where there are no gaps between the connected parts, and where fasteners are installed with
sufficient tightness to achieve satisfactory performance of the connection under expected service
conditions. The design of mechanically fastened connections in which the thickness of all connected
parts exceeds 4 3 mm shall be in accordance with SABS 0162-1.

7.3.1.2 For screws and special fasteners not covered by 7.3.2, 7.3.3 or 7.3.4, the factored resistance
shall be taken as 0,754, times the average ultimate resistance as determined by the manufacturer for
the resistance considered.

7.3.2 Factored shear resistance

For bolts and solid rivets, the factored shear resistance V, of the fastener is given by
r' = @dbfnv

where

A , is the cross-sectional area of the fastener based on the nominal diameter; and

fnv is the nominal shear strength of the fastener

7.3.3 Factored tensile resistance (bolts)

The factored tensile resistance T,of a bolt is given by

SABS 0162-4:1997

where

A , is the cross-sectional area of the bolt based on the nominal diameter; and

f,, is the nominal tensile strength of the bolt as given in table 8.

NOTE - The pullover strength of the connected sheet at the bolt head, nut or washer has to be considered where bolt
tension is involved.

Table 8 - Nominal shear and tensile stresses for stainless steel bolts
1 2 3 I 4 I 5

Diameter Nominal shear stress') I Nominal tensile stressn

d f""
MPa
I f",
Type of stainless steel
I
No threads in shear Threads in shear
plane plane
mm MPa

201') All 311 232 386

304, 3162)5) All 311 232 386
304, 316'),) i 12,7 372 279 465
304, 3166) > 12.7 352 263 439
304, 3164) i 19,l 517 388 646
430" All 248 186 310
4305) All 290 217 362

1) Condition A in ASTM A 276, hot-finished or cold-finished

2) Condition A in ASTM A 276 and class 1 (solution-treated) in ASTM A 193/A193M, hot-finished.
3) Condition A in ASTM A 276, cold-finished.
4) Condition B (cold-worked) in ASTM A 276 and class 2 (solution-treatedand strain-hardened) in ASTM A 193/A193M,
cold-finished.
5) Condition A in ASTM F 593, machined from annealed or solution-annealed stock, or hot-formed and solution-
annealed.
6) Condition CW in ASTM F 593, headed and rolled from annealed stock thus acquiring degree of cold work. Sizes
19,05 mm diameter and larger may be hot-worked.
7) Nominal stress given in table 6 is specified ford 12,7 mm. Ford < 12,7 mm, the given value shall be reduced to
0,9f,,for nominal shear stress, and 0,9f,for nominal tensile stress.

7.3.4 Factored combined shear and tensile resistance (bolts)

For bolts subject to both shear and tension (exclusive of tension due to tightening), the reduced factored
tensile resistance, T,, is given by

T, = 1,25T, - kV, 5 T,
where

is the factored tensile resistance given in 7.3.3;

V, is the shear force on the bolt due to ultimate load; and

k = 2,4, except that where bolt threads are excluded from each shear plane, k may be taken as

1,go.

SABS 0162-4:1997

7.3.5 Factored bearing resistance (single fasteners)

7.3.5.1 The factored bearing resistance of the connected part for each loaded fastener shall be
determined from

where
t is the thickness of the part;
d is the nominal diameter of the fastener;

f , is the specified minimum tensile strength of the connected part;

U is the distance from the hole centre to the edge towards which the force is directed; and
C is the appropriate value from table 9.
Although it is recommended that a washer be used under the element of the fastener (i.e. head or nut)
that is turned during installation, the values of table 9 apply whether or not washers are used.
Bearing resistance is independent of any tension in the fastener, or of whether the thread or shank bears
on the connected part.

Table 9 - Factor C for bearing resistance of fasteners

Ratio of fastener diameter to

d/t s 10
lO<d/t s 1 5 30t/d
d/t > 15

7.3.5.2 Where the end edge of the connected part is oblique to the line of action of the force, the
resistance for a single fastener shall be given by the lesser of 7.3.5.1 and the following:

B, = 4ct (U + - qcos2e)f ,
where
t and& are as defined in 7.3.5.1;
U is the normal distance from the hole centre to the end edge; and

e is the angle made by the end edge with the direction of load.
7.3.5.3 For simple lap joints in sheets subject to tension and connected by screws or hollow rivets, the
sheets are free to distort, allowing the fasteners to become inclined. The factored bearing resistance
of each fastener for this type of joint shall be given by the lesser of 7.3.5.1 and the following:

B, = aCC(t + tl)df,/4
where

tl is the thickness of the thicker sheet; and

C, d, t andf, are as defined in 7.3.5.1.

SABS 0162-4~1997

7.3.6 Factored bearing resistance (groups of fasteners)

7.3.6.1 Where the force is directed away from the edge of the connected part or the group of fasteners
is remote from an edge, the factored bearing resistance of a group of fasteners in which the centre-to-
centre distance between fasteners is at least Cd shall be equal to the sum of the individual resistances.
If the spacing is less than Cd, but not less than 2,5d,the resistance shall be reduced proportionately.

7.3.6.2 For fastener groups where the force is directed towards an edge, the factored bearing resistance
shall be the lesser of that given by 7.3.6.1 and that given by

a) for rectangular groups as shown in figure 8(a),

b) for staggered groups as shown in figure 8(b),

where

g, s are the spacings of rows of fasteners measured normal and parallel to the direction
of force, respectively (see figure 8 ) ;

m is the number of fasteners in the first row parallel to the edge;

n is the number of the rows of fasteners;

a is the edge distance of the first row; if a > Cd, U should be replaced by Cd in the
equation;

d,, is the diameter of the fastener hole;

C is the value from table 9;

t is the thickness of the connected part; and

f, is the specified minimum tensile strength of the connected part.

The above equations represent the force required to tear out the portion bound by the failure planes
ABCD, as indicated in figure 8. For other fastener patterns, the tear-out resistance shall be shown to
be adequate.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

Figure 8 - Tear-out of bolt groups

7.3.7 Dimensions of fastener holes

Unless otherwise specified, circular holes for bolts shall not exceed the nominal bolt diameter d, plus
1 mm for bolt sizes up to 13 mm and plus 2 nim for bolt sizes exceeding 13 mm.

7.3.8 Minimum edge distance and spacing

The centre-tocentre distance between fasteners shall be at least 2,5d, and the distance from the centre
of a fastener to an edge shall be at least 1 3 4 where d is the nominal diameter of the fastener.

7.4 Connections in built-up members

7.4.1 The number of fasteners joining together components to form a beam or column shall be
sufficient to transfer the shear forces developed, and the fastener spacing shall be such that the
calculated resistance is not invalidated by the buckling of the members between fasteners.

7.4.2 In columns composed of two or more sections, 6.6.7 shall apply.

7.4.3 In built-up beams, the fasteners shall be capable of transferring any force applied to one element
only, at the point of application of the force.

In double-channel beams at points of load application, the connection shall be capable of resisting a
force Vmng tending to separate the flanges;

where

V is the locally applied ultimate load on the beam;

m is the distance between the shear centre of the channel and the mid-plane of the web; and

g is the distance from the fastener to the flanges that are tending to close.

In the case of uniformly distributed loading, the value of Vshall be given by V = 3sp

SABS 0162-4:1997

where

s is the fastener spacing along the beam; and

p is the ultimate load per unit length of the beam.

The beam shall be fastened at spacing not exceeding L/4.

7.5 Spacing of fasteners in compressive elements

The spacing Sin the line of force of welds, rivets or bolts connecting a compressive cover plate or sheet
to a non-integral stiffener or other element shall not exceed the lesser of S, or S, for stiffened elements,
or the least of S,, S, or S, for unstiffened elements,

where

a) S, is the spacing required to transmit the shear between the connected parts on the basis of the
design strength per connection specified elsewhere herein; and

b) S,, 1,SrtWf

where

t is the thickness of the cover plate or sheet; and

f is the compressive stress in the cover plate or sheet calculated using ultimate loads and
effective section properties; and

c) S, is the greater of 3w and 1 , 3 7 t a

where

w is the flat width of the narrowest unstiffened compressive element in the portion of the
cover plate or sheet that is tributary to the connections; and

f , is the yield strength of the cover plate or sheet.

In the case of intermittent fillet welds parallel to the direction of stress, the spacing shall be taken as the
clear distance between welds plus 13 mm. In all other cases, the spacing shall be taken as the centre-
to-centre distance between connectors.

These requirements do not apply to cover sheets that act only as sheathing material and are not
considered as load-carrying elements.

8 Bracing

8.1 General

8.1 .I Structural members and assemblies shall be adequately braced to prevent collapse and to
maintain integrity during the expected service life of the structure. Care shall be taken to ensure that
the bracing of entire structural systems is complete, particularly when there is interdependence between
walls, floors or roofs acting as diaphragms.

SABS 0162-4~1997

8.1.2 Design drawings shall show the details of the essential bracing requirements, including any
details necessary to assure the effectiveness of the bracing or bracing system.

8.1.3 The spacing of braces shall not exceed the unbraced length assumed in the design of the
member or component being braced.

8.2 Sections that are symmetric about the plane of loading

8.2.1 General

The provisions of 8.2 apply to members subject to compression and to members subject to bending, and
that consist of symmetric sections in which the applied load does not induce twist.

8.2.2 Discrete bracing

The factored resistance of braces shall be at least 0,02 times either the ultimate compressive force in
the member subject to compression at the braced location, or the ultimate compressive force in the
compressive flange of the member subject to bending. When more than one brace acts at a common
location and the nature of the braces is such that combined action is possible, the bracing force may
be shared proportionately. The slenderness ratio of compressive braces shall not exceed 200.

8.2.3 Bracing by deck, slab or sheathing

The factored resistance of the attachments ailong the entire length of the braced member shall be at
least 0,05times either the ultimate maximum wmpressive force in the member subject to compression,
or the ultimate maximum compressive force in the compressive flange of the member subject to
bending.

8.3 Channels and Z-sections in bending

8.3.1 General

The provisions of 8.3 apply to members subject to compression and to members subject to bending in
which the applied load in the plane of the web induces twist. Braces shall be designed to avoid local
crippling at the points of attachment to the member.

8.3.2 Discrete bracing

8.3.2.1 Braces shall be so connected as to effectively restrain both flanges of the sections at the ends
and at intervals not exceeding onequarter of the span length, in such a way as to prevent tipping at the
ends and lateral deflection of either flange in either direction at intermediate braces. Fewer braces may
be used if this approach can be shown to be acceptable by rational analysis or by testing, taking into
account the effects of both lateral and torsional displacements.

8.3.2.2 If fewer braces are used (when shown to be acceptable by rational analysis or by testing) for
those sections used as purlins with 'Toating" type roof sheeting that allows for expansion and contraction
independent of the purlins, the number of brace:; per bay shall be at least one for spans up to 7,O m and
at least two for spans greater than 7,Om.

8.3.2.3 If one-third or more of the total load on the beam is concentrated over a length of one-twelfth
or less of the span of the beam, an additional brace shall be placed at or near the centre of this loaded
length.

SABS 0162-4:1997

8.3.2.4 Braces to restrain the flanges shall be designed to resist a lateral force PL, determined as
follows:

a) for a uniformly loaded beam, PL = 1,SK' times the load within a distance of 0,5a on each side of
the brace; and

b) for concentrated loads, PL= K' times the concentrated load, P,within a distance of 0,3aon each
side of the brace, plus 1,5(1 - x/a)PE for each such concentrated load, P, located further than
0,3a,but not further than the distance a from the brace,

where

x is the distance from the concentrated load, P, to the brace; and

a is the length of the bracing interval;

and for channels,

K' = m/h

where

m is the distance between the shear centre and mid-plane of the web; and

h is the depth of the channel;

while for Z-sections,

K' = Ixy/Ix

where

Ixy is the product of inertia of the full cross-sectional area; and

I, is the moment of inertia of the full cross-sectional area about the major centroidal axis.

8.3.2.5 For closed box-type sections used as beams subject to bending about the major axis, the ratio
of the laterally unsupported length to the distance between the webs of the sections shall not exceed
0,086E01f,.

8.3.3 One flange braced by deck, slab or sheathing

8.3.3.1 The factored resistance of the attachment of a continuous deck, slab or sheathing shall be in
accordance with 8.2.3.

8.3.3.2 Discrete bracing shall be provided to restrain the flange that is not braced by the deck, slab or
sheathing.

8.3.3.3 The spacing of discrete bracing shall be in accordance with 8.3.2.1.

8.3.4 Both flanges braced by deck, slab or sheathing

The factored resistance of the attachment shall be in accordance with 8.2.3.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

9 Testing

9.1 General

9.1.I Testing facilities shall be suitable for the type of test. Tests may be performed by manufacturers
or by an independent testing facility.

9.1.2 Test results and reports for type C and type D tests (see 9.2)shall be certified by a professional
engineer.

9.1.3 The provisions of clause 9 do not apply to steel deck diaphragms, composite steel components
or composite steel assemblies.

9.2 Types of test

9.2.1 Type A tests are tensile tests to determine the mechanical properties of virgin steel.

9.2.2 Type B tests are tests to determine the niodified mechanical properties of steel after cold-forming
for use of the change in strength as permitted in 5.3.2(a)and 9.3.3.

9.2.3 Type C tests are structural performance tests to establish the limit-states of structural elements
or assemblies for which the composition or configuration is such that the calculation of their factored
resistance or deformation cannot be made in accordance with the provisions of this part of SABS 0162.

9.2.4 Type D tests are confirmatory tests to verify the resistance to the specified ultimate loads of
structural elements or assemblies designed in accordance with the provisions of this part of SABS 0162.
These tests shall not be used to establish resistances greater than those calculated in accordance with
the provisions of this part of SABS 0162.

9.3 Test procedures

9.3.1 Type A - Virgin steel properties

The tensile testing procedure shall conform to SABS I S 0 6892. Two tensile tests shall be taken from
each coil. A test specimen shall be taken longitudinally from each quarter point of the width, near the
outer end of the coil. The yield strength and tensile strength shall be taken as the average of the test
values. For the determination off, andf, for iuse in design, see 4.2.

9.3.2 Type B - Cold-formed steel properties

9.3.2.1 Tensile testing procedures shall conforrn to SABS I S 0 6892. The yield strength of the material
shall be adjusted by multiplying the test values by the ratio of the design yield strengthf, (see 4.2)to
the actual virgin yield strength.

9.3.2.2 For flat elements in a cold-formed section, the yield strengthf, to be used in 5.3.3shall be
established by means of a weighted average of the yield strength of standard tensile coupons taken
longitudinally from the flat portions of the member. The weighted average shall be the sum of the
products of the average yield strength for each flat portion times its cross-sectional area, divided by the
total area of flats in the cross-section. The exact number of such coupons will depend on the shape of
the member, i.e. on the number of flats in the cross-section. At least one tensile coupon shall be taken
from the middle of each flat. The actual virgin yield strength of the flat shall be determined in
accordance with 9.3.2.1.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

9.3.2.3 Compressive yield strength determinations shall be made by means of compression tests of
short specimens of the full section (see ASTM E 9). The compressive yield strength shall be taken as
the smaller value of either the maximum compressive strength of the section divided by the gross cross-
sectional area and the strength defined by one of the following methods:

a) For sharp-yielding steel, the yield strength shall be determined by the autographic diagram method
or by the total-strain-under-load method. When the total-strain-under-load method is used, there
shall be evidence that the yield strength so determined agrees, to within 5 %, with the yield
strength that would be determined by the 0,2 % offset methods.

b) For gradual-yielding steel, the yield strength shall be determined by the total-strain-under-load
method or by the 0,2 % offset method. When the total-strain-under-load method is used, there
shall be evidence that the yield strength so determined agrees, to within 5 %, with the yield
strength that would be determined by the 0,2 % offset method.

9.3.2.4 Where the principal effect of the loading to which the member will be subjected to in service
is to produce bending stresses, the tensile yield strength shall be determined for the flanges only. In
determining such yield strengths, tests shall be conducted on specimens cut from the section. Each such
specimen shall consist of one complete flange plus a portion of the web, such that the specimen is fully
effective.

9.3.2.5 For acceptance and control purposes of full sections to be used with 9.2.2, two full-section tests
shall be conducted from each lot of not more than 50 000 kg nor less than 30 000 kg of each section,
or one test from each lot of less than 30 000 kg of each section. For this purpose, a lot is defined as
that quantity of one section that is formed in a single production run of material from one heat or cast.

9.3.2.6 At the option of the manufacturer, either tension or compression tests may be used for routine
acceptance and control purposes, provided that the manufacturer demonstrates that such tests reliably
indicate the yield strength of the section when subjected to the kind of stress under which the member
is to be used.

9.3.3 Type C - Performance tests

9.3.3.1 Procedures for testing shall be established with due consideration given to the loading and
boundary conditions in which the elements or assemblies are intended to be used. Tensile testing
procedures shall conform to SABS I S 0 6892.

9.3.3.2 The factored resistance shall be taken as

where

a, is the resistance factor corresponding to the appropriate limit-state given in 6.2; and

R, is the tested strength lirnit-state.

The virgin yield strength shall be determined by actual test. The performance test results shall be
adjusted downward to the design yield strength& (see 4.2) of the steel that the manufacturer intends
to use. The test results shall not be adjusted upward if the actual yield strength of a test piece is less
than&. Similar adjustments shall be made to the measured tensile strength where tensile strength is
the critical factor.

Consideration shall also be given to any variation or difference that might exist between the design
thickness and the actual thickness of the specimens used for the tests.

The tested serviceability limit-state R, is equal to R,.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

9.3.3.3 The tested strength limit-state R, shall lie based on the mean values resulting from tests of not
fewer than three identical test pieces, provided that the deviation of any individual test result from the
mean value obtained from all tests does not exceed 10 %. If any such deviation from the mean
exceeds 10 %, the entire set of tests shall be repeated on identical samples. The average of the lowest
three values of all tests combined shall then be taken as the tested strength limit-state value R,.

9.3.4 Type D - Confirmatory tests

9.3.4.1 Procedures for testing shall be established with due consideration given to the loading and
boundary conditions in which the elements or assemblies are intended to be used.

9.3.4.2 The test shall be considered successful if the following conditions are met:

a) for strength determination:

@& 2 effect of ultimate loads:

b) for deformation determination:

R, 2 effect of serviceability loads;

where, for (a) and (b) above,

R, and at are as defined in 9.3.3.2; and

R , is the tested serviceability limit-state value.

9.3.4.3 The tested strength limit-state, R, shall be based on the mean values resulting from tests of not
fewer than three identical test pieces, provided that the deviation of any individual test result from the
mean value obtained from all tests does not exceed 10 %. If any such deviation from the mean
exceeds 10 %, the entire set of tests shall be repeated on identical samples. The average of the lowest
three values of all tests combined shall then be taken as the tested strength limit-state value R,.

10 Fabrication

10.1 General

All aspects of fabrication, both in the workshop and on site, shall comply with the provisions of 10.2 to
10.6 of this part of SABS 0162 and with 5.2 and 5.3 of SABS 1200 H, insofar as they are applicable to
cold-formed structural members. Where the provisions of 10.2 to 10.6 of this part of SABS 0162 differ
from those of 5.2 and 5.3 of SABS 1200 H, the subclauses given in this part of SABS 0162 shall take
precedence.

10.2 Forming, cutting, punching and drilling

Members shall be formed at ambient temperature by a method that does not result in workhardening
to an extent that would limit the intended service. Care shall be taken not to stretch, bend or otherwise
distort parts of cold-formed members except as a necessary feature of the cold-forming operation.
Components may be cut by slitting, shearing, sawing, plasma arc or laser cutting, or by friction disc.
Holes and openings may be punched or drilled.

SABS 0162-4:1997

10.3 Fastenings

Steel components may be assembled by welds, mechanical fasteners (such as bolts, rivets or screws),
or a combination of these. Assembly by other means (such as metal stitching and clinching) may also
be used where suitable. The strength of fastenings shall be established by test in accordance with 9.3.3,
unless values are specified elsewhere in this part of SABS 0162.

Where dissimilar metals are in contact, attention shall be paid to electrical separation and the selection
of suitable fasteners, in order to inhibit galvanic corrosion.

10.4 Straightening and flattening

If straightening or flattening of material, members or parts is necessary, it shall be done by a process

and in a way that will not damage the material, especially the passive film.

10.5 Provision for expansion and contraction

Where thermal expansion and contraction of cold-formed steel components in an assembly will
adversely affect the structural safety or serviceability of that assembly, provision shall be made in the
assembly to accommodate the anticipated range of thermal expansion and contraction. It should be
noted that austenitic stainless steels have an expansion coefficient of approximately 1% times that of
ferritic stainless steels and carbon steels.

10.6 Tolerances

Tolerances on accuracy of fabrication of steelwork shall be as given in the relevant parts of clause 6
of SABS 1200 H.

I 1 Erection

11.I Handling requirements

Attention shall be paid to the handling of cold-formed members so as not to nick, gouge or dent the
material or damage or contaminate the passive film. Adequate precautions shall be taken when loading,
unloading and handling long, slender members.

11.2 Temporary loads during erection

Erection and installation procedures shall be such as to avoid excessive temporary loads and
deformations.

11.3 Marking of members

Tags, paint, ink marks or other suitable means shall be used to identify members and unassembled
components or parts. Erection marks that damage the material or finished surfaces exposed to view
shall not be used.

11.4 Setting out and erection

Setting out and erection of steelwork and grouting of supports shall comply with the provisions of 5.4,
5.5 and 5.6 of SABS 1200 H.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

11.5 Tolerances

Tolerances on accuracy of erection of steelwork shall be as given in the relevant parts of clause 6 of
SABS 1200 H.

12 Cleaning, storage, handling and surface preparation

12.1 Storage and handling

The corrosion resistance of stainless steels is produced by an extremely thin stable chromium/iron oxide
layer, known as the passive film. Damage to this film can result in local corrosion and a reduction in
the life of the item.

To prevent contamination, material should be stored in a dry place before and after processing, and
should not be stored on carbon steel racks. To prevent mechanical damage or carbon steel
contamination, or both, racks made from carbon steel should be covered with wood or stainless steel
at the points of contact. Material should not be llaid direct on concrete or earth flooring, but should rather
be separated from them by wooden planking.

Members and components should be lifted, not dragged, out of racks or over one another. Damage by
fork lift trucks, clamps and other lifting or processing equipment should be avoided.

12.2 Cleaning

Two main scenarios exist where stainless steels require cleaning, i.e.

a) the removal of dirt and contamination during handling and storage; or

b) the removal of heat tint and scale resulting from welding operations.

12.2.1 To remove dirt, it is best to use the mildest treatment that will do a satisfactory job. These
treatments include wiping with a soft cloth, washing with water and detergents, proprietary stainless steel
cleaners, etc. The use of ordinary steel wool is not recommended.

12.2.2 To remove carbon steel contamination, which usually appears as "rust" on the surface, is more
difficult. For superficial iron contarnination the material can be cleaned with a 10 % solution of nitric acid
in water. The solution should be left on the surface of the material for 30 min to 60 min and then
washed off with plenty of clean water (passivation). For heavier contamination, pickling is
recommended. In this case,a solution of 15 % to 20 % of nitric acid and 1 % to 2 % of hydrofluoric acid
in water is considered suitable. The exposure time required will vary depending on the type of stainless
steel, acid strength and ambient temperature. In all cases, times should be minimized; a maximum of
20 min to 30 min per application is recommended. If necessary, the pickling operation should be
repeated where complete removal of the discoloration has not been achieved. Proprietary pickling
formulations based on nitric and hydrofluoric acids are available (formulations based on hydrochloric
acid should not be used). Mechanical treatmerits can be used. In this case, only equipment dedicated
to stainless steels and stainless wire brushes rnay be used. To ensure maximum corrosion resistance,
such treatments are best followed by a passivation treatment.

12.2.3 Weld heat tint or scale (or both) car1 be removed by either mechanical means followed by
passivating or by the pickling treatments detaliled in 12.2.2.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

12.3 Surface preparation

Most stainless steels are normally used in the unpainted condition. However, type 3CR12 and
sometimes type 409 might require painting. In many cases, surface preparation will depend on the
original surface finish of the material. Stainless steels are supplied in two main finishes, i.e. No. 1 finish
(hot-rolled, annealed and descaled) and 28 finish (cold-rolled, annealed, descaled and skin-passed).
In the case of the former, the only surface preparation required before painting is a degreasing
operation. In the case of 2B finish, owing to the smooth surface, preparation treatments could involve
pickling, blasting, wire brushing, etc., followed by degreasing. Careful consideration should be given to
the choice of these processes, to ensure that they give adequate adhesion of the coating film.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Annex A
(normative)

Design tables and figures

The mechanical properties for different types of stainless steels are given in the following tables.

Table A.1 - Mechanical properties for longitudinal tension

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
-
7 8 1 9 1 10

201,301,304,316
Type of sl
-
el

Elastic modulus E , , GPa

I
193
Annealed
193‘’
I 1/16Hard
193” 193
I
186
1/4
-
1/2
186

Yield strength 6 ,MPa 207 310’) 276” 310 517 759

Proportional limit f p , MPa 139 208‘’ 185‘’ 208 259 342

Ultimate strength f, , MPa 201 621 655” 571” 621 861 1034
301 621 - 621 861 1 034
304 571 - 621’) 552 861 1034
316 571 - 621” 586 861 1034
Shear yield strength f, , MPa
Shear modulus G o ,GPa
117
75 179’)
75 )’:I 172
75
I:iO 386
-
72

3) Adjusted yield strengths: ASTM yield strength is 207 MPa for types 409,430 and 439.

Table A.2 - Mechanical properties for longitudinal compression

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type of steel
Types 201,301,304,316
430 3CR12
Annealed 1/16 Hard 114 112 409 439

Elastic modulus E, , GPa 193 193’) 193’) 193 186 186 186 186 213

Yield strength f , , MPa 193 283’) 248‘) 283 345 448 2073) 2763) 258

Proportionallimit A , MPa 89 130’) 114’) 130 173 220 151 171 172

Shearyieldstrength f,, MPa 117 172’) 159’) 172 290 386 131 166 150
Shear modulus G o , GPa 75 75’’ 75’’ 75 72 72 72 72 82
1)For type 201-2(class 2).
2)For bars, type 201 only.
3)Adjusted yield strengths: ASTM yield strength is 207 MPa for types 409,430 and 439.

SABS 0162-4:1997

Table A.3 - Mechanical properties for transverse tension

Type of steel
--
Types 201,301,304,316 430
409 3CR12
439

Elastic modulus E , , GPa

- --
Annealed
193
--
1I16 Hard
1931’
1I4
-
112
--
1932’ 193 186 186 200 200 224

Yield strength f , , MPa 207 310’) 276” 310 517 759 2413) 3103) 280

Proportional limit & , MPa 118 177” 1572’ 177 284 455 200 251 215

Ultimate strength f, , MPa 201‘ 62 1 655’) 571)‘ 62 I 861 1034 447 680 460
301‘ 62 1 62 1 861 1034
304‘ 571 621” 552 861 1034

Shear yield strength f , , MPa

316’
~ -
57 1
117
-
172‘)
-
15g2’
-
172
-
290
-
621’)

386
-
131
-
166
586 86 1 1034

162
Shear modulus G o , GPa
For type 201-2 (class 2).
- - - -- -- -
75 751’ 752’ 75 75 75 77 77 86

For bars, for type 201 only.

Adjusted yield strengths: ASTM yield strength is 207 MPa for types 409,430 and 439.
) Based on lonaitudinal tension values.

Table A.4 - Mechanical properties for transverse compression

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Types 201,301,304,316 409

-
430 3CR12
439
Annealed 1116 Hard 114 112
Elastic modulus E,, , GPa 193 193’) 1932) 193 193 193 200 200 231

Yield strength f,,MPa 207 310’’ 276’) 310 620 828 2413) 3103) 283

Proportional limit & , MPa 137 205’’ 182” 205 310 414 200 254 219
Shear yield strength f , , MPa 117 172’) 159’) 172 290 386 131 166 163
Shear modulus G o , GPa 75 75’’ 752’ 75 75 75 77 77 89
1) For type 201-2 (class 2).
2) For bars, for type 201 only.
3) Adjusted yield strengths: ASTM yield strength is 207 MPa for types 409, 430 and 439.

SABS 0162-4: 1997

Annex B
(informative)

Ramberg-Osgood equation

The stress-strain relationships for annealed and cold-rolled stainless steels are non-linear and
anisotropic, although this leads to a relatively difficult design. It is desirable to have a suitable
analytical expression for the study and design of stainless steel structural elements and members.

0.01 % 0.2 %
Strain

Figure B.l -Typical stress-strain behaviour of a stainless steel

SABS 0162-4:1997

The Ramberg-Osgood equation can be simplified to

E + f
E0
+ 0,002( $
where
E is the normal strain;
f is the normal stress;

E, is the initial elastic modulus; and

n is a constant given by

. . .(2)

where

cY = 0,002 is the offset yield strain;

E, = 0,0001 is the offset proportional limit strain;

f, = is the offset yield strength in compression; and

f, = is the offset proportional limit in compression.

The tangent modulus E, is defined as the tangent slope of the stress-strain curve at each value of stress,
and can be determined by the following equation:

The secant modulus E, is defined as the ratio of the stress to the strain at each value of stress and can
be determined by the following equation:

. . .(4)

. . .(5)

SABS 0162-4:1997

Annex C
(informative)

Bibliography

ANSVASCE 8-90, Specifications for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members.

ANSVAWS D1.6,Stainless steel welding code. (In course of preparation.)

sabs pta

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