The Science of Motion

Bilingual General High School

Second Semester

Stage 3:
Laws, Principles, and Concepts
Concerning Motion
Base presentation of Stage 3 of The Science of
Motion

● With the purpose of covering the basic contents of the learning unit of
The Science of Motion, this presentation has been prepared, which we
hope will be useful to the student so that they can use it and enrich it
with additional material of their choice that comes from reliable
sources.
● We reiterate, it is a support material that, together with the instructional
guide and the textbook, will serve as a fundamental resource
because, based on them, you will address the academic period
January-June 2023.
Stage 3. Laws, Principles and Concepts Related to Motion

Elements of competency

● The student recognizes the concept of work, from Physics’ perspective, to know
its relationship with power.
● The student distinguishes the different forms of energy, in their transformation
processes, to explain the law of conservation of energy.
● The student analyses the concepts of momentum and impulse, as well as the
relationship that exists between them, to link them with their conservation in
elastic and inelastic collisions.
Work

Work (W) performed by a constant force is defined as: the product of

the magnitude of the force (F) by the magnitude of the displacement
(x), both in the same direction through which the force acts by the
cosine of the angle (θ) that exists between the force and the
displacement.
W = F ( cos θ ) x

Units of Work in the International System (SI):

W = (N)(m) = joule
 1 joule is defined as:
It is the work done by a force of 1 N when it acts through a distance of 1
meter, in the same direction of displacement.

For there to be Mechanical Work, it is required:

a) An applied force
b) A distance traveled
Work of lifting an object

Direction of the motion

F

h
Where:
W = work (joule)
m = mass (kg)
g = 9.8 m/s2
h = height (m)
 Power
We define the concept of power as:
Power (P) is defined as the amount of work (W) performed by unit of time (Δt) or, as
the speed at which a work is done.

P = Power in watt
W = Work in joule
Δt = Time the work has being done, expressed in seconds

In the International System (SI), the unit of power is the joule / second, which is called
watt (W).

A watt (W) is defined as the power developed when doing a work of 1 joule in a time
of 1 second.
Power
Another formula to obtain power is:

P = Power in watt
Where: F = Force in Newton
v = average velocity in m/s
Energy
In general, energy is defined as the ability to do work.

Forms of energy
• Thermal energy:
When a fuel like coal burns, it releases
thermal energy.

• Chemical energy:
It is the one produced due to chemical
reactions. A battery has this type of energy.
Forms of energy
• Radiant energy: • Electric energy:
All bodies emit radiation as a When we turn on a television,
function of their temperature. electrical energy is used.
 Mechanical Energy

As already mentioned, energy is related to work because when

performing work, there is energy consumption.
When the work carried out involves movement or the possibility of
movement, we speak of mechanical energy.
Kinetic energy

A form of mechanical energy is the kinetic energy.

The kinetic energy (K) is the energy possessed by a body by virtue
of its movement.

Where:
K= Kinetic energy in joule
m= mass in kg
v = velocity in m/s
 Theorem of work and energy:

"The work done by the resultant

force acting on a body is equal
to the change in the body's
kinetic energy."

The hammer in motion has kinetic energy and can do work on the nail,
propelling it into the board.
 Potential Energy
Potential energy (U) is the energy possessed by
a body by virtue of its position in a reference
level relative to the gravitational field.

U = mgy
y
Where:
m = mass expressed in kg,
y = height expressed in meters
g = acceleration of gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2 (Earth’s surface)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy:

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it can only change form, but the amount
of total energy before transformation is exactly equal to the amount of total
energy after transformation.

Mechanical energy (E): It is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy
of a body in a given position.
E=U+K
E initial = E final
Quantity of motion
It is called quantity of motion (p) or momentum, the product of mass (m) of a
body by its velocity (v).

The quantity of motion is a vector quantity that presenters the same direction
that the velocity of a body.

In the International System, the quantity of motion has as units kg.m/s

In this expression:
p = quantity of motion (kg.m/s)
m = mass of the body (kg)
v = speed (m/s)
The quantity of motion depends on two factors:

the mass of the body and the velocity

The quantity of motion is directly proportional to both. It means, if the mass or

velocity or both increase, then the quantity of motion increases too. If the mass or
velocity, or both decrease, then the quantity of motion decreases too.

Both balls travel at the same speed,

which one has a higher quantity of
motion.
Impulse

Another physical magnitude related to energy and the quantity of motion is

impulse. This is defined as the product of the applied force (F) by the time
interval(Δt).

Units of Impulse:
Impulse is measured in units of force (newton) multiplied by unis of time (s) in the
International System:
I [=]N.s
I [=]kg.m/s2.s
I [=]kg.m/s
Relationship between momentum and impulse
Since quantity of motion and impulse have the same units, there must be a
relationship between them.

If we return to the mathematical expression of Newton's 2nd law and the definition
of acceleration, we have the following:

That is, the relationship between impulse

and momentum is that the impulse is
equal to the change in the momentum of
a body.
Conservation of the quantity of motion
The quantity of motion is conserved in collisions between bodies. This is expressed in what is
known as the law of conservation of momentum, which states the following:

"The amount of total movement in collisions between two or more bodies, does not vary due
to the effect of the collisions."

If we consider collisions between only two bodies, the law states that:

m 1 vi 1 + m 2 vi 2 = m 1 vf 1 + m 2 vf 2
Types of crashes or collisions

Elastic crashes. Collisions in which the amount of movement before and after the
impact is conserved and the kinetic energy is also conserved.

Inelastic collisions. They are those crashes in which the quantity of motion is
conserved before and after the impact, but the kinetic energy is not conserved,
since it is transformed into heat or another type of energy.
 “The mind is the same as a
parachute, it only works if it opens”.

Albert Einstein
Thank you!