MATHEMATICS

(BASIC CALCULUS)
QUARTER 3
Week 1

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Maydalyn H. Esperat
Teacher II
Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone
 1

SUBJECT &
GRADE LEVEL BASIC CALCULUS Grade 11
QUARTER THIRD WEEK 1 DAY dd/mm/yyyy
TOPIC Limits of a Function
1. The learner iillustrates the limit of a function using a table of
values and the graph of the function. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-1)
2. The learner distinguishes between lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) .
𝑥→𝑐
LEARNING (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-2)
COMPETENCY 3. The learner illustrates the limit laws. (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3)
4. The leearner applies the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and radical).
(STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on separate
sheets.

UNDERSTAND
The Limit of a Function

A Determining the limit of a function using a table of

values

To determine the limit of a function means to determine what value does the
function is approaching to as its variable approaches a constant. Consider the function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1. Suppose we want to know the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 as 𝑥
approaches 1. This means to determine what value does 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 is approaching
to as the value of 𝑥 approaches 1. In the real number line, we can choose values from
the left and from the right that is very close to 1 and determine the function values as
illustrated in the following tables.
From the left of 1 From the right of 1
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
0.5 2 1.5 4
0.6 2.2 1.4 3.8
0.7 2.4 1.3 3.6
0.8 2.6 1.2 3.4
0.9 2.8 1.1 3.2
0.99 2.98 1.01 3.02
0.999 2.998 1.001 3.002
0.9999 2.9998 1.0001 3.0002
0.99999 2.99998 1.00001 3.00002
Observe that the function values of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 is approaching 3 as 𝑥
approaches 1 from the left. It is also the case when 𝑥 is approaching 1 from the
right.You may continue to get values of x that is closer and closer to 1 (from the left and
from the right) to verify. In mathematics we say,

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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“The limit of 2𝑥 + 1 as 𝑥 approaches 1 is 3”,

and we write this as
lim 2𝑥 + 1 = 3.
𝑥→1

Note that the function value 𝑓(𝑥) is different from the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) . In this
illustration we were able to determine the limit of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 as 𝑥 approaches 1 or
lim 2𝑥 + 1 using the table of values. If we want to know the function value of
𝑥→1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 at 𝑥 = 1 then we simply solve 𝑓 (1) = 2(1) + 1 = 3.

The limit of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 as 𝑥 approaches 1 ⇒ lim 2𝑥 + 1

𝑥→1

The function value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 at 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑓 (1)

In most cases when the function is already defined algebraically, the definition
is omitted in the presentation of the mathematical statement.

The limit of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 as 𝑥 approaches 1

lim 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥→1

lim 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑥→1

TERM
The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches to a constant c is written as
lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐
The function value of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 equals to a constant c is written
as
𝑓(𝑐).

EXAMPLE
𝑥 2 −1
1. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+1
, find lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→−1
Solution:
Take values of 𝑥 that is very close to −1 from the left and from the
right. Solve for the values of 𝑓 in every 𝑥.

From the left of −1 From the right of −1

𝒙 𝒇 (𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
−1.1 −2.1 −0.9 −1.9
−1.01 −2.01 −0.99 −1.99
−1.001 −2.001 −0.999 −1.999
−1.0001 −2.0001 −0.9999 −1.9999

𝑥 2 −1
Observe that the function value of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+1 approaches −2 as 𝑥
approaches −1. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) is −2 or we write,
𝑥→−1
𝑥2 − 1
lim = −2.
𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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EXAMPLE

𝑥 2 −1
The graph of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = is shown below. Note that the function is
𝑥+1
undefined at 𝑥 = −1.

As 𝑥
approaches
As 𝑥 −1 from the
approaches right.
−1 from the
left.
The graph of
𝑓 has a hole
at (−1, −2).

1
2. Investigate lim 𝑥 through a table of values.
𝑥→0
Solution
Take values from the left and from the right of zero.

𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
−0.1 −10 0.1 10
−0.01 −100 0.01 100
−0.001 −1000 0.001 1000
−0.0001 −10000 0.0001 10000
1
Observe that the value of 𝑥 decreases infinitely as 𝑥 approaches 0
from the left and increases infinitely as 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right.
1
Therefore, lim 𝑥 does not exist or we write,
𝑥→−1
1
lim DNE.
𝑥→0 𝑥
Note that we do not write the equal sign to denote that the value does not
exist since DNE is not a value but a description of none-existence of a
1
value. The graph of 𝑥 is shown below.
As 𝑥
1
approaches ❖ The graph of
𝑥
0 from the
is asymptotic to
right.
𝑦-axis in
opposite
direction as x
As 𝑥
approaches 0.
approaches
0 from the
left.

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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EXAMPLE

3. Investigate lim 𝑓(𝑥) though a table of values , where

𝑥→1
𝑥 − 1 if 𝑥 < 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ൝ 1 if 𝑥 = 1 .
2
𝑥 − 1 if 1 < 𝑥
Solution:
Note that the given function is a piece-wise function. This means that
the domain of the function is divided into parts where the function has
different algebraic definition. For values of 𝑥 that is less than 1, the
function is defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 1. When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 (1) = 1. For values of
𝑥 that is greater than 1, the function is defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1.
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
0.9 −0.1 1.1 0.1
0.99 −0.01 1.01 0.01
0.999 −0.001 1.001 0.001
0.9999 −0.0001 1.0001 0.0001

Observe that the function value of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) approaches 0 as 𝑥

approaches 1. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) is 0 or we write,
𝑥→1
𝑥 − 1 if 𝑥 < 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ൝ 1 if 𝑥 = 1 .
𝑥→1
𝑥 2 − 1 if 1 < 𝑥
Note that for this example lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓 (1). The graph is shown
𝑥→1
below.

𝑥2 − 1
(1,1)
The graph
of 𝑓 has a
hole at
(1,0)

𝑥−1

4. Illustrate using a table of values that lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) DNE where,

𝑥→3
𝑥 + 3 if 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ቄ 2 .
𝑥 if 3 < 𝑥
Solution:
For values less than or equal to 2 the function is defined by
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 for values greater than 2.
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
2.9 5.9 3.1 9.61
2.99 5.99 3.01 9.0601
2.999 5.999 3.001 9.00601
2.9999 5.9999 3.0001 9.00060001

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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EXAMPLE
Observe that the function value of 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 6 as 𝑥
approaches 3 from the left and approaches 9 as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the
right. The function value approaches different values from the left and
from the right. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist or we write,
𝑥→3
𝑥 + 3 if 𝑥 ≤ 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ቄ 2 .
𝑥→3 𝑥 if 3 < 𝑥
The graph is shown below.

The graph of
𝑥2
𝑓 has a jump
at 𝑥 = 3.

𝑥+3

SAQ 1: How can you relate the concept of limits to real life experience?
SAQ 2: As a STEM student, why do you think it is important to learn limits?

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on intermediate paper.)

Directions: Give the answer on the following completely.
1. Through table of values, illustrate and evaluate the following limits:
A. lim 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥→0
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
B. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
2𝑥 − 5 if 𝑥 < 3
C. lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ቄ
𝑥→3 4 − 𝑥 if 3 ≤ 𝑥
2. Evaluate the following given the graph of the function 𝑓 on the right:
A. 𝑓(−3) F. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1
B. lim 𝑓(𝑥) G. 𝑓(2)
𝑥→−3
C. 𝑓(−1) H. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2
D. lim 𝑓(𝑥) I. 𝑓(4)
𝑥→−1
E. 𝑓(1) J. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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B The Limit Laws

Let 𝑐 be a constant and 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions of 𝑥 which may or may not have 𝑐
in their domains.
1. The limit of a constant is itself. If 𝑘 is any constant, then
lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim 4 = 4 • lim 𝜋 = 𝜋
𝑥→5 𝑥→100

2. The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.

lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim 𝑥 = 5 • lim 𝑎 = 100
𝑥→5 𝑎→100

3. Constant Multiple Law for Limits. This says that the limit of a multiple of a function
is simply that multiple of the limit of the function.
lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑘 ∙ lim𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim 3𝑥 = lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥 = 3 ∙ 1 = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

SOLUTION REASON
lim 3𝑥 = lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥 The Constant Multiple Law for Limits
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

lim 3 = 3 The limit of a constant is itself.

𝑥→1

lim 𝑥 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal

𝑥→1 to 𝑐.
lim 3𝑥 = lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
=3∙1
=3
∴ lim 3𝑥 = 3
𝑥→1

4. The Addition Law for Limits. This says that the limit of the sum of functions is the
sum of the limits of the individual functions.
lim[𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→0
SOLUTION REASON
lim (3𝑥 − 1) = lim 3𝑥 − lim 1 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim 3𝑥 = lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥 The Constant Multiple Law for Limits

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 3 = 3 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→0
lim 𝑥 = 0 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→0
lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥 = 3 ∙ 0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 1 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→0
lim (3𝑥 − 1) = lim 3𝑥 − lim 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= 0−1
= −1

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 7

∴ lim 3𝑥 − 1 = −1
𝑥→0

5. The Multiplication Law for Limits.

lim[𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→0
SOLUTION REASON
lim (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→0 The Multiplication Law for Limits
= lim (𝑥 + 1) ∙ lim (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim (𝑥 + 1) = lim 𝑥 + lim 1 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 𝑥 = 0 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→0
lim 1 = 1 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→0
lim (𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0
lim (𝑥 − 1) = lim 𝑥 − lim 1 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 𝑥 = 0 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→0
lim 1 = 1 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→0
lim (𝑥 + 1) = 0 − 1 = −1
𝑥→0

lim (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = lim (𝑥 + 1) ∙ lim (𝑥 − 1)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= 1 ∙ −1
= −1
∴ lim (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = −1
𝑥→0

6. The Division Law for Limits.

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐lim 𝑓(𝑥)
lim = , provided lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Example:
𝑥+2
• lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−2
SOLUTION REASON
𝑥+2 lim (𝑥+2)
lim = 𝑥→1 The Division Law for Limits
𝑥→1 𝑥−2 lim (𝑥−2)
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥 + 2) = lim 𝑥 + lim 2 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim 𝑥 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→1
lim 2 = 2 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥 + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥 − 2) = lim 𝑥 − lim 2 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim 𝑥 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→1
lim 2 = 2 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥 + 2) = 1 − 2 = −1
𝑥→1

𝑥+2 lim (𝑥+2) 3

𝑥→1
lim = = = −3
𝑥→1 𝑥−2 lim (𝑥−2) −1
𝑥→1
𝑥+2
∴ lim = −3
𝑥→1 𝑥−2

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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7. The Power Law for Limits. The law states that the limit of an integer power 𝑝 of
a function is just that the power of the limit of the function.
𝑝
lim(𝑓(𝑥))𝑝 = (lim 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Example:
• lim 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
𝑥→2

SOLUTION REASON
lim (4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2 The Addition Law for Limits
= lim 4𝑥 2 + lim 3𝑥 − lim 1
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim 4𝑥 2 = lim 4 ∙ lim 𝑥 2 The Constant Multiple Law for Limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim 4 = 4 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→2
2
lim 𝑥 2 = (lim 𝑥) The Power Law for Limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
2
=2
lim 𝑥 2 = 4
𝑥→2
lim 4𝑥 2 = 4 ∙ 4 = 16
𝑥→2
lim 3𝑥 = lim 3 ∙ lim 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 The Constant Multiple Law for Limits
lim 3 = 3 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→2
lim 𝑥 = 2 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→2
lim 3𝑥 = 3 ∙ 2 = 6
𝑥→2
lim 1 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→0

lim 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = lim 4𝑥 2 + lim 3𝑥 − lim 1

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= lim 4 ∙ lim 𝑥 2 + lim 3𝑥 − lim 1
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
2
= lim 4 ∙ (lim 𝑥) + lim 3𝑥 − lim 1
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 4 ∙ 22 + 3 ∙ 2 − 1
= 16 + 6 − 1
= 21
∴ lim 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 21.
𝑥→2

8. The Radical/ Root Law for Limits. This law states that if 𝑛 is a positive integer,
the limit of the 𝑛th root of a function is just the 𝑛th root of the function, provided
the 𝑛th root of the limit is a real number. Thus, it is important to keep in mind that
if 𝑛 is even, the limit of the function must be positive.
lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Example:
• lim √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥→0
SOLUTION REASON
lim √𝑥 2 + 4 = √lim (𝑥 2 + 4) The Radical/ Root Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

lim (𝑥 2 + 4) = √lim 𝑥 2 + lim 4

√𝑥→0 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
2
lim 𝑥 2 = (lim 𝑥) The Power Law for Limits
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
=0 2 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal
2
lim 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑐.
𝑥→0
lim 4 = 4 The limit of a constant is itself
𝑥→0

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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lim √𝑥 2 + 4 = √lim (𝑥 2 + 4)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= √lim 𝑥 2 + lim 4
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= √0 + 4
= √4
=2
Note that the index of the radical √𝑥 2 + 4 is even (index is equal to 2) and the
limit of the radicand lim(𝑥 2 + 4) = 2, which is a positive number (2 > 0), then The
𝑥→0
Radical/ Root Law for Limits is satisfied.
∴ lim √𝑥 2 + 4 = 2.
𝑥→0

B Evaluating Limits of Polynomial Functions

1. Evaluate lim 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1.
𝑥→1

SOLUTION REASON
2
lim 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥→1
The Addition Law for Limits
= lim 𝑥 2 − lim 2𝑥 + lim 1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2
2 The Power Law for Limits
lim 𝑥 = (lim 𝑥)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
2
=1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal
=1 to 𝑐.
lim 2𝑥 = lim 2 ∙ lim 𝑥 The Multiplication Law for Limits
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim 2 = 2 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→1
lim 𝑥 = 1 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal
𝑥→1
lim 2𝑥 = 2 ∙ 1 = 2 to 𝑐.
𝑥→1
lim 1 = 1 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→1

lim 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 1 − 2 + 1 = 0
𝑥→1
∴ lim 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0.
𝑥→1
Note: 𝑓 (1) = lim 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0.
𝑥→1

2. What is the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)as 𝑥 approaches 2?

SOLUTION REASON
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) Mathematical statement of the problem.
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2
The Multiplication Law for Limits
= lim (𝑥 2 + 1) ∙ lim (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = lim 𝑥 2 + lim 1 The Addition Law for Limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
2
lim 𝑥 2 = (lim 𝑥) The Power Law for Limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→1
2
=2
2
lim 𝑥 = 4
𝑥→2
lim 𝑥 = 2 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→2
2
lim (𝑥 + 1) = 4 + 2 = 8
𝑥→2

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

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lim (𝑥 − 1) = lim 𝑥 − lim 1 The Addition Law for Limits

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
lim 𝑥 = 2 The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐.
𝑥→2
lim 1 = 1 The limit of a constant is itself.
𝑥→2
lim (𝑥 − 1) = 2 − 1 = 1
𝑥→2

lim (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = (4 + 2)(2 − 1) = 6 ∙ 1 = 6

𝑥→2
∴ lim (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 6
𝑥→2
Note: 𝑓 (2) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 6.
𝑥→2
Observe that from the two examples 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) . This is true for all
𝑥→𝑐
polynomial functions. Therefore, if 𝑓 is a polynomial function, to evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
you can simply solve for 𝑓(𝑐).

B Evaluating Limits of Rational Functions

𝑥 2−𝑥−2
1. Evaluate lim .
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→2lim (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)
lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 lim (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥→2
4−2−2
=
2−2
0
= (Indeterminate form)
0
Therefore, we cannot use The Division Law for Limits directly to the given. We
can use factorization to remove the factors that makes the numerator and denominator
zero. Then we can write,
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)
= lim (𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→2
=2+1
=3
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
∴ lim = 3.
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3
2. What is the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = as 𝑥 approaches 1?
𝑥 2 −1
Solution:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)
lim = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 + 3)
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 + 1)
1+3
=
1+1
4
=
2
=2
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3
∴ The limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = as 𝑥 approaches 1 is 2.
𝑥 2 −1

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 11

𝑓(𝑥)
When evaluating lim 𝑔(𝑥) and lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0, then we cannot use The Division Law
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
for Limits.

B Evaluating Limits of Functions Involving Radicals

3
√𝑥+1
1. Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
.
Solution:
3
√𝑥 − 1 lim ( 3√𝑥 − 1)
lim = 𝑥→1 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 lim (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2)
𝑥→1
lim ( 3√𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→1
=
lim (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→1
The numerator and denominator has no common factor, so we cannot use
factorization. Another method that we can use is the rationalization since we have a
radical in the numerator, rationalize the numerator. Then we have
3 3 3
√𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1
lim = lim 2 ∙
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→1 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 3√𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1
3
lim ( 3√𝑥 − 1)( √𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→1
= 3
lim (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)( √𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→1
= 3
lim (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)( √𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→1
lim 1
𝑥→1
= 3
lim (𝑥 + 2)( √𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→1
1
= 3
(1 + 2)( √12 + 3√1 + 1)
1
=
(3)(1 + 1 + 1)
1
=
(3)(3)
1
=
9
3
√𝑥 + 1 1
∴ lim 2 =
𝑥→1 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 9

2. Evaluate lim √𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9.
𝑥→3
Solution:
lim √𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = √lim (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= √32 − 6 ∙ 3 + 9
= √9 − 18 + 9
= √0
2
Since lim (𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9) = 0 then we cannot use The Radical/ Root Law for
𝑥→3
Limits. For now, when the index is even and the limit of the radicand is zero then you
may use the table of values to very if the limit exist. When the index is even and the
limit of the radicand is less than zero (negative), then the limit does not exist.

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 12

Take values of 𝑥 that is very close to 3 from the left and from the right. Solve
for the values of 𝑓 in every 𝑥.

𝒙 𝒇 (𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
2.9 0.1 3.1 0.1
2.99 0.01 3.01 0.01
2.999 0.001 3.001 0.001
2.9999 0.0001 3.0001 0.0001
The function approaches 0 as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the left and from the
right. Therefore, the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 3.
∴ lim √𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0.
𝑥→3

3. What is the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 − 9 as 𝑥 approaches 3?

Solution:

lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = lim √𝑥 2 − 9

𝑥→3 𝑥→2

= √lim (𝑥 2 − 9)
𝑥→3

= √32 − 9
= √0
Since lim (𝑥 − 2) = 0 then we cannot use The Radical/ Root Law for Limits.
𝑥→2
We use the table of values to very if the limit exist.
Take values of 𝑥 that is very close to 3 from the left and from the right. Solve
for the values of 𝑓 in every 𝑥.

𝒙 𝒇 (𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
2.9 DNE 3.1 0.78
2.99 DNE 3.01 0.25
2.999 DNE 3.001 0.08
2.9999 DNE 3.0001 0.02

When 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 2 − 9 < 0 thus √𝑥 2 − 9 DNE.

∴ The limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 2 as 𝑥 approaches 3 does not exist.

SAQ 3: Are the limit laws important? Why?

SAQ 4: Can the limit laws evaluate the limits of all polynomial, rational and radical
functions? Why? How can you relate this reasoning to the world’s
limitations and rules?
?

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on intermediate paper.)

Directions: Evaluate the following limits using the limit laws. Write the solution and the
reason in a table as shown in previous examples.
A. lim 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥→0
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
B. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2
3
√𝑥−2
C. lim
𝑥→8 𝑥−8

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 13

REMEMBER
Key Points

⚫ The “limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐” is written as lim 𝑓(𝑥).

𝑥→𝑐
⚫ The function value of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑐 is written as 𝑓(𝑐).
⚫ The limit of a function exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 if and only if the function
approaches the same value as 𝑥 approaches from the left and from the right of 𝑐.
⚫ If the graph of the function is asymptotic at 𝑥 = 𝑐 then, the limit of the function
does not exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.
⚫ If the graph of the function has a jump at 𝑥 = 𝑐 then, the limit of the function does
not exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.
⚫ If 𝑓(𝑐) is defined, it does not guarantee that the limit of 𝑓 exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.
⚫ If 𝑓(𝑐) is undefined, it does not guarantee that the limit of 𝑓 does not exist as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐.
⚫ If the graph of 𝑓 has a hole at 𝑥 = 𝑐, it does not guarantee that that the limit of 𝑓
does not exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.
⚫ If 𝑓 is a polynomial function, lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 0
⚫ If lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, use either factorization or rationalization.
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

⚫ If 𝑛 is even and lim 𝑓(𝑥) > 0, then lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√lim 𝑓(𝑥) .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!

General Directions: Study the following assessments carefully and write your answers
on intermediate paper.

Assessment 1.
Directions: Determine the following limits given the graph of 𝑓 on the right:

1. 𝑓(−3) 6. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 7. 𝑓(2)

𝑥→−3

3. 𝑓(−1.5) 8. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→2

4. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 9. 𝑓(3.5)

𝑥→−1.5

5. 𝑓(0) 10. lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→3.5

Assessment 2.
Directions: Use a table of values to find the following limits (if exists):

1. lim 𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥→0
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
2. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 14

𝑥 − 2 if 𝑥 < 2
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) , where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ൝ 2 if 𝑥 = 2
𝑥→2
2 − 𝑥 2 if 2 < 𝑥

Assessment 3.
Directions: Draw a possible graph of g that satisfies the following conditions:

1. 𝑔(−2) = 5 5. 𝑔(1) DNE

2. lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 4 6. lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) DNE
𝑥→−2 𝑥→1
3. 𝑔(0) DNE 7. 𝑔(2) = 3
4. lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −2 8. lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3
𝑥→0 𝑥→2

Assessment 4.
Directions: Evaluate the following limits using the limit laws. Write the solution and the
reason in a table as shown in previous examples.

A. lim [(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)]

𝑥→1
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5
B. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
3
√𝑥+1
C. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

Assessment 5.
Directions: Choose the best answer among the choices on the given items.
1. Which of the following is true?
A. The limit of a polynomial function exist everywhere.
B. The limit of a rational function exist only on its domain.
C. The limit of a piecewise function exist everywhere on its domain.
D. The limit of a function only exist if the function is defined.

2. In which of the following condition does the function is sure to have a limit as
𝑥 approaches 𝑐?
A. The function is defined at 𝑐.
B. The function is defined in an open interval containing 𝑐.
C. The function is undefined at 𝑐.
D. The domain of the function contains 𝑐.

3. Which of the following is true?

A. If the limit of 𝑓 exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 then, 𝑓 is a polynomial function
B. If the limit of 𝑓 exist as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 then, 𝑓(𝑐) is defined.
C. If the function is undefined at 𝑥 = 𝑐 then, the limit does not exist.
D. The limit of a polynomial function 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑐 is 𝑓(𝑐).

4. In which of the following condition does the limit of 𝑓 does not exist as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐?
A. 𝑓 is asymptotic at 𝑥 = 𝑐. C. 𝑓 is a rational function.
B. 𝑓 is undefined at 𝑥 = 𝑐. D. 𝑓 is a piece-wise function.

5. What is the limit of 𝑓 as 𝑥 approaches 1 if 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1

A. 1 B. 2 D. 3 D. 4

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone

 15

REFERENCE/S Teaching Guide for Senior High School Quezon City, CHED, 2016

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LEARNING RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

MAYDALYN H. ESPERAT
WRITER
Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone
LEARNING TEAM /
Ronie F. Fidel, Ph.D. Shirhan A. Biottong
EVALUATORS

MANAGEMENT AND Dr. Roy C. Tuballa, CESO VI Dr. Norma T. Francisco, CESE
SPECIALIST Dr. Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI Dr. Vilma A. Brown

“No hay cosa imposible. Cree, junto junto puede!”

Maydalyn H. Esperat, Teacher II, Baliwasan Senior High School Stand-Alone