Attit{ide Student's Book 3 Kate Fuscoe Barbara Garside Luke Prodromou ENT BENNYVocabulary Quantiors Language Development Pronunciation Numbers and fractions °. Lesson 1 Recipes Unit 7 Lesson 2 My favorite fable | Foodand drink {essen Food for home Lesson 4 A disastrous meal Recycle: present perfect ‘Adjective + noun colocations Parties Unit7 Language Resource 7 Grammar summary, Vocabulary summary - ‘Lesson 1 The commercial. ‘Make and let ‘Sentence stress. Unit & word : Persuasion Lesson 2 Advertising Ask, want, tell ‘Verbs folowed by to + infinitive lesson 8 Lets say ogaher Gand and present | Phases vith ako perce lesion 4 Daag anew Recycle: sequencers an or aes smoothie Unit @ Language Resource (Grammar sumer, Vocabulary summary Unit Lesson 1 Doi heaton me! Ropar statment Say ae ‘Lesson 2 Gossip ‘Reported questions Intonation Rumors and i ‘gossip Idiomatic phrases. acyl mate and gunds eT eee Tal ung Unit 10 tesson 1 Aero ip Journeys lesion 2 Tovel problens Pas pret peeshe lesson 3 Around the word in 132 days, Guessing meaning Lesson 4 Journeys ofthe: Fecy: reported speech mind Unit 10 Language Resource Grammar summary, Vocabulary summary Unit Nl Lesson 1 Superstore Passive voice Connotation Processand Lesson 2 Origins ‘Strong end weak forms product t Lesson 3 Smart products Defining relative clauses: Suftbeas Lesson 4 Fis fight oot: past paiock Unit 11 Language Resource Grammar summary, Vocabulary summary Fret and second conastionas ‘Colcations with make or do Homophones Uae Wish + past tense Uiesvle Recycle: passive vole and ‘genarlroviow Grammar summary, Vocabulary summarySkills Development Reading Writing Listening Speaking Wing aparoroh about | Listening toa corversaton | Gling rfmaton about sates porn oscpie a panne) Taking about wine crertaes Wing questonnare Pg chaactersion Feeding acuesiomare | Witng onions Lsteingtoa dscueson | Dscvsing cute custo acing a ciloave Develop your leaming Using a dictionary Roading a desertion ofan | Witing about an event or | Listening to a desorption ot | Taking aout fativas event fostval an event Wing about a family waditon | Listening to a description of | Taking about past habis celebration ‘and traction rng a short tak Listening to a song Taking about the past Brown Eyed Gri Racing a survey \Whting a poster or leat Listening to a discussion Discussing your county's Reading a delogve customs eserbing an unusual Develop your writing event Reading a poem Lstering toa poom: Tang about world English Eventhing’s Engish Listening toa cerversation | Keeping a conversation gong Feocing alettr Whting alter Taking about boing an exchange stusert newspaper arte | Witing a summary ofa Talking about world languages discussion Develop your leaming Improving motvation ey sacing a magazine article LUstering to acomersation | Giving advice eacng a magazine arise Disovssing eating habits Wing @letr of advice Listening o a song: “Taking about problems: Stand by Mo \Whiing @ paragraph about — | Lstering toa comersation | Taking about learning leering Enaish| Understanding process Develop your writing ‘and procuct staring toa conversation | Making deductions about people Reading a news story Listening to.a conversation | Discussing & news story Fading a newspaper erice | Wiiing a suvey “aking about preferences Taking about aptitudes Feasng amagazinearicie | Wing ackice| Taking about important things inte Develop your learning Looking at colocation \Whting @ desorption ot ite | Listening toe conversation | Taking about now people changes have changed Facing a Wed page Listening to a song “Taking about famous people Never Too Late Reading & newspaper article Reading a magazine aide | Ving opinions Develop your writing “Taking about parents Recognizing iteent regstersa. Sit ina circle, Look carefully at the other people in the circle and decide if the following statements are true or false. Write “T” (true) or “F” (false) in he “I think” or the “I know" column. Statement Name [think T know 1 The person on my right is wearing contac 2 The person on my left has two siblings 3. The person directly across from me comes from another city 4 The person two places to my right is a heavy smoker. 5 The porson beside me is studying in college. 6 The person four places to my right owns a pet 7 The person on my left lives in an apartment. 8 Tho porson three places to my right works in a bank, 9 The person next to the person across from me likes ice cream. b In pairs, decide on the correct questions for the statements above 1 Are you wearing contact lenses? ¢ Now stand up and move around, ask the people concerned, and check your answers. Ask a follow-up question if you can. Complete the “I know column with “T” or “E,” Check the names, too. A: Do you have any brothers or sisters? Bi; Yes, Ido. I have two brothers. Are they older than you? d_ How many answers did you guess correctly?2 3 Qe Grammar: simple present and present progressive a In pairs, discuss the differences between the following pairs of sentences: 4 a The person on your right is smoking, b. The person on your right smokes. 2 a The person on your right works in a bank. 1b. The person on your right is working in a bank. b_ In pairs, discuss the following questions. 1. Are any of the sentences in Exercise 1a not possible in the progressive form? Why? 2. Does this tense distinction exist in your language? Writing skills a In pairs, discuss the pictures in this lesson. 4. What do these people do? 2. Why are they togother? 3. What are they doing? 4 Do you belong to any recreational or professional groups? b- Read the following text and match it with a picture inthis lesson. Then complete the text with a form of the verb in parentheses, simple or progressive. 11} (ter a taw student in Milan, but at the moment 12 (study) at college San Francisco, This 3 (be) a fantastic opportunity for me, realy. 14 (live) ina nice apartment, my English 5 (improve) and 16 (have) a wonderful boyfriend. His name 7 (be) Jason. He 8 (not/look forward) to my return to Europe, but who knows ~ maybe he can go with me! ‘© Work in pairs. Uso your imagination to write a similar text about someone from one of the other pictures. 4 Show the text to a partner. Have them match it to the correct picture. Look at your texts together and check the tenses are used correctly. Listening skills Listen to this conversation. Bd Liston again. 1. Who are the two people? 1. How has Joe changed? 2 Where are thoy? 2 What is pilates? 3. What are they talking about? 3. What is the Lincoln Center? Vocabulary: common collocations Decide which word in each phrase is the correct collocation. 1. a close / near friend 4 alight / thin moal 2 weak /gentle exercise 8 dark /strong coffee 3. a heavy / strong smokor Liston and check your answers. In pairs, discuss the possible opposites for the phrases in Exercise 5a, Sometimes the phrase may be entirely different. 1 aclose friend /¢farfriend an acquaintance Are the phrases the same in your language? Record them in your vocabulary notebook. In pairs, write questions for people in the class using the collocations and then ask your questions. A: Are you a heavy smoker? B: No, 'm really a light smoker.Twinsburg festival ‘Twinsburg Ohio is the host to the world’s largest annual gathering of twins. Established in 1976 as a way for parents to meet other parents of multiples, it now attracts families from all over the world. As well as a social event, the Twins Day festival is popular with the scientific community looking for twins to take part in research. Twins can provide a unique opportunity for scientifically controlled experiments, ranging from handwriting analysis to skincare products. ML Speaking skills Twin facts * Young twins often develop a secret language during a phase called “ctyptosphosia.” * Twin babies even tend to eat, sleep, ‘ond wake up at the same time Identical twins are genetically identical, — but do not have the ‘same fingerprints, In ps 1. What is special about the people pictured in the article above? 2. Describe some of their physical similarities. discuss these questions. They both have gray hair. 3 Why do you think they have gathered together? 4 Why do you think these people might be of interest to scientists? b Read the introduction and compare your ideas. © In pairs, discuss these questions. Use the words in the box to help you. identical dividual ident jealous secret languags 1 Are you a twin or do you know any twins? Would you like to be a twin? 2 What do you know about being a twin? a What aro some of the advantages and disadvantages of being a twin? 2 Reading skills a Read and check your ideas. Now write these phrases in the correct place in the texts. 1... but it wasn’t 2. ... so it was hard to separate us in elementary school 3... because wo're s0 close to each other Marci and Karen Southfield Marci: Karen and | have always pursued our Paula and Polly Mathis Paula: it's hard for some people to get close to us 4 Its always been just us, $0 when someone else comes along, they feel excluded. That's probably why | got divoroed. You have to be very sure of yourself to be with a twin. Polly: Pauia’s husband was so jealous of me. He felt ike it was a competition, 2 | thought he loved me as a sister, but they'd always fight before and after seeing me. Either she'd talk to me more than she dd to him or she'd direct something ‘at me instead of him. She never told me about the problem, though. The fist | knew of it was when they spilt up. GLOSSARY sure of yourself self-confident € In pairs, discuss these questions, own interests, We have quite different tastes, and our parents have always treated us as individuals. We have exactly the same IQ, 8. but from junior high onwards, we were apart. Karen: There have been some freaky moments. ‘One time we had been apart for three months, ‘and when we met up again, we were dressed identically - same hair and clothes. 1. Have you changed your ideas about being a twin? 2. Does the article focus primarily on positive or negative aspects of being a twin?3 Pronunciation: word stress . 7 LANGUAGE NOTE kt ‘@ Mark the main stress on these lexical items 1 todevelop 6 divorce stress om all th ou 2 each other 7 myself cord lhe 3 asocrot language 8 identical = : 4 competition 9. splitup 5 self-confident b_ In pairs, say the words end phrases and agree on the stress pattern. LANGUAGE NOTE | | Words or phrasos with 4 Grammar: reflexive and reciprocal pronouns more than one syllable have a stress pattorn a Match oach sentence with a picture Cee rmultiword item, one of stress a ») é 1 She lovesher (J 2 Welove each other. LJ 3: She loves herself. L) b_ In pairs, answor these questions. 1 In which sentence is the subject and object the same person? 2. Is the reflexive pronoun (e.g. herself) placed before or after the verb? ‘© Complete the table. LANGUAGE NOTE Reflexive pronouns can Soap promos (QU eet renee pean vee be used with nouns to Zi myself emphasize “that porson pane, you | ating oe he, she, it him, herself, oe cae be bal aie In this case, the reflexive you yourselves pronoun is usually stressed for emphasis. they them Decide if these sontonces are correct. If they are not correct, change them, 1. Twins look like themselves. 2 [cut me when I was preparing the vegetables. 3. Work in pairs and you can help each other. 4 Children usually learn to dress them around the age of three. 5 Vocabulary: verbs followed by reflexives a Complete each sentence with a verb or phrase from the box and a reflexive pronoun, Three are not used. cuacenenn A reflexive verb refers back to the subject and is : followed by a re “Don’t climb on that high wall, Sammy! You might fall and isnt Peter doesn’t have a boss. Ho F Tenjoyed myself! bum help hurt introduce Kill take care of work for ‘Suzy was careless when she was cooking and sh “That was delicious. Can I have some more?” “Sur b_ Write true sentences containing reflexive verbs. Wy brether four bumself badly when he was on vacation. © Insmall groups, say your sentences and talk about the situations.WARNING Wo both agree. / We neither agree. X Both of us have a motorcycle. / Neither of us has a motorcycle. / Unit 1 Grammar: both and neither a In pairs, discuss those questions. 1 Do you have brothers and sisters? 2 What is your “position” in the family — first born, last born, and so on? 3 What do you consider to be the ideal age gap between siblings? 4 What, in your opinion, is the ideal number of children in a family? Db Match each text with one of the pictures. @ ® We get along Cun?) \= is se Poe 2 Neither takes a plural /singular verb. 3. Neither of and both of go before / after the pronouns us, you, and them We bath enjoy chatting, | guess. © Circle the correct answers for both and neither. 1. Both takes a plural / singular verb d_ In pairs, talk about the similarities between the people on this page. Choose the member of your family you are most similar to. Write three sentences saying how you are similar, using both and neither. Show your sentences to a partner, Vocabulary: characteristics ‘a Look at these words or phrasos and decide if they have a positive or negative connotation. People3 4 oO 4 b Look at Exercise 2a again and mark the stress on words and phrases of ‘more than one syllable, Say them to yourself. © Chock (¥/) the attributes that you think apply to you. Tell a partner how they apply. [think I have good communication skills. People usually understand me. @ What do you have in common with your partner? Both of us are relaxed and loving. Listening skills ‘a In pairs, discuss the following statements and decide if they are true or false. 1. Your position in your family is relevant to your future career. 2. Parents are important in all children’s careor choices. 3. The oldest children in a family choose less conventional careers than the younger children. 4 Middle childron tend to be creative. b_ Listen to the interview and check your ideas. Change the false sentences in Exercise 3a to make them true. € Listen again and make notes in the table. 4. In pairs, discuss these questions. ILUSEFUL LANGUAGE Do you agree with the tendencies suggested in the interview? Use the simple present and frequency adverbs to 2. Do they reflect your own experience? Sees 3. What othor factors can affect a child's development? ‘The youngeae child twode 4 What other poople are influential in your life choices, apart from tobe the most creative of family members? the family. A middle child is often a Writing skills pete tie ‘a Work in groups of four to six. Half the group is “A” and half is “B,” Use the information on pages 134/136 to devise a questionnaire together. Student A: Look at page 134. Student B: Look at page 136, b “A"s and “B"s exchange and copy the other half of the questionnaire I LUSEFUL LANGUAGE so that you have a copy of all the questions. We. crc (10) © Move around the class and ask different students your questions. eepentianer et Make a note of their answers. (20) and (30). d_ Come back to your group and discuss your research information. According to our ‘Summarize your findings. research .. Our research suggests Display the results in the classroom. ae Peopleeet) ~Weusually hug 2 Ta 1 Warm up . Use the words in the box. In pairs, use your imagination to talk about the pic iis hay dap iands Hows] 1 Who are they? 3. What are they doing? 2. Where are they? 4 Why? They're old friends. They're hugging each other. They look happy. sk In small groups, discuss what is usual for you, your community, or your country. LANGUAGE NOTE. Mark the statements “T” (true) or “F” (false) in the first two columns of the table. Prepositions kiss someone on the ae Me My group Others a 4 We usually shake hands with shake hands with ‘work colleagues. sieve’ acute 2 We tend to kiss friends when we meet ices sais them and again when we leave. stroot) 3 Bowing is very rare. 4 We only hug very close friends. 5 Inmy country, we give three kisses on the cheek when we meet an acquaintance, 6 Women don’t tend to shake hands with each other. 3. Prepare Are there any customs you don't agree on? Write a short summary saying where you agreed or disagroed. We generally agree ... bt g Unit People4 Feedback Read your summary to the other groups. Do most people agree or disagree on each question? Compare 5 @ Now listen to some English speakers discussing the same questions. Mark their ‘answers in the third column. Make a note if they disagree. 6 Notice ‘a Look at part of the audioscript. 1. Underline language that expresses uncertainty. There are three examples. 2. Find a phrase that means certainly not. 3. Which of these expressions is the least formal? B: Close friends. Yeah, I might hug them when I'm leaving or if [ haven't SGU Age NOTE seon thom for a while. Or if they're upset. eee lowing wa ‘A: Mmm. “In my country, we give three kisses on the cheek when we tether oat ‘meot an acquaintance.” puri B: No way! An acquaintance? Itdepends on the A: Yeah, I agree, That's definitely false. ee i oe It depends (on) what B: What's next? Cg ela ‘A: What's next, uh ... okay. “Women don't tend to shake hands with each ‘question word) other." Hub, I'm not really sure. What do you think? It depends the B: Mmm, It depends. Ina business situation, yes, they do. I think that's Haat happening more and more these days, or when you're introduced in a It depends of the situation. X sort of formal social situation. ‘A: So is that true or false? B: Well, the question says “women don’t tend to.” “Tend to” means “generally,” and I'd say that women don’t generally shake hands. ‘A: So that’s true, Women don't tend to shake hands. B: Yes, answer “true” to that one. Any more? A: Nope, that’s it. 1b Now mark these expressions for stress and practice saying them, It deponds. 1 depends on the situation Ym not really sure. I might hug them. No way! @ c Listen and check your pronunciation. Say the expressions again. 7 Follow up ‘a In small groups, write a number of general statements about customs in your country related to one of the following topics meals weddings dating families b When you have finished, check that your sentences are correct and easy to read. Cive them to another group to discuss. Women asking men on a date is very unusual.1 Simple present Use ‘The simple present is used to talk about * personal characteristics: ‘She's very self-confident. * tendencies or facts: Twins tend to be good at the same subjects. © habits/regular events: usually go to the gym twice a week. ‘+ actions or states that feel permanent to the speaker: Do you lve with your parents? 2 Present progressive Use ‘The present progressive is used to talk about ‘+ what is hepnening now: She's washing her hai ‘what is happening around this time: Ho's studying English atthe university + actions or states that fee! temporary to the speaker: ‘Are you staying with your brother? Note Certain verbs are not usual in progressive tenses. These are Lsualy vrbs that express thoughts, feelings, or states, such as be, know, think, tke, and want. Ho's liking that vase. X He kes that vase. of 3 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns Use reflexive pronouns lke myself, yourself, and themselves ‘when the subject and object are the same person. “The reflexive pronoun follows the verb: hurt mysett Use reciorocal pronouns ~ each other ~ when the verb apples to both the subject and object: We hate each other. ‘Complete each sentence with each other or a reflexive pronoun. 1 think the Boston Red Sox are going to win. They won the last time these teams played 2 Good speakers often prepare ‘by making notes. 3. Mysister and brother keep hitting 4 My father bumed __when he was cooking. I know the answers are correc. | checked them, 4 both/neither Use ‘Both means “the two of you/us/them.” ‘Neither means “not one nor the other.” Form Both takes a plural ver: We both love chocolate. [Neither takes a singular verb: Neither of you/us/them likes shrimo. ERESOLIRCE 1 Common collocations a heayyfight smoker / a non-smoker a close friend / an acquaintance alightheavy meal hard/easy work strong/weak coffee ‘Complete each sentence in an appropriate way, using one of the collocations above. 1 “I can't sleep at night.” “Try to avoid after 3 p.m, That might help.” 2 This exerciee is very Can you help me? 3. “Phew, this room smals ike cigarettes!" “Yes. 'm afraid Jane's a very : 4 Have. in the evening, preferably before 8 p.m, 5 “Do you know that woman?” “Not really. She's from the company. | know her boss very wel, though.” 2 Verbs and phrases followed by reflexives ‘Complete the sentences with a verb from the box and a pronoun. There are two extra verbs. ccut_help work for Kil take care of enjoy introduce 1 People often shake hands when they 2 Did you 7 You're bleeding! 3 Taking a vacation is dificult when you 4 I hope you feel better soon. ' 5 “Can | have another cookie?” “Sure . 3 Characteristics tobe + adjective: tobe + noun: ambitious ‘a good negotiator conventional rebel creative interesting to have + noun: loving good communication skis open hang ups relaxed self-confident sensitive Choose one of the adjectives above to complete each sentence. 11 Someone who doesn't worry about things is 2 Someone who kisses and hugs their friends is. 3 Someone who wants to move up in their career 5. 4 Someone who is easy to understand has 5. Someone who fesls emotions deeply is.Using a dictionary 1 Thinking about dictionaries. pars, discuss these questions, 1. Do you have a dictionary? Is it monolingual or bilingual? 2 ityouhave a dictionary, when do you use it? In class? When doing assignments? 3 Using a dictionary to check 3. ityou have a dictionary, how often do you use it? in emergencies? 4 Do you ever findit ci If 80, in what situations? it using a cietionary? 2 Looking at a dictionary entry n pairs, look at this entry for the verb cfose from the Macmilan Essential Dictionary end discuss the questions. close’ /Klouz/ verb 4 [Vif you close something, or if it closes, it moves to cover an open area: J was just closing my eyes 10 goto sleep when the phone ‘rang. # Did the fridge door close completely? 2 7} to stop doing business for a short time: We close the office at noon Fridays. ‘Snow forced both airports to close. 3 [JT] to stop existing as a business, or to stop something operating as a business: ‘The company plans to close 10 coal mines. @ ‘Smail stores are closing because of competition from the large chains. 4 (/T)Af an activity or event closes, or if you close it, it ends: Her latest show closed after only three performances. # close sth by doing sth He closed the meeting by thanking ‘a A dictionary is very useful for checking the ‘meaning of a word. What else can you use it for? Check the folowing it. 1. Checking the meaning of a word. 2. Checking the speting ‘3. Checking that you have chosen the corect word (meaning/style) in context 4. Using the ight grammer: t depends on the weather. ‘5. Checking what tense to use in a sentence. 6 Checking pronunciation, Look at this student's work and undertine the mistakes. Thore are fe. Wey name. 1s Sophie Nader. Lm, a hukory professor in a. high shed. in Tennessee. § live mth amy husband oid three childs exc townhouse on the ae Shave a large family. I am near ho ame me cir, who us bike Lek frend. dt the moment, Se's working overseas, so § miss to Se her very amuch. ad Now check your answers a the bottom of the page. 4 Applying what you have seen ‘a You are going to write a short text about yourset. Use the text in Exercise 3b as a guide and make a list of points you want to include. if you have a dictionary, use it to check vocabulary and speting, ‘everyone for coming. 5 [1] to stop people from entering a place or using a road: The bridge will have to be closed for repairs. 6 [V7] computing if a computer program closes, or if you close it, it stops operating and disappears from your computer screen. EXE Alcose (sth) down 4 same as close! ,: We had to close down the factory. 2 same a close ,: Close down all the ‘programs that are running close in to move nearer to someone, especially in order to surround them: Armed police began closing in on the house. close sth off to prevent people from entering a place or using a road close (sth) up to lock the doors of a building b Organize your ideas into two paragraphs. © Write the text. Ifyou have a dictionary, use it to check anything you are not sure of. d_ When you are ready, pass your tex! to a partner to read. 1. Why do you think close is in red? 2. What do you think the three red stars indicate? 3. What information tells you how to pronounce cose? venus fn 4, How many uses are there for the verb close” 5 What significance is there in the order of uses? 6 How many phrasal verbs are there? DURES SER co SeoemIo Buon Sous TOM Au 8 YR 198 fu TABOR A we au 6s ay STEPS ou sore © OPS aan pu Deg Au a 9 | acS0u.91 ABS UN 8 UE sh But VaPON BIDS 81 UU AN suomsue iqp os1010%3eurene USEFUL Lal What / name / festival? ‘Where / take place? When? ‘What / poople do? How many people / there? What / food / eat? 1 Speaking skills rs, look at the pictures on this page and discuss these stions. What are the people doit Do you know these ons? Which countries do you think are represented herd? Have you ever been to an event like this? 2 Reading skills a You are going to read a description of a carnival. Look at the table and use the prompts to prepare questions about what genorally happens at the carnival. Read the text and complete your column of the table, INGUAGE much Student B: 1 What are the similarities between the two Student A: turn to page 19 turn to pa 136. ¢ In pairs, ask questions about the other festival and complete the other column. In pairs, talk about these questions, nts? 2 Which of these camivals would you prefer to visit? Why? Unit2 ture3 Listening skills @ a Listen to someone describing her experience of a carnival. What was it like? Put the phrases from the audioscript in the correct place. Its so crowded. Twas so tired ‘They were out of this world. What's it like? Just incredible. there's the noise 1 Is it fantastic? It's absolutely amazing. 3. Forone thing, __ z 4 There are so many people on the street. —_ 5 Thecolors. 6 after a couple of days of partying, I slept for two days. Listen again to check your answers. Repeat the phrases with the correct stress. . What's it like? 4 Grammar: simple past and past progre: a Match the sentences that go together. sive 1. Twas living in Brazil. 2 Iwas staying in a hotel on the main street. a. [went to carnival. b_ Tho procession passed by my window. b- Write “SP” (simple past) or “PP” (past progressive) beside each use. 1. Used to tell the events of a story in the order they happoned. 2. Used to describe longer background actions or situations. 3. Used to refer to shorter actions that happenod in the middle of the longer one. ¢ In pairs, look at the sentences below. Write “B” next to those that give background information. Number the other events in the order that they happened. ‘We went to the samba competition. It was the middle of February. I slept for two days. was living in Rio, L wont to Carnival. ‘The school won. Read about the use of when and while in the Grammar summary on page 24. Thon decide which of the sentonces below is not correct. 1. Lwent to Camival while I was living in Brazil 2 When was living in Brazil, I went to Carnival 3° When I wont to Carnival, I was, living in Brazil. 4 While I went to Carnival, I was living in Brazil. 5 Writing skills a Read the text and undorline the corroct tenses, simple past or past progressive. ‘This happened in 1998. 1 lived / was living in New York, working for an advertising agency. 2 spent / was ‘spending my first winter there, and the weather was extremely cold. My boyfriend 3 came / was coming to pick me up on Christmas Eve, 4 We put on / were putting on warm hats and coats and 5 were going / went down to Times Square. It was very romantic because it 6 snowed / was snowing, and there was a beautiful Christmas treo in the middle of the square. People 7 rushed / were rushing along in their heavy clothes, ‘but we just stood still and watched. Then my boyfriend, 8 went / was going down on one knee. I thought he 9 wanted / was wanting to propose to me, but he 10 looked / was looking for his contact lens! b Write « paragraph describing « public event or festival you have attended. You can write about a true experience or an imaginary one. Use tho question prompts below and the text in Exercise 5a to help you. © When / happen? ‘+ What / people / do / at the time? © What / wear? © What / weather like? ‘© What / happen? ¢ Work in pairs. Exchange your descriptions. Use the question prompts in Exercise 5b to ask each other about your experiences. Decide if your partner's experience is true or imaginary. Unit2 CulturePs Irdditions 1 Vocabulary: collocations a Match a verb from the first column with an appropriate noun from the second 1 toexchang a afight 2 toget together b special foods 3. to wear ¢ masks or costumes 4 tobum incense 5 tolight e candles 6 tosetoff f fireworks 7 to prepare 8 a to visit h gifts 9 to have i for dinner b Add more nouns that go together with the verbs in Exercise 1a to set off an alarm, a bomb © In pairs, discuss these questions, 1 Which of these activities are associated with traditional events in your country? People light candles at church on Sunday 2 Which of the activities are customary for you and your family or friends on these days? 3 Which of the activities are ger traditional 2 Listening skills @ « Listen to two people describing how their families celebrated festivals, Note the country in which each festival takes place. Which family still has a big celebration? Festival Country In the past Now Speaker 1 Thanksgenng Speaker 2 Trung Thu Db Liston again and note how the 8 Gieiparision withyapertn people celebrated their festivals in Do you think the speakers prefe the past and how they celebrate what they do now or how it was in them now the past? Unit2 Culture3 Grammar: past states or habits a In pairs, look at sentences A~C below and answer these questions. 1. Underline the verbs that refer to the past. 2 Match the examples with these explanations. ‘a This happened on one ‘occasion in the past b_ This happened regularly in the past, but does not happen now. 3. Inwhich sentence(s) can used to replace the simple past? 4 Can the simple past replace used toin sentence A? b_ Underline the correct completions for these rules. 1. Only used to / Both used to and the simple past can be used to refer to repeated events and habits in the past. 2 Whon an event happened only once, use the simple past / used to. 3. Used to / The simple past emphasizes that the action was repeated or habitual in the past. c Inpairs, decide which form of the verb follows used to by completing the examples, infinitive without fo verb +—ing verb + ed 1 [didn’t use to 2 Inover used to... 3. Tused to 4 Did you use to... 4. Complete tho sontonces with the appropriate form of used fo or the simple past. Sometimes both are possible. a1 (smoke), but 1 started when I was doing my exams in high school and now can’t stop! 2 When I was a child, 1 (play) with my brother and sister. 3 We (spend) our last vacation by the ocean. 4 My father (earn) a lot of money, s0 we had small birthday gifts. 5. In the past, people (take) vacations in other countries like they do now. 6 In 1996, we ___{g0) to another country for the first time. It was amazing! Pronunciation: sentence stress a In pairs, look at the underlined ‘words in this sentence. Why do you think they are underlined? Wo used to visit the temple. b- Underline the key words in these sentences. 1. I didn’t use to enjoy that. 2. Did you use to exchange gifts? Listen to all three sentences and answer these questions. 11 What happens to the d in used to? 2 What happens to words that are not stressed (e.g. We used to visit J? Listen again and repeat the sentences. Think about your childhood and complete the following sentences with your own ideas. Mark the stresses and indicate the words that link together in fluent speech. 1 Lused to. 2, [mover used to ..., but now ... 3. Inthe past, people didn’t use to 4 Did you use to ...? £ Tella partner your sentences and talk about them. Speaking skills a Choose a family tradition or event you know quite well - your birthday, family vacations, a festival. Make notes about the event using two columns to refer to now and in the past. b Toll a partner about the event.1 Vocabulary: kids’ play In pairs, look at the list of activities and talk about your favorite childhood games. When I was a kid, I loved playing hide-and-seek dressing up playing chaso/hide-and-sock/ball dancing swinging inventing stories jumping rope drawing pictures b Look at the pictures and talk about what the poople are doing. Use the activities in the box above to help you. 9g jokes In this picture, they are jumping rope © When do you think these pictures were taken? Why? Could this be your country? Why? / Why not? d_ Look at the following statements and check the ones you agree with @ Kids don't play games like “hide-and-seek” anymore. © Children used to play in the street, but now they stay home and watch TV. © Families don’t usually eat together these days © Entertainment was m *h simpler when I was a pl was a child, i Children grow up much faster these days. much more freedom 9 yowadays ids bave2 Grammar: time expressions In pairs, docide if these phrases refer to now or the past, in those days in the past nowadays these days not ... any longer/anymore used to b_ Rowrite those sentences to give the same meaning. 1. John used to have a car. He doesn't have a car anymore. 2 Nowadays, John is a non-smoker. He = 3. Inthe past, Mary had a lot of pets. She 4 George doesn’t work here any longer. He ‘ 5 My parents live in a small house these days They ¢ Work in groups. Write three sentences about changes in your life on strips of paper. Put all the sentences into the center of the table and mix them up. Read the sontences aloud and decide who wrote them, Ask for more details about the sentences you are interested in, 3. Speaking skills a Insmall groups, choose a topic that you think has changed a lot in the last 25 yoars communications health diet children’s lives work patterns b_ Work together to propare a short talk on this topic, describing the situation as it is now and as it was. Each person should make exactly the same notes, as ‘you will be giving your talk to other people. ¢ Form new groups to give your talks. Decide which area of life has seen the biggest changes. 4 Listening skills (GY a Listen to a song called Brown Eyed Girl. Check (/) the activities that are @ ck mentioned in the song. Do you like the song? Why? / Why not? dancing kissing playing a game telling jokes singing skipping laughing swinging running, jumping b_ In pairs, decide which of these sentences is true about the song. 1 He feels sad because he doesn’t see his childhood sweetheart anymore. 2. His childhood was an unhappy timo. 3. He is surprised that time has passed so quickly. 4 He remembers the past with happiness. Imagine a meeting between two friends after @ long time. What kind of things ‘would they say? ‘Do-you remember how we used to laugh at the teacher? d_ Role-play the moeting between the two friends,Warm up In pairs, discuss these questions, 1 2 3 4a Which countries do you think are shown in the pictures? Do you know people in other countries? Where? Have you visited another country? Which? ‘What kinds of differences can you think of between people and ways of life from other countries? Task Work in small groups. Look at these statements about customs in other parts of the world, Check (//) the statements that are true for your country. If you know wh se things happen, write the name of the country. Statement ines — Celebrations Couples exchange gifts on February 14%, My parents used to give us a Christmas stocking. ‘We have school parties on Children’s Day. ‘We tend to give presents on name days or saints’ days. Visiting friends When visiting friends, we generally arrive ten minutes early. fa guest admires something in our home, we give it to them. Guests tend to bring a boitle of wine or some candy. It’s quite common to drop in on someone unexpectedly. Money 9 People somotimes ask each other about their salaries. 10 Asachild, my grandparents used to give me money in, red envelopes. 11. Most people don’t tip hairdressers, taxi drivers, or servers in restaurants. Culture3 Prepare In tho same groups, write about your discussion. Where a sentence is not true for your country, change it so that it is true. In my country, couples don't usually exchange gifts on February 14", but sometimes men send women flowers. 4 Feedback Read out some of your sentences. Are there any differences of opinion? 5 Compare (O) a Listen to a group of students having the same discussion. Write the numbers of © the sentencos from Exercise 2 that they mention. Bb Listen again and note down the countries these things happen in, according tothe speakers. Use the table in Exercise 2. 6 Notice a Look at this extract from the audioscript. Match the underlined words or phrases with their meanings (1-5). ‘Yeah, my grandma does that, actually. It's an 1 Idon’t understand, old tradition from Europe, I think. Yeah, each. didn’t hear you. day has a name, and you get a present on that 2 Infact. day if that’s your name. & Toveriting baikto B: Cool. I like that the main point. ‘A: Anyway, so that's “no,” basically, right? 4 Good. B+G: Yeah. 5 Do you agree? ‘A: Shall we do another section? How about “Visiting frien 3: Okay. ‘A: “When visiting friends, we generally arrive ten minutes early.” B: Huh? I don’t get it. Ton minutes early? That would bo awful! b_ Look at the extract again and find two ways of making suggestions. 7 Follow up a Work in groups. You are going to propare a poster or a leaflet for visitors to your country. Choose one of the following topics. clothes eating visiting friends the workplace leisure family life b_ Brainstorm areas that could be useful for a visitor to know about. we dont usually shake hands ¢ Decide on useful tips for a visitor to your country in this context, Write up and illustrate your poster or leaflet. He dontt usually shake hands with everyone in the office. d_ Show your poster to other groups. Ask questions about the information if you want to,1 Simple past or past progressive Use ‘The simple past is used to tol the events of a story in the coder they happened. {ts used to refer to shorter actions that interrupt longer background situations. “The past progressive is used to describe longer background actions or situations. ‘He was living in Fio de Janeiro. What was he doing there? 2 when and while It's common to talk about two actos or situations that happen atthe same time. + When plus the simple past is used to tak about actions that interupt or happen inthe midde of longer “background” situations: | was sleeping when the telephone rang. + Whip or winen plus the past progressive is used to tak about “background” situations that were in progress when something ese happenea: The phone rang while/when I was sleeping. Note: When can be used with ether clause, but while can Cnly be used with the progressive: The phone rang when!while I was sleeping. When the phone rang, | was sleeping While the phone rang, | was sleeping. X * While is also used to tak about two longer actions that hhappen atthe same time: White | was waiting for Stephanie, ! 220 the paper Write the verbs in the correct tense, simple past or past progressive. ‘A: Goorge 1 (cal white you 2 shower. He (eave) a message. B: What 4 (sayl? A: He said he 5 (work) until six. He 6 (esi) you to cal hi, 3 Past states or habits Use Used to is used to tak about past states or repeated actions in the past that are now discontinued: | used to be married and now I'm not | didn’t use to wear red, but now I do “Did you use to play tennis?” “Yes, ! cf. / No, I int.” Note: Used to is not used with specific time references: | used to go there in 1987. XI went therein 1987. of Circle the correct form: used to or simple past. ‘Sometimes both forms are acceptable. (take) @ 111 used fo have / had a dog when | was a chil. He 2 used to die / dled when | 8 used to be / was seven years old. My brother 4 don't use to ike / cit ike him, but he & used to ony/ cried when he heard the news, too. ESOURCE 4 Time expressions Write sentences about life now and in the past. Use your own ideas and the prompts below. 1 people / watch TV Beate aptch TY moe nowadays th thoy 2 people / smoke 3 people / study English 4 magazines and books / expensive 5 travel / public transportation _ Vocabulary Summary — 1 Collocations to exchange gifts to get together for dinner/Thanksgiving to wear masks/costumes to bum incense to ight candles to visit relatives/graves to prepare special foods to set off reworks to have a fight/party to give a speech Write three sentences about your own traditions, using the vocabulary above. We indles when we hav Ye lel space hens pepe eae 2 Kids’ play a Complete the sentences with childhood activities {from the box. | ‘The Caribbean su 3 Where does English have “special status” asa second language? Papua New Guinea Barba 8 Tok Pisin, an English-based . Pidgin, is spoken hore. What are those months of the year in Standard English? prs, Ogos, Dosomba, Me oe Hong Kong in which two countries 77 Which language isthe does more than 60% of the nother tong of rer opulation speak English West Africa et asa first language? 5 Which of these owed ere, Cantonese or . 4 ‘countries have English hace ‘8 an official language? a 9 Many Australian English words are part ‘of Standard English. Which of these ‘Australian English words is not a mammat?2 Vocabulary: language a Match the words/phrases from the quiz with their definitions. 1 official language a_a' word “borrowed” from another language 2 second language —b_first language 3. pidgin ¢ an internationally recognized, “correct” form of English 4 mother tongue d_a language additional to the mother tongue 5 loan word © government-designated language of a country 6 standard English fa simplified version of a language b Match these loan words to their language of origin. cappuccino siesta delicatessen kimono taco chic pasta karaoke rendezvous frankfurter 1 Spanish 2 German 3 French 4 Italian 5 Japanese © Can you think of any other loan words from your language to English? How about from English to your language? List them in your notebook. 3 Grammar: question words as subject Look at these four questions from the quiz. Underline the subject in each case. 1 Which language is the mother tongue of over 98% of the population here? 2. Inwhich two countrios doos more than 60% of the population speak English as a first language? 3 Which of these countries have English as an official language? 4 Where does English have “special status” as a second language? b_ Gircle the correct answer to complete the rules. 1 When the question word/phrase is the subject, you need /do not need an auxiliary verb, 2 When something else is the subject, you need / do not need an auxiliary verb, © Write these questions in the correct column. @uggHga Wo BE = 1. Where do people speak Portuguese? as subject as subject 2 In which countries do people speak German as a first language? 3 Which languages have their origins in Latin? 4 Which is the second most important language in the U.S.? 3 What is Creole? 6 What does bilingual mean? 4 In pairs, chock your tables. Ask each other the questions. 4 Reading skills ‘a Road the poom and answer these questions, 1 How do you think the writer feels? 2 Why does she feel this way? @ b Now listen to the poom road aloud. © Work in small groups and talk about these questions. 11 What examples of English do you see/hear around you? Do you uso English outside class? If so, how? Do yout like this poom? Why? / Why not? Do you feel the same as Munyadziwa? Why? / Why not? ‘What do you like/dislike about English? omen Languages ones WelWARNING A discussion is a serious conversation but not nocessarily one in which poople got angry We had a discussion about education, If people disagree with each other and get angry they have an argument She left him after a terrible argument. Pe Small talk b bulary small talk an argument a debate a speech achat a lecture a presentation a discussion a conversation Formal Informal Either Now write the words from Exercise 1a under the correct verb. an go in more than one column. tomake to give LANGUAGE NOTE Gossip is used asa verb and They were gossiping. Have you heard the latest gossip? In pairs, make sure you understand each of the words in Exercise 1a. Think of some example sentences to illustrate each one. My teacher gave a lecture on economics. 2. Listening skills Ho a Languages Listen to the conversation and answer these questions, Liston again and complete these sentences from the conversation. oe Whore ar they? 1 I's always really hot in hore, What are they doing? t You're Bill What is their relationship? 2 What kind of talk is this? Which words in Exercise 1a apply? 3. This machine doesn't work very woll,3 Grammar: tag questions a To keep a conversation going, or to check something you are not sure ‘about, use tag questions. Choose the correct options for rules 1 and 2, and complete the examples. 1 Ifthe sentence is affirmative, the tag question is affirmative / negative: You're Mark's brother, 2. Ifthe sentence is negative, the tag ‘question is negative / affirmati Sally doosn’t speak French, 3 Ifthe sentence contains an ‘auxiliary vorb or the verb be, the ‘same auxiliary/form of be is used in the tag question: You haven't waited all day, It was cold yesterday, 4. Ifthe sentence contains a simple verb (not be), the correct form of dois used: You live here, 1b Complete these sentences with an appropriate tag question, 1 You're Peruvian, __ 2 2 She lives in South Africa, 3. They didn't come yesterday, 4 You were at the party, 5. He doesn’t speak German, 6 I'ma good student, 4 Pronunciation: rising and falling intonation @ isten tothe sentences in Bxorcise 3b to check your answers. (@ b When a speaker uses a tag question, their voice risos or falls at the end, depending how certain they are about the statement they have made. Listen to and compare these two tag questions. a= 1. You're Richard's sister, aren't you? ‘The speaker's voice rises. This ‘means the speaker isn’t sure of the answer. = 2. You're Richard's sister, aren't you! ‘The speaker's voice falls. This ‘means the speaker feels sure of the answer, but wants the information confirmed. € Listen to the questions in Exercise 3b again. Mark each question “R” if the speaker's voice rises at the end of the question or “F” if it falls. GPa Listen again and repeat the questions, making your voice rise or fall. Workin pairs. On your own, write three things you definitely know about your partner and three things you think you know but aren’t sure about. Sure: You have brown eyes You live in an apartment, Not sure: You have tats of brtthers and, sisters, You went out of town last weekend. £ Chock togethor, using tag quostion: ‘A: You have brown eyes, don’tyou? B: Yes, Ido. A: You have lots of brothers and sisters, don'tyou? B: Well, no. only have one sister. Speaking skills Imagine you are in a café and you see someone you want to got to know better, Start a conversation with them. Make notes of some things you can say, using tag questions. fouive new avound here, rent you? b_ Work in pairs. Student A: You want to keep the conversation going as long a: possible. Use a mixture of rising and falling tag questions. Student B: Give short answers only ~ you want to stop the conversation! ‘Then exchange roles.2104 Walnut Rod San Francisco, CA May Sed Dear Juan, practice! to you, of course! One last question: I'd like to bri cts, but, of e seme a 4 present for your parents, Sut, f You insist, T’m sure s parents. Could you tell me if eas Some chocolate is Chocolate would be great. T might have some $704 Ides, or do you think they would prefer sematthing elee? of it myself! Moke “awe it doesn’t mett on the | think that's it for now. I'm really look: now. Ve ing forward to meeting you and your family. ns Sincerely, Brandon — 1 Reading skills AS you know, | * J 1 | am coming to stay with you on the Student Exchange Prograne next wonth. I's arriving on fight UA SO6 at SS pam. on July Ist. Forgive me for aot wri Seanith, but I thought you would depreciate the Eaghish have « few questions 1 qiestions | need to ase yous first of all, could you tell me how | get from the airport to 2 Be Wee atlc trantertion, aT Soc ta tac ce De you know if | should Lk In going to spend weean't wait Tpcader Tet or folder, or do yu kaon Osviously | don't want 40 b weight problem, Can you tel finth hl each day Al ish while I's there ~ I wonder 16 abeart hom | can do this, basi 45 | don't have too mich money, hange money here or when | arrived, fone. time at schoo! with you~ 1 these will be provided? ring too match because of the we what tine wel start aed ee really do want to improve is every dow - lly do war improve my too bad — honestly! — ond I have seme great les going to school and talking efter! - er ‘a Road the letters and answer these questions. 1 What is the relationship between Brandon and Juan? 2. Why is Brandon writing to Juan? 3 Doos Juan answer all Brandon's questions? Edificio Venus Apto Sb coracas, Venezuela Moy asth Dear Branden, my cousin to help me! enter. I€ teu call me since it’s very near p lke books st mauibe a netabock. 6 fram eght til you have any ideas 1 should get the oiep Thorks very much for Your letter. 2 ct bus here I fepe You're impressed with my English — F get ett the scheol or share mine. School Yeu really don’t need te bring onigthing for my was, theagh Leoking forward te meeting Tuan b_ Read the letters again in more detail and answer these questions. 1 Which questions does Juan answer? 2 What answers does he give? 3. Which questions does he not answer? 4 How would you answer these questions?2 Grammar: indirect questions a Look at these questions from Brandon’s letter. Compare them with the direct question forms and answer the questions below. Indirect Direct Could you tell me how Iget from the How do I got from the airport to airport to your place? your place? Do you know if] should change money Should I change money here or when here or when I arrive? Tarrive? ‘Which is more polite ~ the direct or the indirect question? How does the word order change? How can you begin an indirect question? If there is no question word, which word is used to join the two parts, of the sentence? b_ Read Brandon’s letter again and underline any other examples of indire questions you can find. © Match the words/phrases in column A with the definitions in column B. ‘The first one is done for you. A B 1 phone booth 1 a place where you can borrow books 2 laundromat b acard you need to use a public phone 3 currency exchange | ¢ amachine where you can take money from a bank account 4 bus terminal a place where you can wash clothes 5 library © the city center 6 Internet café £ a place where you can change money 7 phone card Ng a place where you can make a phone call 8 ATM h a place where you can send and receive e-mails and surf the Net © downtown i. a place where buses arrive and depart d_ Work in pairs. Imagine that you are exchange students living in your city. Prepare several indirect questions that you think an exchango student might ask. Can you tell me if there's a laundromat near here? © Now work with another pair. Ask and answer your questions. 3. Writing skills 4 Speaking skills a Imagine you are an American In groups, discuss these questions. exchange student coming to your 4) Haveyou ever Been an aaihangs city, Write to a friend to ask for atin Ge ad si encaige etait information you want before you living in your house? What about leave. You can refer back to 7 2 somoone else you know? Talk about Brandon’s letter for help, but uso the experience your own ideas! Sign the letter with an American name. 2 Would you like to bo an exchange student? Where would you go? What b_ Exchange letters with a partner. irould you study? Write a reply to your partner's letter. You can refer back to Juan's letter for holp, but remember to answer all the questions. Exchange replies with your partner. Read the letter and tell your partner if you think all your questions were answered cloarly. Is any information missing? Did your partner include any extra information that you didn’t ask for? 3 What do you think are the difficulties of being an exchange student? What about the advantages?USEFUL LANGUAGE think ... isa very important in the ure because it used to ye right now Warm wu a Look at the word language written in six different languages. Can you identify the languages? b Can you match the speaker and the language? ¢ Work in small groups. Talk about these questions. 1. What is your first language? 2. Isita popular language for foreigners to learn? Why? / Why not? 3 Doyo futuro? Why? think this will change in the Why not? Work in pairs. Put these languages in order of importance for people to learn in two columns: “now” and “in the future.” Discuss your reasons and make notes. Mandarin Arabic French English Spanish Hindi In the sat 3 Prepare pairs, write a paragraph summarizing your discussion. 4 Feedback b Girculate your paragraphs. Read as many other paragraphs as you can. For each one you read, note down the most important language a) now and b)in the futuro. Toll the rest of the class what you found. out. Did most people agree or disagroe? What reasons did they giv5 Compare Read this article quickly and answer these questions. 1 How similar is this to your predictions? 2 Why is English losing its dominant position, according to the article? 3. Which languages are likely to overtake English? Why? 4 Is there anything in the article that you didn’t know or that surprises you? if so, what? Will Urdu become the new English? English is losing its dominant position in the league standings of world languages, it was claimed yesterclay. By 2050, it will be 6 Notice — overtaken by Arabic and the closely related Indian languages of Hindi and Urdu, i according to experts. Nine years ago, about 372 million people ‘spoke English as their first language, putting it second only to Chinese, which was spoken by 1.1 billion people. ‘But, in 50 years’ time, the picture will change dramatically. Among 15- to 24-year-olds, the number of English speakers will fall (0 65 million, Chinese will still dominate, with 166 million younger speakers. Writing in the journal Science, researcher David Graddol said the three fastest-growing languages were Bengali, Tamil, and Malay. “The world population rose rapidly during the 20th century, but the major increase took place in less developed countries,” he added. “This trend is transforming the global league standings of languages.” He said that, in the 19th century, people used {to believe that English would become the ‘main world language, but that this belief was “past its sell-by date.” Employers in Asia were already looking beyond English. “In the next decade, the new must-learn language is likely to be Mandarin,” he said, adding that of the 6,000 languages in ‘existence, 90% could disappear in 100 years. “Multilingualism will become commonplace,” he went on. “This trend can be seen in the growth of Spanish in the U.S. and the large ‘number of Europeans who speak English.” - ! { : me lil Sete 7 ' a There are many two-word combinations in English. Match these words from the text by combining a word from column A with a word from column B. A B 1 world a increase 2 dominant ——b population 3 league © countries 4 change dramatically 5 fastest e language 6 rose f position 7 major 8 standings 8 developed —_h_ growing 9 world i rapidly b Are any other combinations possible? ¢ Complete these sentences with an appropriate phrase from Exercise 6a, Use each phrase only once. 1 Tokyo has one of the populations in the world 2 There was a in property prices last year. 3. Spanish is considered to be a 4 Water levels as a result of the heavy rains. 5 After losing three games, the team has lost its at the top of the standings. 6 Reasons for learning languages may in the noxt docade. Record any phrases you want to remember in your notebook. Follow up How much can you remember from the article? Work in pairs and test your partner by asking each other about world languages. Try to use indirect questions. Do you know/remember which language they speak in .../is spoken in ...? Can you tell me three languages which .. ? Do you know where people speak ... ? Languages Units1 Question words as subject \When the subject ofthe sentence is Wino, Wht, or Which, itcomes dracty before the verb and do isnot used: Which countries have English as an official language? 2 Put the following words in order to make ‘questions. 1 to soe /tonight / wants / who /a movie 2 happened to / indigenous languages / so many / what 8 is the most widaly / after Engiish / which /in the U.S. / spoken / language b_ Now underline the subject in each question. 2 Tag questions Use ‘Tag questions are used in two situations: 1 When the speaker is not sure ofthe answer to a ‘question. In this case, the voice rises on the tag question: Your wife's German, isnt She? 2. When the speaker thinks they are sure of the answer to a question but wants confirmation. In this case, the voice falls on the tag question Your wife's German, it she? Form ‘© To form tag questions, repeat the auxiiary verb: ‘She's ving in Boston, isn't she? You can't speak Russian, can you? ‘= To form tag questions with the verb be, use the corsct form of the verb be: He's happy. isn't he? ‘+ Note that the negative tag for the first person singular of be uses are not am: 'm coming with you, aren't |? ‘= To form all other tag questions, use the correct form of the auxiliary do: You left a message, didn’t you? ‘She doesn’t lke him, does she? ‘© When the verb in the staterent is affirmative, make the verb in the tag question negative. When the verb in the statement is negative, the verb in the tag question is affirmative, See the examples above. ‘Complete these sentences with the correct tag question. 1 You're French, 2 2 She isn'ta student, 2 3. They lve near here, 2 4 He didn't come yesterday, 2 5 They should be here at six, 6 You couldn't help me, a ESOURCE 3 Indirect questions Use Use indirect questions ifyou want to sound more polite or in more formal situations, Compare these questions: Where's the nearest bank? Could you tell me were the nearest bank is? Ishehere? Do you know if he is hero? Form “The indirect phrase + a question word or phrase +a statement +? Can you tell me what time the bank opens? For yes/no questions, use if ‘Iwas wondering if you could lend me some money. Could you tell me if this is the bus stop for the airport? ‘Complete these indirect questions in an appropriate way. 1 Do you know, 2 Canyoutolme 3. Do you remember. i 4 1was wondering it B _Vocabulary Summary — 1 Language Use the words below to complete the paragraph. lingua franca. official Ianquage pidgin bilingual standard Engish Okay, most people agree that Engish isthe 4 in the world, but how long wil that last? And when people tak about “English,” just what do they mean? New Zealand, Singaporean, South Aftican, or Caribbean English’? And within these countries, the “English” language is broken down into diferent dialects. In some places, the 2 may be Engish, but outside of government cor the ofce, people are actualy 8 cr tiingual ‘and speak diferent languages every day! Perhaps they speak creole, a mixture of English and other languages, or perhaps 4 2 they do in Haiti and Lousiana ‘So what exactly is English? Perhaps the only form that most people would recognize the world over would be 5 ut who speaks that?! 2 Talk Complete these phrases with as many different types of talk as you can remember. * have conversation /_ * give aspeech/_/__ * make aspecch/___/___ * to gossiomostievastion /mootrverf(@)n/ noun + [U] a feeling of enthusiasm about doing something or a feeling of determination 2 todo something Reading Writing ‘Speaking Listening 1 Thinking about motivation eens In groups, make alist of things that | Naeabulay motivate you nit. naan Dang a cuffrcult ob nell. bb Now make a Ist of things that demote you gplting bad. grades on an exam. © Make a list of reasons why you are studying English and then order then. Number 1 isthe ‘mast important reason. Compare your list with a ppartner, Are your reasons for studying Engish similar? Read these questions and then read the text on motivation. 1. What is meant by “the intermediate plateau"? 2. What are the causes? 3. What are the results? Many researchers and language teachers agree that the single most important factor in language- leaming success is motivation. All students, however highly motivated they are intial, go through fluctuations in their motivation, depending Conall sorts of factors in thelr ves. Many experience a drop in motivation when they reach the intermediate level, and this is often referred to 2 “the intermediate plateau.” The causes of this are probably learning fatigue and an inability to see the same rapid progress they may have seen at lower levels, and the result is often a kind of stuckness" or dificult in moving on from this level. If you feel you are inthis situation yoursaf, it Coan be helpful to think of ways you can improve your motivation. Even if you are nct, there is ‘always room for improvement! Do you personally relate to anything in this text? Iso, what? motivated Looking at your own motivation Chock (g/) where you are at present with ‘motivation and your English Very motivated Motivated Notvery Demotivated motivated 'b In pairs, compare your answers and talk about hy you feel the way you do. | eal down about my speaking. | just can't talk, and when | do, I make a lot of mistakes. | feel very good about my reading at the moment because | can read a lot of cifierent things and I enjoy myself. Now think about your English in general. Put a CrOss on this line to indicate how motivated you are about your Engjish at the moment, ae very mothatad not very demotivated motivated 3 Increasing your motivation 1a Think about your answers in Exercises 2a and 2b. Make a list of five specific things you could do to increase your motivation in English. 'b Show your lst to a partner and talk about them. © Now read the suggestions on page 138, Could any of them help you? 4 Making an action plan 1a Takis not the same as action. Setting clear goals. that are relevant to your needs and interests is a ‘great way to improve motivation. One way to do this is to write an action plan. Look at this example. Challenge Action When ana plan how long Simndt Rent a fun Once a confident English video eek. about my cand watch Do sume theng for far weeks. 'b Use this format and write one action point now. Then make sure you do it! Check date when done 202 A oa o2ligX o2le3Review 1: Units 1-3 a Match the words with the pictures. ampiny b swinging seek ope ide-and e telling dressing up b Choose the correct verb form in each sentence. 1 Live / am living with my aunt while I'm studying in wveland, 2 “Where's Joseph?” “He's working / He works this morning. 3. “What are you doing / do you do?” “I'm a student.’ 4 Inever get fat because I exercise / am exercising a lot, 5 Most people are staying / stay in the office at lunchtime because there are no cafés near here. Match the collocations. 1 aclose a coffee 2 toexchange b hands 3. toshake © aspeech 4 togive di friend 5 strong fe. gifts Match the question and the tag. 1 You like fish didn't they? 2. They arrived on Sunday b aren't they? 3. She wouldn't enjoy this, © isn'the? 4 Your brother's an architect d_ would she? 5 They are living by the coast now, e don't you! ‘Write questions for these answers. 1 wi My uncle's house is the nich ’ 2 Inwhic 2 Most of the population lives in the coastal area of he country 3 What 2 The official language is French. 4 What Most people in Venezuela speak Spanish, Complete the sentences with both or neither. 1 My sister and I love music, but of us likes to dance 2 We prefer reggae to rock 3 Do you and your husband work in the same company 4 tired. of us wants to go out tonight. We're too Complete the text by choosing the correct verb forms. 11 used to be / was being very ambitious when I was younger, but now Iam very relaxed about my position in the company. I remember that I 2 worked / was working there when we got the contract with Gramco. It3 used to be / was very hard work, but we managed to do it by working together. It was a fantastic experience. On the last night, wo 4 had / were having a big party. It was a great party, and my boss gave an amazing speech, He 5 was thanking / thanked everyone by name, including me, and I was very junior at that time. 16 was standing / stood next toa women I wanted to go out with when the boss mber hoping that she called my name, and Ireh. Find the word pairs in the diagram. tongue confident prepare aight special foods yourself i Write indirect questions for the following answers. 1 Could, you tell me what your name is? ‘My name is Joachim. 2 Cortainly, I live in Miami, It depends, Sometimes I play soccer, somotimes I go to the beach. Yos, this is the correct bus for downtown. ‘Sure, It's three o'clock, j Complete the mind maps. Kk Complete the sentences with prepositions. 1 Match the sentence halves. 1 Lucy waved goodbye her mom 1 Juliette hurt herself a when she came into the platform. the room, 2 Anthony introduced himself ___ the other ia nee w igresanioee stud used to very much, 3 Ide the weather. ana : 3. Mysisterand © when sho was playing 4 We usually got togother dinner once a week, teed ic 5 ['mnot sure the answer to this question, 4 Iwas reading my book —d_ when she goes to bed. 5 Kerry hugs her mom @ sit in the sun, but these days they are more carefulUnit 4 Bateleis Quit smoking! 2 Listening skills a Work in pairs. Which of these methods of giving up smoking do you think are/are not effective? Why? / Why not? nicotine patches self-help books taking up exercise ccutting down gradually hypnotherapy _ nicotine gum changing your routine b- Have you or has anyone you know tried any of these methods? How successful were you/they? {Bc Liston to this conversation btw e ds. Which three methods 1 Vocabulary: multiword 3 Grammar: first conditional verbs a When we talk about the future, we can never be 100 percent sure @ Match the multiword verbs with a something will happen, but we still dofinition. All these multiword verbs sad litigleee: make predictions. Look at these apne in ie sentences from the audioscript 1 give up a take care of Match them with the summaries of 2 cutdown ——b think abouta how certain Julie is about her advice, future event swith ploseare 1 Ifyou cut down gradually at first, it might be easier. Si loaleafien eat 2 Ifyou use patches, you won't 4 build up € increase need to smoke so much, 5 look forward to @ reduce 3. Ifyou change your routine, those 6 take up £ change or “cigarette moments” may transform disappear. 7 tuminto —g start 4 Ifyou tur all your unhealthy i ceomer h leave habits into healthy ones, you won't want a cigarette anyway. b_ In groups, look at the picture above Ifyou do this, the result is definite and discuss these questions. He yonido die theresa 1 When people first start to possible but not definite smoke in your country, how b> Which word order below is correct old are they? Id are they for the first conditional? 1 f+ will, + will 2 If present, + may/might or will 3. If+ modal verb, + will 2 What makes young people smok 3. Is smoking in young people increasing or decreasing? What explains that? Unita.© Choose the correct word or phrase in italics in each sentence. 1. Ifyou will do / do some exercise, you'll feol better. 2. Ifyou may stop / stop smoking, it will make you healthier. 3 It makes / might make you stop if you think about how much money you spend on cigarettes. 4 You might stop / won't stop if you don’t throw away your cigarettes. d_ In pairs, write three or four more conditional sentences giving advice about health and habits. e Share your ideas with another pair. Did you have similar ideas? 4 Pronunciation: intonation in conditionals @ a The first conditional has two clauses. Notice that there's a slight pause between the clauses. Listen and repeat this sentence. Ifyou stop smoking, you'll fee! better. In pairs, say the sentences in Exercise 3c. Mark the stressed words in each clause. ® ec Listen and chock your answers. Say the sentences again. 5 Reading skills a Read this article on quitting smoking, How is the advice similar to the advice in the conversation in Exercise 2c? | : IFsomeone in your family still smokes after hearing all the anti-smoking J LIS ‘messages, nagging them to give up won't work. Smoking is inked to behavioral patterns, so if you want to help someone quit, try to persuade } them to change their routine during that first crucial cigarette-free week. “You need to break the pattern by doing things as differently as you can,” ©) 2 explains life coach and anti-smoking expert Suzy Greaves. “So if you normally get home from work and take a bath, take a shower; and if you start your day with coffee and a cigarette, go for a jog instead.” Having, people there to offer support also plays a valuable part in the quitting process. “Smoking is a way of avoiding dealing with feelings, so when you stop, you may feel more vulnerable — friends and family who are willing to listen can really help you cope. b_ Road the article again and underlino oxamples of the first conditional. Notice the variations in the main clauses. Which verb form is used apart from will/won’t? ¢ Work in pairs, What do you think of this advice? Tell your partner. I think it’s a good idea because ... Well, it sounds like a silly idea to me, because 6 Speaking skills a Work in pairs. Your teacher will tell you if you are an “A” pair or a “B” pair. Read the problem and make a list of possible solutions and the reasons for them. Pair A: Look at page 194. Pair B: Look at page 136. If you eat less fast food, you'll probably lose some weight. b Now work in new pairs, A and B. Take turns giving your advice and the reasons for it. You can ask questions or argue with your partner's advice. Decide which of the advice you will follow and tell your partner. I'm definitely going to eat less fast food, and I'm going to join a gym so I can exercise with other people. Habits Unit 2 | Idon't like sports, so I'm not going to play a sport.Pa Eat less! 1 Speaking skills Work in pairs. Discuss theso questions 1 Why do some people eat too much? Check (/) the statements which are probably true. What in the text suggests this? 1 This pill is similar to other diet pills. 2, The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta conducts research into dangerous illnesses. cossful 3 Some people are never suc with diets or exercise, 4 There would be a fairly small market for rimonabant, the pill can help people quit smoking without gaining weight. 6 The Food and Drug Administration GLossary alsa 2 In what ways can this be bed for roquires extensive testing before Fae aie iecliaiwot their health? approving any new drugs. wanting something 3. What difforent ways can you think of In small groups, discuss those hailed for reducing the amount you eat? questions. eee — 4. What do you think about the idea eng 2 Reading skills cemieeite Se achlevereat Look at the pictures and the 2. Do you think it would be popular ae headline, What do you think the in your country? Why? / Why not? Tikelibood or prot article is about? Talk about it in pairs 3. What do you think about the idea 20 b_ Read the article quickly to check your prodictions New pill reduces food cravings Apill a day may keep fat away! That's the exciting news from researchers who say they've discovered a drug that suppresses food cravings. But this is no ordinary diet pill and it does not ‘endanger users’ lives - quite the ‘opposite, in fact, Called “rimonabant,” it's being hailed as a potential lifesaver that could reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease, both side effects of obesity, which is becoming the nation’s leading killer. According to the Center for Disease Control in Atianta, it accounts for more than 400,000 deaths a year. In one study, Dr. Jean-Pierre Despres, of the Quebec Heart Institute at Laval Hospital Center in Quebec, Canada, tested 1,036 obese patients 20 with a dose of 20 miligrams of rimonabant a day for one year. “We saw this spectacular drop in waistlines and changes in many other factors beyond what you'd normally expect,” says Desores. 35 Unit 4 Habits “This is a breakthrough study,” Dr. Richard Stein, a New York based ‘cardiologist and spokesman for the American Heart Association, says. For some people, diet and exercise 50 don’t work. If they can take a pill that's safe over the long term, it could save their lives.” Coincidentally, rimonabant was studied in a sister trial of 787 smokers 55 of taking pills rather than doing something turally”? by researchers at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Not Cony did it double the odds of smokers quitting within four weeks, 84% of the quitters did not gain weight, as so commonly occurs. “Overeating and smoking stimulate the endocannibinoid system, and a receptor signals you to eat and smoke more,” says Stein. “By finding a pill hat blocks the receptor,” he says, “we may have a very valuable tool in fighting obesity.” Rimonabant is produced in France by the laboratory Sanofi-Synthelabo, and it might take two years to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration. But it may well be worth the wait.