Java Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values.

In Java, there are different types of variables, for example:

•String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes

•int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123

•float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99

•char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes

•boolean - stores values with two states: true or false

 Declaring (Creating) Variables

To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value:

Where type is one of Java's types (such as int or String), and variableName is the name of the variable (such as x or
name).

public class Main { Output

public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = "John"; John
System.out.println(name);
}
}
To create a variable that should store a number, look at the following example:

Create a variable called myNum of type int and assign it the value 15:

public class Main { Output

public static void main(String[] args) { 15
int myNum = 15;
System.out.println(myNum);
}
}

Change the value of myNum from 15 to 20:

Output
public class Main { 20
public static void main(String[] args) {
int myNum = 15;
myNum = 20; // myNum is now 20
System.out.println(myNum);
}
}
 Display Variables

The println() method is often used to display variables.

To combine both text and a variable, use the + character:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = "John"; Hello John
System.out.println("Hello " + name);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) { John Doe
String firstName = "John ";
String lastName = "Doe";
String fullName = firstName + lastName;
System.out.println(fullName);
}
}
 For numeric values, the + character works as a mathematical operator

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5; 11
int y = 6;
System.out.println(x + y); // Print the value of x + y
}
}

Declare Many Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, you can use a comma-separated list:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50; 61
System.out.println(x + y + z);
}
}
 Java Data Types

Java Data Types

A variable in Java must be a specified data type:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int myNum = 5; // integer (whole number) 5
float myFloatNum = 5.99f; // floating point number 5.99
char myLetter = 'D'; // character D
boolean myBool = true; // boolean true
String myText = "Hello"; // String Hello
System.out.println(myNum);
System.out.println(myFloatNum);
System.out.println(myLetter);
System.out.println(myBool);
System.out.println(myText);
}
}
Data types are divided into two groups:

Primitive data types - includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean and char
Non-primitive data types - such as String, Arrays and Classes

Primitive Data Types

A primitive data type specifies the size and type of variable values, and it has no additional methods.

There are eight primitive data types in Java:

 Numbers
Primitive number types are divided into two groups:

Integer types stores whole numbers, positive or negative (such as 123 or -456), without decimals. Valid types are
byte, short, int and long. Which type you should use, depends on the numeric value.

Floating point types represents numbers with a fractional part, containing one or more decimals. There are two
types: float and double.

Int
The int data type can store whole numbers from -2147483648 to 2147483647. In general, and in our tutorial, the int
data type is the preferred data type when we create variables with a numeric value.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int myNum = 100000; 100000
System.out.println(myNum);
}
}
 Floating Point Types
You should use a floating point type whenever you need a number with a decimal, such as 9.99 or 3.14515.

The float and double data types can store fractional numbers. Note that you should end the value with an "f"
for floats and "d" for doubles:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
float myNum = 5.75f; 5.75
System.out.println(myNum);
}
}
Scientific Numbers
A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to indicate the power of 10:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) { 35000.0
float f1 = 35e3f; 120000.0
double d1 = 12E4d;
System.out.println(f1);
System.out.println(d1);
}
}
Boolean Types
Very often in programming, you will need a data type that can only have one of two values, like:

YES / NO
ON / OFF
TRUE / FALSE

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean isJavaFun = true; true
boolean isJavaTough = false; false
System.out.println(isJavaFun);
System.out.println(isJavaTough);
}
}
Java Characters

Characters

The char data type is used to store a single character. The character must be surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c':
 public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
B
char myGrade = 'B';
System.out.println(myGrade);
}
}
Alternatively, if you are familiar with ASCII values, you can use those to display certain characters:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) { A
char myVar1 = 65, myVar2 = 66, myVar3 = 67; B
System.out.println(myVar1); C
System.out.println(myVar2);
System.out.println(myVar3);
}
}
Strings
The String data type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). String values must be surrounded by double quotes:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String greeting = "Hello World";
System.out.println(greeting); Hello World
}
}
Java Operators

Java Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 100 + 50; 150
System.out.println(x);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum1 = 100 + 50; 150
int sum2 = sum1 + 250; 400
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2; 800
System.out.println(sum1);
System.out.println(sum2);
System.out.println(sum3);
}
}
Java divides the operators into the following
groups:
•Arithmetic operators
•Assignment operators
•Comparison operators
•Logical operators
•Bitwise operators
Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x:
The addition assignment operator (+=) adds a value to a variable:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
15
int x = 10;
x += 5;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
Java Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it
helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either true or false. These values are known as Boolean values.

In the following example, we use the greater than operator (>) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = 3;
System.out.println(x > y); // returns true, because 5 is higher true
than 3
}
}
Java Logical Operators
You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values: