Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz, RMT, MSc., SM-PAM.

Coordinator- Research and Facilities

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 1

 Taxonomy
• Realized phylogeny ( evolutionary history of organism)

• 3 distinct disciplines
a. Classification- Organization of microorganism that share
similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into
specific groups or taxa.

b. Nomenclature - naming of organism according to

established rules and guidelines for universal recognition ,
with a binomial system ( genus and species)

c. Identification-process by which a microorganism’s key

features are delineated, which can be compared with other
characterized microorganisms Supplemental readings: Chapter 1 p 1-4 -BAILEY &
SCOTT’S DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY. 12 Ed.
Forbes,BA, Sahm, DF, Weissfeld, AS.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 2

 Taxonomy

Classification/taxonomy Nomenclature Identification

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 3

 The Classification of Organisms

• Classification - multilevel grouping of individuals

– organisms first classified by Aristotle over 2,000 years
ago

– Classification scheme of the Middle Ages (polynomial

system) was replaced with a binomial system by Linnaeus
about 250 years ago.
– polynomial - strings of Latin words and phrases
containing up to 12 words
– binomial - two-part name for each species

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 4

Classification by Phenotypic and
Genotypic Characteristics
• Subdivision of subspecies based on :
❑phenotypic differences (abbreviated “subsp.”)
• Serovarieties based on:
❑ serologic differences (abbreviated “serovar.”)
• Biovarieties, based on :
❑Biochemical test result differences (abbreviated
“biovar”)

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 5

 Nomenclature

The family name is capitalized and has an –aceae

ending. e.g., Micrococcaceae

The genus is capitalized and followed by the

species epithet, which begins with a small letter; both
genus and species should be italicized in print but
underlined when written in script. e.g., Staphylococcus aureus
or Staphylococcus aureus

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 6

 Schemes of Classification

• Basis of cell organization, cells are classify

into:
• Five Kingdom

• Three Kingdom

• Two Kingdom ( Domain)

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 7

 The Kingdoms of Life

• Most biologists use a six-kingdom system.

• Animalia
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Protista
• Archaebacteria
• Bacteria
• Domains - taxonomic level above kingdoms

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 8

 Classification of Organisms
• Clasification of Organisms:
• 1. Whittaker's Classification(1969) was devised by Robert H. Whittaker based on
the nutritional pattern of microorganism:
• Kingdom Mode of Procuring Food/ Nourishment
• 1. Animalia- Ingestive
• 2. Mycetae- Absorptive
• 3. Plantae- Photosynthetic
• 4. Protista- unicellular,plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like organism
• 5. Monera- bacteria and cyanobacteria

• 2.Marguelles.et.al (1978) came up with the modified classification scheme based on the
type of cells:
• Superkingdom: Eucaryotae which include:
• Kingdom: 1. Plantae
• 2. Mycetae
• 3. Animalia
• 4. Protista
• Superkingdom: Procaryotae which includes:
• Kingdom: 1. Monera

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 9

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 10
 Understanding the Concept:
1. List down different 3 species of plants, animals,
fungi, algae, protozoa and bacteria.

2. Classify them into 2 Kingdom Classification

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 11

 Groups of Microorganisms :
• 1.Algae - simple organisms, unicellular, others are aggregation of
similar cell with little or no differentiation in complex
structure or function.
• 2.Viruses - very small non-cellular parasite or pathogens of plants,
animals and bacteria, even protist.
• - visualized only with the used of electron microscope. can be
cultivated only in living cells.
• 3.Bacteria - minute, unicellular procaryotic orgnanism, multiply by
binary fission, plant-like, microscopic organism which lacks
chlorophyll.
• 4.Protozoa - unicellular eukaryoitc organism, differentiated on the
basis of morphology, physiology and nutrition.
• 5.Fungi - eukaryoticf lower plants devoid of chlorophyll, usually
multicellular but not differentiated into roots. stems, and
leaves, unicellular single-celled (yeast), composed of
mycelium (filaments and masses of cells which make up the
body, reproduce asexually and or sexually.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 12

 Taxomomy- Classification

Supplemental readings: Chapter 1 p 1-4 -BAILEY & SCOTT’S DIAGNOSTIC

MICROBIOLOGY. 12 Ed. Forbes,BA, Sahm, DF, Weissfeld, AS.

Six kingdom Classification

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 13

 Whittaker Five Kingdom

Higher form of Organism

Unicellular organism, eukaryote

Unicellular, prokaryote
Supplemental readings: Chapter 1 p 1-4 -BAILEY & SCOTT’S
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY. 12 Ed. Forbes,BA, Sahm, DF,
Weissfeld, AS.
Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University
 The Taxonomic Hierarchy : Define

• Species
• Genus
• Family
• Order
• Class
• Phylum
• Kingdom
• Domain

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 15

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 16
 Species Name
• By convention:
– first word of binomial name is genus and is always
capitalized
– second word refers to specific epithet and is not
capitalized
• together form scientific name, written in italics
– a complete scientific name may includes the
author’s name.
Ex. Ascaris lumbricoides

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 17

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 18
Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 19
Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 20
 Scope of Clinical
Parasitology

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 21

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Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 22
Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 23
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Difference Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell Membrane
Chromosome Absent Possess a “true nucleus”
it unifies, controls, and
integrates the functions of
the entire cell ; command
center of the cell

Cytoplasm A semifluid cytoplasm of Consists of semifluid,

prokaryotic cells consist gelatinous, nutrient
of water, enzymes matrix. Within the
dissolved oxygen, waste cytoplasm are found
products, essential insoluble storage
nutrients, proteins, granules and variety of
carbohydrates, and lipids. cytoplasmic organelles.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 24

 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Features Plant type Animal Type Prokaryotic Cell
Biological All plants, fungi, and All animals and
All bacteria
distribution algae protozoa
Nuclear
Present Present Absent
membrane
Membranous
Generally absent except
structures and Present Present
mesosomes and
other than cell
photosynthetic membrane
membrane
Present Present
Microtubules Absent

Cytoplasmic
80S 80S 70S
Ribosomes

When present, Flagella, when present, have

When present, have a
Flagella or cillia have a complex simple twisted protein
complex structure
structure structure; no cilia

When present of simple Of complex chemical

Cell Wall chemical constitution, Absent constitution, containing
usually cellulose peptidoglycan

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 25

 Comparison of Human and Bacterial Classification
Human Being Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus

Kingdom (Domain) Animalia (Eucarya) Procaryotae (Bacteria) Procaryotae (Bacteria)

Phylum Chordata Proteobacteria Firmicutes

Class Mammalia Gammaproteobacteria Bacilli

Order Primates Enterobacteriales Bacillales

Family Homonidae Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcaceae

Genus Homo Escherichia Staphylococcus

Species (a species has two name; Homo sapiens Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus
the first name is the genus, and the
second name is the specific epithet)

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 26

 Understanding the Concept:
Differentiate the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
(Provide information/s on each category below.)

Categories Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Group/s
Genetic System
Location
Chromosome
Nucleolus
Sexuality
Streaming
Pinocytosis
Mesosome
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Golgi Apparatus
E.reticulum
Locomotor
Cell wall
Pseudopodia
DNA base ratio
mole % of G+C%)

Supplemental readings: Chapter 2 p 21-

25. BAILEY & SCOTT’S DIAGNOSTIC
MICROBIOLOGY. 12 Ed. Forbes,BA, Sahm,
DF, Weissfeld,

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 27

 Recap of Structural differences between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells are divided into plant and animal types.
• Animal cells do not have cell wall, whereas plant cells have
simple cell wall, usually containing cellulose.
• Cellulose, a type of polysaccharides, is a rigid polymer of
glucose.
• Prokaryotic cells have complex cell walls consisting of
proteins, lipids, and polysaccharide.
• Eukaryotic cells contain membranous structures and many
membrane bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic cells possess no membrane other than the cell
membrane that encloses the cytoplasm.
• Eukaryotic ribosome are larger and more dense than those
found in prokaryotes

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 28

 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic bacteria

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 29

 Classification and Identification Criteria

2 general criteria

• Phenotypic - readily observable characteristics

( visually present)

• Genotypic - genetic makeup of the organisms

(genes and nucleic acid manipulation)

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 30

 Microbial Classification and Identification Criteria

• Phenotypic Criteria
1. Macroscopic morphology / Cultural/Colonial) Characteristics
2. Microscopic morphology
3. Staining Characteristics
4. Environmental & Nutritional Requirement
5. Resistance profile/ Antimicrobial Testing
6. Antigenic profile/ Serological Testing
7. Subcellular or Biochemical properties/test
• Genotypic Criteria
1. DNA base composition
2. Nucleic Acid ( DNA and RNA) base sequence
Supplemental readings: Chapter 5 p
73-76. BAILEY & SCOTT’S
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY. 12
Ed. Forbes,BA, Sahm, DF,
Weissfeld,

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 31

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 32
HOST

• Provides survivability to the parasite and is much relatively larger

than the parasite.

• Organism, which harbors the parasite and provides nourishment

and shelter to the latter.

• An animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal

organism lives.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 33

HOST

• The primary function of the host isto carry on the parasite’s life
cycle.

• Parasites have an amazing capability to adapt to their host

surroundings.

• In addition to a number of morphologic adaptations, parasites are

capable of protecting themselves from the host’s immune
system.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 34

TYPES OF HOST

• Definitive host

• Intermediate host

• Accidental or incidental host

• Reservoir host

• Transport host

• Carrier

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 35

DEFINITIVE HOST

• The definitive host is also known as the primary host.

• Host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite

development occurs.

• The definitive host is the one in which a parasite

reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction.

• It is mostly a vertebrate.

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 36

DEFINITIVE HOST

Ascaris lumbricoides
• Giant intestinal roundworm / Eel worm / Roundworm of man
• Most common parasite worldwide
• Definitive host: Man
• Infection begins following the ingestion of emryonated ova
• Goes heart to lung migration

Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides

Adult of Ascaris lumbricoides

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 37

DEFINITIVE HOST

Angiostrongylus cantonensis
• Rat lung worm
• Definitive host: Rat
• Human as terminal host
• Man acquired through ingestion of contaminated snail containing larva
• Adult worm resembles barber pole appearance
• Eggs resemble hookworms

Ova of Angiostrongylus cantonensis Adult of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 38

DEFINITIVE HOST

Gnathostoma spinigerum
• Has prominent cephalic bulb and body spines
• Primarily by eating undercooked freshwater fish, eels, frogs, birds and
reptiles larva
• Definitive host: Dog and Cat
• Associated with migratory swellings in the skin or Indurated nodules

Ova of Gnathostoma spinigerum Adult of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 39

DEFINITIVE HOST

Dirofilaria immitis
• Dog heart worm
• Definitive host: Dog
• Partial nocturnal, unsheathed and arthropod borne infection
• In human (accidental terminal host) heart, dead worm becomes embolus
producing pulmonary infarct (coin lesions on x-ray)

Ova of Dirofilaria immitis Adult of Dirofilaria immitis

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 40

DEFINITIVE HOST

Taenia serialis
• Also known as Multiceps multiceps / Taenia multiceps
• Definitive host is dog, wolf and fox
• Human acts as accidental intermediate host
• Coenurus usually found in CNS
• Also calledas bladder worms
• “Staggers” in sheep

Ova of Taenia serialis Adult of Taenia serialis

Assoc. Prof. Rogelio S. Cruz Centro Escolar University 41