TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Trigonometry: The word trigonometry is derived from two Greek words, trigonon (triangle) and metron (to measure). Therefore, literal meaning of Trigonometry is “to measure a triangle”. But now a days it is defined as that branch of mathematics which deals with angles, whether of a triangle or any other figure. An Angle: In trigonometry an angle is defined as the amount of rotation made by a straight line from one position to another position about a point. If the initial side OX moves in anticlockwise direction to the terminal side OP from the vertex O, then Initial sidethe angle XOP as shown is called a positive angle. But if, on the other hand, the initial side OX moves in the clockwise direction as shown in figure, then XOP, traced out in this manner, is called a negative angle. Measurement of Angles: In general, the angles are measured in degrees or radians which are defined as follows: Degrees: A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and each part is called a degree. Thus a right angle is equal to 90 degrees. One degree is denoted by 1°. A degree is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a minute and is denoted by 1' : A minute is divided into sixty equal parts and each part is called a second and is denoted by 1". Thus we have, lright angle = 90° (read as 90 degrees) 1° = 60’ (read as 60 minutes) 1’ = 60" (read as 60 seconds) Radians: A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. Cc LAX NeeIn this figure OA = OC =are AC =r= radius of the circle, then measurement of Z AOC is one radian and is denoted by 1°. Thus ZAOC = 1° A Constant Number 7m: The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is always equal to a constant and this constant is denoted by the Greek letter x. Thus x= Circumference/diameter. «. If r is the radius of a circle, then its circumference = 2nr. The constant x is an irrational number and its 22 approximate value is taken as 7 4 Relation between an Arc and an Angle: If sis the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then the angle 0 (in radians) subtended by this arc at the centre of the circle is given by 0=s/rors=r0 i.e, arc = radius x angle in radians. Thus, from the above figure. are ACB Z AOB= (in radians) = = =nradians Hence, we have, x radians = 180° = 2 right angles.; 180 180 | or 1 radian = a degrees = 2 x 7 degrees = 57°17'44.8" (Appr.) Sectorial Area: Let OAB be a sector having central angle 6° and radius r. Then area of the 1 sector OAB is given by 2 r°0. B oA A Quadrants: Let XOX’ and YOY’ be two mutually perpendicular lines in any plane. These lines divide the plane into four parts and each one of them is called quadrant.(i) The region XOY is called First Quadrant. (ti) The region YOX’ is called the Second Quadrant. (iii) The region X’OY’ is called Third Quadrant. (iv) The region Y'OX is called the Fourth Quadrant. Radians measure of Some Common angles: Angle in Relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle: The three systems of the measurement of an angle are related by formula m radian = 180° = 200°. Theorem: Circumference of a cirlce bears a constant ratio to its diameter. Circumference Le, — rw” CO = 22/7 ney Diameter " ‘ 355 1 = Fig Beet (In more accurately) = 3.1416 nearlv.Theorem: The angle, in radians, subtended by arc an arc of the circle at the centre = radius Le, 8 = angle subtended at the centre. Length of arc Radius of the circle AC AB Trigonometric Ratios or functions: Let the revolving line OP start from its initial position OX and trace out an angle XOP = 6 in any one of the four quadrants. From P draw PM perpendicular to X’OX. M —Base— oO Now in the right angled triangle POM, if 0 is the angle of reference, then MP, the side opposite to 0is called perpendicular, OP the side opposite to right angle is called the hypotenuse and OM, the third side is called base. Perpendicular MP @ sin = Hypotenuse ~ OP (ii) 8 Base OM it cos 8 = —————— = ——_ Hypotenuse OP ae _ Perpendicular | MP (iti) tan 6 = Base = OM (iv) Ke Base OM iv, = ————_ = —_ ne 2 Perpendicular MP Hypotenuse OP (v) sec 0 = oe Base ~ OM . Hypotenuse OP (vi) cosec 8 = Perpendicular ~ MP Remember (a) The student should not commit mistake by regarding sin 0 as sinx 0. sin®@ is correctly read as the sine of the angle 0.(b) The student should note that (sin 0)" is written as sin" 0 ifn #—-1. For Example, (sin 6)? (sin 6)" sin? 0 sin’ 0 but (sin 6)! ¥ sin 6; Also, sin! 6+ — sin 9 Relationship between trigonometric functions: (i) Reciprocal Relation: The following relations are obvious from the definition of t-ratios. . 1 (a) sin 0= GoseeD and cosec 0= sin (b) cos = wee6 and sec 0 = mae (c) tanO= cot) and cot 0= tan (d) sin 0 x cosec 0 = 1 (e) cos 0X secO=1 (f) tan 0 xX cot 0@= 1 (ii) Quotient Relation _ sind (a) tan 0= eaBDcos0 sin (b) cot 8= (iii) Square Relations (a) sin? ® + cos? 0=1 (b) sec? 8 —tan? 0=1 (c) cosec? 0— cot? 0=1 Trigonometric Identities: Trigonometric Identities is a statement of equality between the expressions and is true for all values of the variable involved. In order to prove them, we give below some of the methods to be used: Method I: Simplify L.H.S. or R.H.S. which ever is complicated and prove it to be equal to the other side. Illustrations: Prove that sin‘ 0 + cos* @ = 1—2 sin* 0 cos” 6 Soln: L.H.S. = sin‘6 + cos‘ (sin®0)? + (cos*@)” = (sin?0 + cos?0)? — 2 sin 0 cos? 0 [-2 a? + b? =(a+t by? — 2ab] = (1)*- 2 sin? 6 cos* 0 = 1-2 sin*0cos* 0 = R.HLS.Method ITI: Change all the trigonometrical ratios in terms of the sines and cosines of the angles. Illustration: Prove that (tan a + cot a)? = sec? a cosec? a Soln: L.H.S. = (tan a + cot a)* : 2 sina cosa + = cosa sina 3 [oe | cos &. Sin & 2 (casa) cosasina 1 cos” a * sin? a = sec’ a@ . cosec? a = RHS. Method IIT: Simplify L.H.S. and R.H.S. both, if both are complicated and then prove L.H.S. = R.H.S. Illustration: Prove that sin’ A tan A + cos* A cot A + 2 sin Acos A =tanA+cotASoln: L.H.S. = sin*A tanA + cos*A cot A +2 sin Acos A in? A sinA + cost cosA = sin* cos*, = cosA sinA +2sinAcosA sin’ A ‘ cos’ A cosA sinA sin’ A +cos'A + 2sin?A cos*A cosA sinA +2 sinA cos A (sin? At cos’A), - cos A sinA [: (a + b)? = a? + b? + 2ab] 1 cosA sinA sinA + cos A. cosA_ sinA sin? A+cos’A cosA sinA 1 ~cosA sin A Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S. proved. Now R.H.S. = tan A+cot A =Method IV: From the identity to be proved, obtain another identity which is obviously true by cross- multiplication or by transpositioning. Illustration: Prove that 1 1.1 1 secA+tanA cosA cosA secA-tanA 1 1 Solns secA+tanA cosA -—.__! ~ cosA secA=tanA If transposing z + z = A + L secA+tanA secA-tanA cosA_ cosA 5 secA-tanA+secA+tanA _ 2 (secA + tanA\(secA-tanA) cosA 2sec A __2 sec’A-tan?7A cosA2secA 2 1 ~ cosA > 2 cosA ~ cosA Sign of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants: (i) In first quadrant all the t-ratios are positive (ii) In second quadrant sin @ and cosec @ are +ve and other t-ratios are —ve. (iii) In third quadrant, tan 0 and cot 6 are +ve and other t-ratios are —-ve. which is true. y (iv) In fourth quadrant, cos 0 and sec 0 are +ve and other t-ratios are —ve.Limits to the values of t-ratios: (i) sin 6 and cos 6 can not be numerically greater than 1. (ii) sec 8 and cosec @ can not be numerically less than 1. (iii) tan 8 and cot 6 can have any numerical values. Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles Allied angle: Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is a multiple of 90°. The angle —0, 90° + 0, 180° + 0, ete. are angles allied to the angle 0.908 9928 | Q 90800 | 9 20800— J 2a800- | 9 v0800 9908 9 709 q7— | gue gue} @ 300 our | gue | 9 700- owe} 0 $09 outs 0 09 9 500 gurs— | gsoo- | 9 soo guts 0+ 098 0+ 0081 0 -08T 0 +006 06 oe one.The above results may be obtained by the following rules: Rule 1: The trigonometrical ratio of 90° + 6, 270° + @ is changed i.e., sin + cos, cos —> sin, tan — cot. The positive or negative sign depends on quadrant. For example, to get a value of sin (270° + 6),sin is changed to cos, and since angle 270° + 0 is in the 4th quadrant in which sign of sin is —ve. ~. sin (270° + ®) =— cos 0. Rule 2: The trigonometrical ratio of 180° + 0, 360° + 6 is not changed and the +ve or —ve sign depend on the quadrant rule. For example, to get the value of cos (180° — 8), cos is not changed, and since angle 180° — 6 is in the second quadrant in which the sign of cos is —ve. -. cos (180° — 6) =—cos 0. 1 Hence, in general consider the angles ger +0 and Zun-O,ne I, then (i) assuming that 0 < 0 < 90°, the result has the plus or the minus sign according as the given function is positive or negative in that quadrant.(ii) If n is even, the result contains the same trigonometric function as the given expression, but if 2 is odd, the result contains the corresponding co-function, i.e., sine becomes cosine, tangent becomes cotan- gent, secant becomes cosecant and vice-versa. For example, consider cos (450° — 0). We have 450° = 5 x 90°, so 450° — 0 is a first quadrant angle, and n is odd, so cos (450° — 0) = sin 0 Also, this can be found as cos (450° — 8) = cos (360° + 90° — 8) = cos (90° — =sin@ Some interesting results about allied angles: (1) cos nz = (-1)", sin nx =0 (2) cos (nz + 8) = (-1)" cos 8 sin (nz + 6) = (—1)" sin 8 nn ye (3) cos (+0) - (-1 2 sin 0 ifn is odd =e Ne cos 0 if nis even. n=l (-1) 2 cos 0 ifn is odd (4) sin [22 +0] nl 2 =(-1)"" sin 0 if nis even.Periodicity and Graphical representation of trigonometric functions: If a function [(x) = f( + a), where a is the least positive constant, then /(x) is called the periodic function of x and a is called its period. Theorem: sin 8, cos 0, sec 0, cosec 0 are periodic functions with period 2x whereas tan 0 and cot 0 are periodic functions with period x. ie, sin (0+ 2x) =sin 0 cos (0 + 2x) =cos 0 sec (0 + 2x) =sec 0 cosec (6 + 21) = cosec 0i.e., sin®, cos0, sec0, cosecO remains unchanged, when 6 is increased by the least positive constant Qn. Hence, sin@, cos@, sec8, cosec# are periodic function with period 2r... Again tan (6+ 2) =tan 0; cot (0+ x) =cot 6 i.e., tan6, cot8 remain unchanged when @ is changed to 6 + x, where rz is the least positive constant and is called period. Graph of sin x. Table of Values: Table of Values Graph of cos x Table of Values Graph of tan xsous ore Peo ost | ee | oo- ost | = ee Poe = P| Table of Values +1 +5 Graph of cot x HSMeet at Meet at Meet at « : Table of Values Graph of sec x fooe [1 fost Eosr [art] os | _ar1_ POjat 20 O° Meet jat oo Meet 15 fat oc Meet ‘at c0 ee ra ae | ore |e | |o+ 0st | 2 | Loo-oost | + | L006 | ot Para pe } x | x 00800 = « Graph of cosec x: Table of values¥ Meet at Meet! at | 1 1 | 15) \ 7 | ‘ 5 ' 2 1 0° =270° 330° t x + +—+t 60° 120° ’ 240° 300° 360° x -5 -1 is fooN ~2 Meet at Meet at y" Trigonometrical Ratio of Compound Angle: Compound Angle: An angle made up by the sum or difference of two or more angles is called compound angle. I. Addition and Subtraction Formulae (i) sin (A+ B) =sin A cos B+ cos Asin B (ii) sin (A= B) = sin Acos B—cos Asin B (iti) cos (A + B) = cos Acos B—sin Asin B (iv) cos (A—B) =cos Acos B+ sin A sin B tan A + tanB () tan A+B)= 1-tan A tan Btan A-—tan B (oi) tan (8—B)= Ty tan A tan B . cot A cot B-1 (vit) cot (A + B) = cot A + cot B ves _ cot A cot B+1 (viii) cot (A —B) = cokBaeal A (ix) sin (A + B) sin (A— B) = sin? A — sin? B =cos* B— cos? A (x) cos (A + B) cos (A— B) = cos? A — sin? B =cos* B= sin* A Formulae involving Double Angles: Replacing A = B= 0 in above formulae, we get 2tan@ 1+tan’0 (ii) cos 20 = cos*0 — sin*8 = 1 —2 sin? 0 (i) sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 0= 1—tan’0 1+tan’0 (iti) 1+ cos 20 = 2 cos*6; 1 —cos 20 = 2 sin? 6; =2cos*?0-1= 1 cos? 0 = 3 (1 + cos 20); 1 sin*0 = S (1 —cos 20)2tan0 1-tan’@ Formulae Involving Half Angles: Replacing 26 by 8 in above formulae, we get (iv) tan 20 = » ce ao ei 0 oO] atan® (i) sin 0 =2 sin gq 008 5 =— 1+ tan” — 28 98 (ii) cos 8 = cos* 3 — sin’ 9 = 1-2 ine =2cos? 5 -1 = —2sin 3 = 2 Cos 2 — 1-tan?! = 2 1+tan?! 2 2tan® 2 (vii) tan 0 = 2 9 1-tan? — 2Formulae involving Triple Angles (i) sin 30 3 sin0 —4 sin® 0 (ii) cos 38 = 4cos* 6-3 cosO 3tan 0-tan®0 (ii) tan 30 = 1-3tan®6 cot” 0-3 cot 0 3 cot? 0-1 Formulae for changing the Product into Sum or Difference. 2 sin Acos B=sin (A+ B)+ sin (A-—B 2 cos A sin B= sin (A + B) sin (SB). A>B 2 cos A cos B= cos (A + B) + cos (A- B) 2 sin A sin B=cos (A—B)—cos (A + B) Formulae for changing the Sum or Difference into Product Substituting A + B = C, A—B =D and hence (iv) cot 30 (C+D) | (=D). = 5 P= 3 in the above formulae, then oe . _ C+D C-D (i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin gq C8 —Z C+D c-D sin (ii) sin C— sin D = 2 cos 2 2C+D c-D (iti) cos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 C8 ~G C+D . D-C 2 sin 2 (iv) cos C—cos D = 2 sin Formulae involving Three or More Angles (i) sin(a+B +y)= sin a cos B cos y + cos asin B cos y+cos a cos f§ sin y— sin asin B siny (ti) cos (a + B + y) = cos a cos B cos y—cos @ sin B sin y— sin @ cos B sin y — sin a sin B cos y (iti) tan (a +B + y) tana + tanB+tany—tana tan ptan y ~ 1-(tana tanf + tanBtany + tany tana) oO) —93 1-c», (iv) sin (A, + A, +....+ A,) = cos A, cos A, ... cos A. (a, -6, +o,— (v) cos (A, + A, tot A) = cos A, cos A, ae cos A, (l—6,+6,-6,+...)(vi) tan (A, +A, +...+A)) Ww = ee TS, where 1-6 +64-G¢t.. 9, =Z tan A,,o, =i, tan A,, 0, =Stan A, tan A, tan A, etc. Polar form and Extremas: Polar form for a cos 6 +b sin 6 Letx=acos0 +b sin 0. Then x can be converted into cos or into sin as follows: (i) Put a =rcos a, b =r sin a. Then = Ja" +b and tan a= Dla. Note that a should be evaluated by cos a = a/r, sin a = b/r. Then we get x=rcos (0—a). (ii) By putting a=rsin a, b=rcosa, We get, x = rsin (0+), r (a? +0?) and cos a = b/r sin a = a/r For example, Let x =—- V3 cos 0 +sin 0 putting, -/3 =rcosa, 1=rsin a, we get r=2,cosa=— /8/2, sina = 1/2, s0 a = 27/3. “. © =2 cos (0 — 27/3).Identity: A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angles involved. Conditional Identity: A conditional identity is an identity which holds if the variables satisfy a given condition. When three angles A, B, C are such that A+ B+C =180? (or that A, B,C are the angles of a triangle), several identities hold between the trigonometrical function A, B, C or their multiples and sub-multiples. Some Important Identities: IfA+B+C =z, then (i) tan A + tan B+ tan C = tan A tan B tan C (i) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A= 1 (iti) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC (iv) cos 2A +cos2B+cos 2C =-— 1-4 cos A cos Bcos C (v) cos? A + cos” B + cos? C = 1-2 cos A cos B cos C (vi) cos A + cos B + cos C . B.C =1+4sin > sin > sin > . A B Cc (vti) tan] tan | t+tan > tan > * +tan > tan =1 2 2i) cot A soot E seat © cet Son Ber © (vii) cot Z tcot > teot Z Scot > cot Z cot 5 (ix) cos a+cos B + cos y+ cos (a +B +y) atp Bry yta =4 cos ~g }cos\ 9} cos | 3 (x) sina+sin B + siny—sin (a+B+y) =4sin (4 sin (S| mn [S) Trigonometric Equations: Equation involving one or more than one trigonometric ratios of unknown angles are called trigonometric equations. For example, (i) 2sin 0+cos20=0 (ii) 3 sin? 0 — 4 cos? @= sin 0 are the trigonometric equations in unknown angle 8. A value of unknown angle satisfying the given equation is called the solution of the equation. We mainly consider the three types of equations: (i) One equation in one variable (ii) Two equations in one variable (iti) Two equations in two variables.General Solution of one trigonometric equation in one variable. 1. Ifsin @= sin a or cosec 0 = cosec a, then 8=nn+(l)"a,nel 2. Ifcos @=cos @ or sec 6 = sec a, then O=2nnta nel. 3. If tan 0 = tan @ or cot 6 =cot a, then O=nz+a,ne 1. 4. If sin’? 0 = sin’ @ or cos 6 = cos* a or tan? @=tan’a etc. then 0=na+a,ne1 Important Deductions: (i) cos @ = 0, then 0 = 2am + m/2 or nx + W/2 or na+n/2 (ii) cos 8= 1, then 0 = 2nn (iii) cos 8 =—1, then = (2n + Ix (iv) sin 0=0, then 6=nr (v) sin 0=1, then 0 =2nn+ n/2 or nat (—1)" W/2 (vi) sin 0@=-1, then 6 = 2na— 1/2 or nt — (—1)" 7/2