Physics 101
Lecture 3
Motion in 1D
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN
EMU Physics Department
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Motion along a straight line
q Motion
q Position and displacement
q Average velocity and average speed
q Instantaneous velocity and speed
q Acceleration
q Constant acceleration: A special
case
q Free fall acceleration
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Motion
q Everything moves!
Motion is one of the
main topics in
Physics I
LAX
q Simplification:
Consider a moving Newark
object as a particle,
i.e. it moves like a
particle—a “point
object”
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4 Basic Quantities in
Kinematics
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One Dimensional Position r
q Motion can be defined as the change of position over
time.
q How can we represent position along a straight line?
q Position definition:
n Defines a starting point: origin (r = 0), r relative to origin
n Direction: positive (right or up), negative (left or down)
n It depends on time: t = 0 (start clock), r(t=0) does not have to
be zero.
q Position has units of [Length]: meters.
For motion along a straight line,
the direction is represented
simply by + and – signs.
+ sign: Right or Up.
- sign: Left or Down.
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r = + 2.5 m i r=-3mi www.aovgun.com
Displacement
q Displacement is a change of position in time.
! ! !
q Displacement: D r = r f (t f ) - ri (ti )
n f stands for final and i stands for initial.
q It is a vector quantity.
q It has both magnitude and direction: + or - sign
q It has units of [length]: meters. r (t ) = + 2.5 m i
1 1
r2 (t2) = - 2.0 m i
Δr = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m i
r1 (t1) = - 3.0 m i
r2 (t2) = + 1.0 m i
Δr = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m i
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Distance and Position-time graph
q Displacement in space
n From A to B: Δr = rB – rA = 52 m – 30 m i = 22 m i
n From A to C: Δr = rc – rA = 38 m – 30 m = 8 m i
q Distance is the length of a path followed by a
particle
n from A to B: d = |rB – rA| = |52 m – 30 m| = 22 m
n from A to C: d = |rB – rA|+ |rC – rB| = 22 m + |38 m – 52 m| = 36 m
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q Displacement is not Distance. www.aovgun.com
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Velocity
q Velocity is the rate of change of position.
q Velocity is a vector quantity.
q Velocity has both magnitude and direction. displacement
q Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second.
distance
q We will be concerned with three quantities, defined as:
n Average velocity Dx x f - xi
vavg = =
Dt Dt
total distance
n Average speed savg =
Dt
Dx dx
n Instantaneous v = lim =
Dt ® 0 D t dt
velocity displacement
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Average Velocity
q Average velocity
Dx x f - xi
vavg = =
Dt Dt
is the slope of the line segment
between end points on a graph.
q Dimensions: length/time (L/T)
[m/s].
q SI unit: m/s.
q It is a vector (i.e. is signed), and
displacement direction sets its
sign.
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Average Speed
q Average speed
total distance
savg =
Dt
q Dimension: length/time, [m/s].
q Scalar: No direction involved.
q Not necessarily close to Vavg:
n Savg = (6m + 6m)/(3s+3s) = 2 m/s
n Vavg = (0 m)/(3s+3s) = 0 m/s
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Instantaneous Velocity
q Instantaneous means “at some given instant”. The
instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at
every point of time.
q Limiting process:
n Chords approach the tangent as Δt => 0
n Slope measure rate of change of position
q Instantaneous velocity: Dx dx
v = lim =
Dt ® 0 D t dt
q It is a vector quantity.
q Dimension: length/time (L/T), [m/s].
q It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t).
q Instantaneous velocity v(t) is a function of time.
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Uniform Velocity
q Uniform velocity is the special case of constant velocity
q In this case, instantaneous velocities are always the
same, all the instantaneous velocities will also equal
the average velocity
q Begin with v = Dx = x f - xi then x f = xi + v x Dt
x
Dt Dt Note: we are plotting
v velocity vs. time
v(t)
vx
x
x(t)
xf
0 t
ti tf
xi
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0 t www.aovgun.com
Average Acceleration
q Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an
acceleration is present.
q Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
q Acceleration is a vector quantity.
q Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
q Acceleration has a dimensions of length/time2: [m/s2].
q Definition:
Average acceleration Dv v f - vi
n
aavg = =
Dt t f - ti
n Instantaneous acceleration
Dv dv d dx d 2 x
a = lim = =Jan. 28-Feb.=1, 20132
Dt ®0 Dt dt dt dt dt
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Average Acceleration
q Average acceleration Note: we are plotting
velocity vs. time
Dv v f - vi
aavg = =
Dt t f - ti
q Velocity as a function of time
v f (t ) = vi + aavg Dt
q It is tempting to call a negative acceleration a
“deceleration,” but note:
n When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the
same (either positive or negative), then the speed is
increasing
n When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the
opposite directions, the speed is decreasing
q Average acceleration is the slope of the line connecting the initial
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and final velocities on a velocity-time graph
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Instantaneous and Uniform
Acceleration
q The limit of the average acceleration as the time
interval goes to zero Dv dv d dx d 2 x
a = lim = = =
Dt ®0 Dt dt dt dt dt 2
q When the instantaneous accelerations are always the
same, the acceleration will be uniform. The
instantaneous acceleration will be equal to the average
acceleration
q Instantaneous acceleration is the
slope of the tangent to the curve
of the velocity-time graph
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Special Case: Motion with Uniform
Acceleration (our typical case)
q Acceleration is a constant
q Kinematic Equations (which
we will derive in a moment)
! ! ! !2
r = r0 + v0t + 2 at
1
! ! !
v = v0 + at
!2 ! 2 ! !
v = v0 + 2aDx Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Problem-Solving Hints
q Read the problem
q Draw a diagram
n Choose a coordinate system, label initial and final points,
indicate a positive direction for velocities and accelerations
q Label all quantities, be sure all the units are consistent
n Convert if necessary
v = v0 + at
q Choose the appropriate kinematic equation
q Solve for the unknowns Dx = v0t + 12 at 2
n You may have to solve two equations for two unknowns
q Check your results
2
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Jan. 2
28-Feb. 1, 2013
Example
q An airplane has a lift-off speed of 30 m/s
after a take-off run of 300 m, what
minimum constant acceleration?
v = v0 + at Dx = v0t + at1
2
2 2 2
v = v0 + 2aDx
q What is the corresponding take-off time?
v = v0 + at Dx = v0t + at 1
2
2
v = v0 + 2aDx
2 2
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Free Fall Acceleration
y
q Earth gravity provides a constant
acceleration. Most important case of
constant acceleration.
q Free-fall acceleration is independent
of mass.
q Magnitude: |a| = g = 9.8 m/s2
q Direction: always downward, so ag is
negative if we define “up” as positive,
a = -g = -9.8 m/s2
q Try to pick origin so that xi = 0
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Falling for Rookie
q A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an
initial velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward, at an initial
height of 50.0 m above the ground. The stone just
misses the edge of the roof on the its way down.
Determine
q (a) the time needed for the stone to reach its maximum
height.
q (b) the maximum height.
q (c) the time needed for the stone to return to the height
from which it was thrown and the velocity of the stone
at that instant.
q (d) the time needed for the stone to reach the ground
q (e) the velocity and position of the stone at t = 5.00s
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Example
Example
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Summary
q This is the simplest type of motion
q It lays the groundwork for more complex motion
q Kinematic variables in one dimension
n Position r(t) m L
n Velocity v(t) m/s L/T
n Acceleration a(t) m/s2 L/T2
n All depend on time
n All are vectors: magnitude and direction vector:
q Equations for motion with constant acceleration: missing quantities
! ! !
n v = v0 + at r
! ! ! ! v
n r = r0 + v0t + 12 at 2
"2 !2 ! ! !
n v = v0 + 2a ( x - x0 ) t
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Problem1
Problem2
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Problem3
Problem4
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Problem5
Problem6
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Problem7
Problem8
Problem9
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Problem10
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24.5 m/s and 0.1 m/s
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