aS Materials : etals and Nonmetals Terms To Remember ” | Meine: ceneats which show the properties of metals as well as als. ° 3| %* Merattic Lustre : characteristic shine of metals, >| o« Apuoreric : the substance which can react with acids as well as with bases. ul x Hyorrves : compounds of metals and nonmetals with hydrogen. “| 3 Gawawtzatton : coating of zine metal on iron objects. Lavoisier classified all elements into metals, nonmetals and metalloids on the basis of their properties. Some commonly used metals, nonmetals and ‘De You Kno metalloids are given below. Most of the elements © Metals : Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, Aluminium, are solid, a fw are i some commonly used metals. gaseous and only a Fine, Led ae a ‘few are liquid under & “| normal conditions. \ * | © Physical properties of | Metalloids show some | metals | properties of metals + Physical properties of | i and some properties of nonmetals L. Aluminium nonmetal. ‘© Chemical properties Copper | of metals + Metal displacement Nonmetals : Hydrogen, Oxygen, reactions . Sulphur, * Reactivity series of Nitrogen, Carbon, Sulp! | metals Phosphorus, Chlorine, Bromine, seuss | © chemical properties Iodine are commonly used coe ee of nonmetals nonmetals. Carbon + Oxides of metals and * ‘ ‘ ware © Metalloids : Boron, Silicon, Arsenic and Germanium are some metalloids. * Uses of some common ictinaui: r from their | , metals Metals and nonmetals can be distinguished from one anothe ‘* Uses of some common i i roperties. nonmetals physical and chemical prop | (61)i Mowing activiti Before studying their properties, perform the fo! 19 ities, ; . NcE, HARDNESS AND MALLEABILITY OF SOME METALS AND Noy Neue ose One piece of wire each for metals like iron, cluming Sp copy v, silver and nonmetals like graphite, sulphur, coal, ham coppet Procepure : Proceed as ‘¢ Clean all the samp! = Observe the appearance (sl observations. ‘ Hammer each sample breaks into pieces, ge observations in a Tabular form. en maierial changes its shape on hammering, hammer it harde follows. les with a fine sand paper. hiny/dull) of all samples and record with nearly the same force and observe if the som, 4 4s flattened or remains unchanged. Record olf * iets period to see if it gets flatenned into a sheet. OBseRVATIONS ¢ 5 ‘Appearance Hardness Matera! ee (Shiny/dull) | (very hard/ hard/soft) j I Metal Dull Very Hard Malleable ron Graphite Nonmetal Shiny Soft Brittle Aluminium Metal Shiny Hard Malleable Copper Metal Shiny Hard Malleable Sulphur Nonmetal Dull Soft Brittle Silver Metal Very shiny Soft Malleable Cool Nonmetallic mixture Dull Soft Britile 62 SZ SCIENCE-8 CoNCWSION : From the observations, it is seen that metals are shiny, hard and! malleable, whereas nonmetals are dull, soft and brittle 3 To SHOW THAT METALS ARE GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY AND NONMETALS ( GRAPHITE) ARE NONCONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY. Mateniats requiteD : Small pieces of metallic wires, some nonmetals like sulphut, coal pieces. 3 Procepure : Follow the following steps. ¢ Connect a penlight cell, a battery bulb with connecting wires. Leave the ends A and B of the connecting wires free. e Place the piece of the given material in the gap AB and see if the bulb glows or not, © Record your observations,Material placed in gap AB Osseevarions : Cee State of bulb Conductor/nonconductor 2. Aluminium wire gions Conductor 3. Sulphur piece co Conductor 4. Coal piece Does not glow Nonconductor Does not glow Nonconductor | Concuusion : Nonconductor of electricity. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS All metals show similar physical properti ere are sical or ame physical properties. Th vere) gold is golden yellow. . Appearance : All metals Metals are conductor of electricity whereas, nonmetals are . Physical state : Under normal pressure, all metals except mercury, are solid at room temperature. Mercury is liquid at room temperature. . Colour : Most metals except gold and copper are silvery-grey in colour. Copper is reddish-brown and Gold jewellery and silver spoons are shiny. The characteristic The shiny Silver reflects about shine of metals is called | Supe ti appearance of 90 per cent of light metallic lustre. Thus, “epee metals makes falling on it. Earlier all metals have metallic Le Soret them attractive for _ silver was used for lustre. Metals can be easily Gold exhibits metal use in jewellery making polished. sme and sere oe |. Hardness : Most metals are hard except sodium a paces and potassium. Sodium and potassium metals can be easily cut with a knife. Qsmium is hard enough to scratch glass. To SHOW THAT SODIUM METAL IS SOFT WHEREAS OTHER METALS ARE HARD. Marexiats REQUIRED : Small pieces of sodium, iron, copper, knife. Place small pieces of sodium, iron and copper metals on a filter poper. Try to cut these with a sharp knife (or a blade). What do you observe ? Sodium can be cut easily, whereas other metals remain unaffected. This shows that sodium is a soft metal, whereas other metals are hard. Conctusion : Sodium is a soft metal whereas others are ProceDURE = Sodium is highly reactive metal. You may show this activity os Demonstration. Do not allow students to handle a sodium metal. Sodium metal hard metals. wins: NesleandNomest 63 _Metals have high strength + tals are very ite Syren trength. M tensile 5! strong. For example, stress. That is wi in construction of bui railway lines etc. ow Ke 6. Malleability : Metals are malleable. This i c that metals can be hammered into very @ sheets. Silver can be beaten to very thin leaves. You im have seen silver varak on burfee. Aluminium foi : pas used in the packaging of food materials. Silver Varak 7. Ductility : Metals are ductile. This means 4p. be metals can be drawn into thin wires. Silver ay DOL gold can be drawn into very thin wires. | 8. Conductivity : Metals are good conductor of fy f iron can bear a lot o' ony it 1s widely used ildings, bridges, ypper and aluminium - used for making and electricity. Silver is the best conductor 4 tric wires/eables electricity. Copper is the next best conductor g se they electricity. fecors of 9. Density : Metals, except sodium and potassiyn ricity. have high densities. Sodium and potassium hay ° much lower densities. ; er and aluminium are used for making 10. Sonority : Metals are sonorous. Metals when ty ees ast ood struck hard produce a ringing sound. That is why ot ciuductors of heat metals are used for making bells and wires fot musical instruments. Metals are used to make bells and strings of musical instruments PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS Some general physical 1. Physical state : No temperature, For exampl iti } ae gir normal Conditions, sulphur, phosphorus aré solid, / whereas hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are gases. Properties of nonmetals are given below : nmetals may occur as solids, liquids or gases at room ‘SCENCE-8 mm- Colour : No; - Appearance : Ny For earner have different colours. > Sulphur is yellow, phosphorus is white or red, chlorine is greenish-yellow, bromine is reddish row! !, bromine i: ish y or ¢ Is reddish-brown. Hydrogen, oxygi i lonmetals have dull appearance, i.e., they do not shine. However, graphi jodi ', Sraphite and iodine are the only nonmetals which have metallic lustre. . Malleabili ili ility and Ductility ; Nonmetals are neither ductile nor malleable. Nonme i n a came be drawn into wires or beaten into leaves/sheets. Is are brittle, i, i i ea ed €, .e., nonmetals break up into pieces when pressed Conductivity ; luctivity : Nonmetals do not conduct heat and electricity, ie., nonmetals are poor conduc - tors. Graphite h i heat and electricity. phite however, is a good conductor of . Density : lensity : Nonmetals usually have low densities and are soft. Diamond, however is an e i i ir stance xception. Diamond is the ' hardest natural sub: . Tensile strength : Nonmetals have low tensile strength, i.e., Nonmetals can be broken easily. . Melting and boiling points : Nonmetals except graphite have low melting and boiling points. . Sonority : Nonmetals do not produce sound when hit with an object, i.e., nonmetals are nonsonorous. A Comparison OF THe Prysicat Properties OF Metacs AN Nonmetats Property Metals Nonmetals «Physical state . Appearance (colour and lustre) . Hardness 4. Malleability . Ductility . Conduction of heat Conduction of electricity Nonmetals may be solid, liquid or gas. Different nonmetals have different colours, All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature. Most of the metals are silvery grey, gold is golden yellow and copper is reddish-brown, Metals have metallic lustre (shine). All metals (except sodium, potassium) are hard. Solid nonmetals are soft. All metals are molleoble. Nonmetols ore britle. All metals are ductile. Nonmetals are not ductile. Nonconductor of heat (except graphite). Nonconductors of electricity (except graphite). All metals are good conductor of heat. All metals are good conductor of electricity. i Moterias : Metals and Nonmetals “SQOral Questions QeRwona lustrous, good conductor of heat and elect ; uum) and strong. Most me melting and boiling points. ry is the only metal which j le, ductile, ipt sodium and potat sium) have high are solids. Meret # Metals are malleal Metals are hard (exce} (except sodium and pot + All metals except mercury liquid under normal conditions. + All metals except gold and copper are + Nonmetal with low me ‘icity an’ + Nonmetals tricity insulators. : + Graphite is the ot metal which con cts heat and electricity. raphite is nonmetal which condu 2 are normal temperature. + Nonmetals may be solid, liquid or gas silvery grey: : ; iting and low boiling points. .d heat, i.e., nonmetals a So now you know are brittle, soft are poor conductor of elec eous at Give two examples of metals which ore malleable os well as ductile. Nome a nonmetal which is a good conductor of heat and electricity Why are cooking utensils made of copper or aluminium ? Which property of metals makes them suitable for making jewellery i: Which metal is largely used in the construction of buildings, bridges, railway lines etc. ? CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS All metals give similar chemical reactions. However, the reactivity of a metal depends upon its nature and reaction conditions. ‘Some typical chemical reactions of metals are described below : 4 1. Reaction with Oxygen ‘All metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Different metals react with oxygen under different conditions. For example, Soon Don ; room temp. : : ‘odium Sodium (4Na) + Oxygenvair(O,) ———TSOMEEMP. _, Sodium oxide (2Na,O) heat Magnesium : Magnesium (2Mg) + Ox) i i ‘ eygen (0,) (burns with a dazaling white light) Magnesium oxide (2Mg0)/ | Zine : Zine(2Zn) + Ox strong hi yygen (O,) ———wongheating inc oxi 2) Peas vith abu famay > 76 Oxide (22n0) strong heating h : mn (4F + Oxygi Feri 2Fe,0: Iron : Tron (4Fe) Oxygen (30,) erric oxide (, ) 203) (0 buming) prolonged strong heating Copper: Copper (2 + f uO) Copper (2Cu) Oxygen (O,) Copper oxide (2CuO) er oxide e (no burning) From the reaction iti e cont ine of metals with oxygen is, ditions of the reactions given above, the order of reactivity of : oni ‘dium (Na) > Magnesium (Mg) > Zinc (Zn) > Like i i Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu) Least reactivegem Sodium anid potassium are highly reactive. These metals react with air oxygen and moisture readily even at room temperature, That is zohy these are kept under kerosene. Gasamer Reactions of metals. with nitric acid are different because nitric acid is an ing agent. ° Certain foodstuffs such as citrus fruits, chutney, pickles and curd are not stored in containers made of metals such as copper, zine, aluminium and iron. This is because these JSoodstuffs contain weak acids which react with these metals to produce toxic and poisonous compounds. These toxie/poisonous compounds may cause food- poisoning. Sodium S odium (2Nay + uy 2H.0) ——> Sodium hydroxide (2NaOH) + Hydrogen (H,) Magnesium: Magnesi + Magnesium (Mg) + Water ( i blige >) > Magnesium hydroxide Mo(OH, + Hydrogen (H) ron Tron (3Fe) Creda) —* St 4H,0) —> Ferroso-tericoxde (Fe,0,) + Hydrogen (aH) Copper Copper (Cu) + Water (H. From the reactio metals with water is Sodium (Na) 10) —> No reaction even at high temperature n conditions of the above reactions, the order of reactivity of > Magnesium (Mg) > Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu) Least reactive Sim meas Most reactive 3. Reaction with Acids Most metals react with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Reactions of some common metals with dilute hydrochloric acid are given below : Sodium Sodium (2Na) + Hydrochloric (2HCl) ——+ Sodium (2NaCl) + Hydrogen (H,) Vigorous acid (di chloride Magnesium : Magnesium (Nig)+ Hydrochlovi HCI) ——— Magnesium (MgCl) + Hydrogen (H,) Rapid acid (di chloride Zine + Zine (Zn) + Hoochie @HC 22S Zine vie CnCh)e Hydrogen (H,) Moderate acid Iron 2 Fron Fe) + Hyder cncn L108, Iron chloride (FeCl) + Hydrogen (H,) Moderate acid (i Copper: Copper (Cu) + Hydrochloric (HC + Norreaction even on heating acid (ail) From the reaction conditions of the reactions given above, the order of reactivity of these metals with dilute acid is Sodium (Na) > Magnesium (Mg) > Zinc (Zn) > Iron (Fe) > Copper (Cu), Most reactive eae 4. Reaction with Bases/Alkalies Certain metals like, zinc, aluminium react with strong bases on heating to form a soluble salt and hydrogen is evolved. heat i Zine metal (Zn) + Sodium hydroxide (2NaOQH) ——> Sodium zincate (Na,ZnO,) + Hydrogen (H,) solution solution gas, (HE Materials : Metals and Nonmetais yg ne‘ heat inate (2NaAIO,) + Hydrogen Aluminium (2AD + Sodium hydroxide (2NaQw) —“—» Sodium alunite en solution METAL DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS replaces a tess rescue Toon? A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces tS © me ‘Do Feu Krew? som its salt solution is called a metal displacement re Resins of nooo Some metal displacement reactions are given id a tee a cone Reaction between magnesium and copper sulphate solution lution. Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate so| ; m sulphate (MgSO,) + — Copper (cy) —— > Magnesiu Magnesium (Mg) + Copper sulphate (CuSO,) —— Mag sicitless displaced meta ee oe slate srt Reaction between zinc metal and copper sulphate solution Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. i + — Copper (Cu) Zine (Zn) + Copper sulphate (CuSO,) » Zinc sulphate (ZnSO,) pope a) more reactive solution colourless : ta metal (blue) solution less reactive) Reaction between iron and copper sulphate solution Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Copper sulphate (CuSO,) ——> Iron sulphate (FeSO,) + ¢ noe reactive eee solution * solution displaced metal metal (blue) (light green) (less reactive). To SHOW THAT MORE REACTIVE METAL CAN DISPLACE LESS REACTIVE METAL FROM ITS. SALT SOLUTION BUT THE REVERSE IS NOT POSSIBLE. MATERIALS REQUIRED : Copper sulphate solution, test tubes, zinc metal, zinc sulphate solution, copper, magnesium and iron metals + Procepure : Take about 5 mL of dilute copper sulphate solution in a test tube. Note its colour. Its blue. Place a thin plate of zinc metal in the solution and stir the solution with it for a few minutes. What do you see ? a= Copper se Zinc plate ap i sulphate solution Blue solution of copper sulphate 4 precipitate (a) No change in colour No precipitate is formeda (Potassium) (Barium) (Calcium) (Sodium) (Magnesiurn) | (Aluminium) 1 (Zinc) (iron) 1 ) a (Nickel) (Tin) a (Lead) (Hydrogen) 1 (Copper) y (Mercury) | (Silver) (Gold) (Platinum) Reactivity series (a part) of metals So now you know Most reactive metal Chemical reactivity of metals decreases in this direction Least reactive metal is any chonge i 198 in ci am change colour ‘or any precipitate is formed. There is no iS experiment pee oe solution, and no precipitate is formed. 1ows th i 5 sulphote cole ‘a! copper cannot displace zinc from zinc Repeat similar : experiments with alumini with coppor sul Moret, Iphale solution (A). From the experi i periments we find that magnesium magnesium and iron erp (Mg), zine (Zn) and rene re a displace copper from copper sulphate solution but aiheeeret abl to displace these metals from their salt solutions. ' i metals are therefore more reactive than copper (Cu). 2 Fre : pa the resus obtained, it can be concluded that « more reactive con displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions, but a less reactive met tal cannot displace more reactive five metals from # salt solutions, oe Concwsion REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS As already mentioned, some metals are more reactive than others. . The reactivity series of metals is an arrangement of metals in vertical column in order of decreasing reactivity. The reactivity series is also called activity series of metals. e In the activity series, the most reactive metal is placed at the top whereas the least reactive metal is placed at the bottom. The more reactive metal has greater tendency to form compounds. So, such metals are found only in the form of their compounds. ce Less reactive metals such as silver, gold and platinum are found in the free state in the earth’s crust. The activity series of some common metals is given on the left. + All metals react with oxygen to form oxides. + More reactive metals react with water to give hydrogen gas. + Most metals displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Metals such as aluminium and zinc react with hot concentrated alkalis to liberate hydrogen gas. » The reaction in which a more reactive from its salt solution is called a metal displact ‘ore reactive metal can displace less reac! tal cannot displac 1¢ metal displaces a less reactive metal ‘ement reaction. tive metals from their salt * Sa ‘e more reactive metals from solutions but a less reactive met their salt solutions. The arrangement of metals in a vertical c& reactivity is called activity series of metals. sm Materials: Metals and Nonmetals a "69" column in order of decreasing. Oral Questions E 1. Name the metal which is stored under kerosene ? 2. Name two metals which can displace hydrogen from dilute hydrochloric acid ? : 3. Magnesium and copper metals are heated directly over a flame. Which of the two will burp in the air? 4, The container of which metal should not be used for storing foodstuffs ? 5. What happens when a rod of zinc meial is dipped into a solution of copper sulphate ? Do You Know on i @ nonmetal h acts as a reducing e caxides turn blue s red whereas, i oxides have no on the colour of ° of the five main lutants are the of nonmetals, s CO, NO,NO, Ds. e d NO, are ed when petrol/ s burnt in an combustion These oxides rritation in eyes, and lungs, and nog. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS | Some general chemical properties of nonmetals are described below . 1. Electronegative Character Nonmetals are electronegative elements. Nonmetals have a tendency accept electrons and form negatively charged ions (anions). For example, ; - Chloride ion (CI) Chlorine (Cl) + =e =———> (an anion) 4 7 Oxide ion (O?-) Oxygen(O) + 2e ———> (an anion) Thus, nonmetals are able to remove electrons from electroposit elements and act as oxidising agents. Hydrogen is the only nonmetal which can lose as well as gain an electron, 3 Di a a aaa tin Hydrogen (H) + e ——> Hydride ion (H-) froma highly (an anion) electropositive element Hydrogen (H) = — eo >Hydrogen ion (H+) toa highly (a cation) electronegative element Thus, hydrogen can act both as an oxidising as well as reducing agent. 2, Reaction with Oxygen Nonmetals react with oxygen to give covalent oxides. Such oxides are eithe neutral or acidic in nature. nature. Example, Nitrogen (2H) Oxygen (O,) — Nitrous oxide (2N,0) (neutral) Nitrogen (om) © 2498 (0) —> Nitric oxide (203 (neutral Nitrogen (ny? oven 0) — Dinitrogen trioxide (2u,0,) (acid 2 a i oxi ‘ Nitrogen (2N,) + Oxygen (50°) __. pilrosen dioxide (2NO,) ” (aidDo You Know ? Carbon monoxide isa very poisonous gas. When inhaled, it combines with haemoglobin. As a result, haemoglobin ses its oxygen-carrying capacity. Inhalation of carbon monoxide may even cause death due to suffocation. ° Yellow phosphorus is very reactive. It readily reacts with oxygen (with air) to burn. That is why yellow phosphorus is kept under water. ° Oxides of sulphur are responsible for acid rain and smog. Carb monoxide (CO) and lereas carbon dioxi dissolen "2" dioxide (CO,) is aci Wes in water to alee kop) Is acidic in nature. Carbon dioxide Carbon (2¢) + Oxygen (0,) 5 carbon monoxide (260) rate (limited supply) ama + Oxygen (0,) meray? > Catone coy Carbon dioxide (CO,) + —, HCO. ide (CO,) Water (H,0) Carbonic acid (| ) 1,005) © Phosphorus ; phosphorus trip aaa reacts with oxygen to give two oxides— acidic oxidee 205) and phosphorus pentoxide (P,0,). Both are Phosphorus ( ‘4P) + Oxygen (30,) ———>. Phosphorus trioxide (2P,0,) limited) (acid Phosphorus oa (4P) + Oxygen (50,) > Phosphorus pentoxide (2P,05) (excess) (acidic) ° paleiane ety on burning in air forms two oxides—sulphur dioxide ) and sulphur trioxide (SO,). Both these oxides are acidic in nature and dissolve in water to form acids. Sulphur (S) Oxygen (O,). ————» Sulphur dioxide (SO) (acidic) Sulphur (28) + Oxygen (30,) ————> Sulphur trioxide (250,) (acidic) > Sulphuric acid (H,SO,) Sulphur trioxide (SO,) + Water (HO) Hydrogen ; Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form an oxide HO. HzO is ° called water. Water (H,0) is a neutral oxide. Hydrogen (2H,) + Oxygen (O,). ———>_ Water (2H, (neutral) 3. Reaction with Halogens Nonmetals react with halogens to give covalent halides. In pure state, the halides of nonmetals do not conduct electricity. For example with chlorine, ) —heat_, phosphorus trichloride (2PCI3) Phosphorus (2P) + Chlorine (3Cl, Cl) heat ; Phosphorus (2P) + Chlorine (SCI,) ———> Phosphorus pentachloride (2 _sunlight_, —yydrogen chloride (2HC)) Hydrogen (H) + Chlorine (Cl) , , Sf Sulphur reacts with fluorine at higher temperature to give sulphur hexafluoride. Sulphur (S) + Fluorine (3F,) ; wa Ns :MetaandNonmess__"WMD high tem. syjphur hexafuoride (SF, wen with Hydrogen ; Is react with hydrogen to form cova ‘valent b hydrogen is bonded to the nonmetal atom by c onds,. icity. The hydrides of nonm, onmetals do not conduct electric ature of the nonmetal 4, Reactio! Nonmetal of nonmetals, drides of 1! [ Ps be acidic, basic or neutral depending upon tl For example, ‘Sulphur with hydrogen gives hydrogen su acidic in nature. ia. a Hydrogen sulphide (Hy Hydrogen (H,) + — Sulphur (S) —_~ (weakly acidic) monia (NH). Ammonia is hag ent hydrides. Thus in the hyg phide (HS). HS is we Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ami in nature. sy ‘Ammonia (2NH) Hydrogen (3H,) + Nitrogen (Nz) ———~ (basic) 7 7 . Water is neu « Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to give water (H,0) tral nature. electric spark , Water (2H,0) Hydrogen (2H,) + Oxygen (O,) (neutral) TURE. “To SHOW THAT THE OXIDE OF NONMETAL (E.G., SULPHUR) 1S ACIDIC IN NA! u oe Mareniais requireo : Deflagrating spoon, sulphur powder, gas jar DIVE Timys. Proceoure : Follow the following steps. Takeo small amount of powdered sulphur in a deflagrating spoon. @ Heat it «As soon as the sulphur starts burning introduce the spoon into a gas jar. ¢ Cover the gas jar with a glass cover. ‘ When the reaction is over, remove the spoon ond add about Sml. of water into the jar and ——_Deflagrating replace the glass cover. spoon Shake the jar and add about ImL. of blue litmus solution into it, © Shake it and observe the colour change. Re : i * ) ‘sutts : The solution of oxide of sulphur turns blue litmus red. This shows that the: oxide of sulphur is acidic in nature. ig Concwusion : The oxide of nonmetal (sulphur) is acidic in nature. 5. Reaction with Acids Nonm i eee 9 wnat. displace hydrogen from dilute acids. This is becal nonmetals however eae. a electron(s) for the reduction of H*. Soll cortesponaing ny ‘th concentrated oxidising acids to for' For exam Sulphur (S) + Nitric iple, sulphur reacts with ae : acid (61 ith conc. ni i 7 ats ; ‘eaeSHNOS — Sulphuric aid (H,80,) 2 Nien 0 sive sulphuric acid. ) GF SCENCE-8 280,) + Nitrogen dioxide (6NO,) + Water (24.0More reactiy 7 e no} salt oii . himetals displace less reactive nonmetals from their For example, ¢| iodides, ’ Potassium bromid, le (2KB, Potassium iodid: 1 + Chloris eK lorine (C1) —, p, i ‘Otassium chloride (2KCI) + Bromine (Br,) A comarzon er * Chlorine (C1.) —+ Potassium chloride (2KC) + Iodine (1) of i FI below : 'e chemical properties of metals and nonmetals is described ACoi MPARISON OF THE Chemicat Properties OF Metats AND Nowmetats. Pro ~———— Metals Nonmetals Metals form basic oxides is Nonmetals form acidic or with oxygen. soon OE neutral oxides with oxygen. | 2. Natur Aetal oxides are bosicin | Noman ae of | Metal oxides are basic in. | Nonmetal oxides ore either L nature. neutral or acidic in nature. 3. Reaction with water Active metals like Nonmetals do not react sodium react violently | with water under normal with water at room conditions, | temperature forming corresponding hydroxide and hydrogen gos. 4. Reaction with | Active metals such as Nonmetal do not displace acids sodium, zinc, magnesium | hydrogen from acids. | displace hydrogen from | acids. Less reactive metals e.g., | copper, silver do not | displace hydrogen from j acids. | il in metals, such | The reactions of nonmetals * pace “a a Sluminium, | with olkolis are complex. react with hot solution of alkalis liberating hydrogen gas. More active metals Certain more reactive 6. Displacement displace less active nonmetals displace less i i their reaction their salt reactive nonmetals from Dia fren salt solutions. For example, solvions chlorine displaces bromine from bromides and iodine from iodides. (Et Mojfls:Netss and Nonmess__ "YQOXIDES OF METALS AND NONMETALS in thi ; Both metals and nonmetals react with oxygen (present in the air) t9 a i ir properties. The oxides of metals and nonmetals differ in their prop Oxides of Metals ay dissolved in wy, The oxides of metals are generally basic Date Vitmus blue? metal oxides give alkaline (or basic) solutions ve magnesium oxide’ ic a For example, magnesium (Mg) burns In air to giv Mi which is basic in nature. >> Magnesium oxide (2Mgqy | Magnesium (2Mg) + Oxygen (02) (basic oxide) 4 (rom air) Magnesium hydroxide Ma(oy Magnesium oxide (MgO) + Water (H,0), ————> basic in nature) oH turns red litmus blue Oxides of Nonmetals The oxides of nonmetals are , water nonmetal oxides give acidic solutions which For example, sulphur on burning in air, gives sulphur acidic in nature. (0,) ———> Sulphur dioxide (S0,) Sulphur ($) ora (acidic oxide)” erally acidic in nature. When dissolved iq tio turn blue litmus red. dioxide (SO,) which ‘Sulphur dioxide (SO,) + Water (H,0) —————> _ Sulphurous acid (H,S0,) (acidic in nature) turns blue litmus red Phosphorus also gives acidic oxides. Example 1 : Identify the metal and nonmetal and their oxides present in the | following laboratory bases and acids respectively. Bases : Sodium hydroxide, Calcium hydroxide, Copper(II) hydroxide, Barium. hydroxide. Acids : Sulphuric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Phosphoric acid, Nitric acid. Soution : B 5 = : et Hest Metal oxide Acid Nonmetal_| Nonmetal oxide ‘odium od ; eae ium | Sodium oxide ae Sulphur Sulphur trioxide aci Calcium | Catch - ncseegy | Coleium | Colcium oxide Hydrochloric Chlorine Copper) | Co oe a pper ; hydroxide Per | Copper(ll) oxide Phosphoric Phosphorus | Phosphorus Barium | Bar be pentoxide ideas ium | Barium oxide ic ack \sode | en" | Nitric acid | Nitrogen Nitrogen nl pentoxide pe |Example 2 Match the substances in Column B, () Gold (ii) Iron (tii) Aluminium Solution : The matching pairs are (Cc (i) E (iv) F (v) B A. Thermometers B. Electric wire Column A with their uses mentioned in Column B i) con C. Jewellery D. Wrappit ate rapping food a Copper E. Machinery Mercury F. Fuel ; = Fuel (iii) D (vi) A USES OF SOME COMMON METALS Main uses of some common metals are listed below : si Main Uses: tron For making bridges, Engine parts, Iron sheets and bars used in construction, Steels etc. | Copper For making Electrical wires and cables, Utensils, Kettles, Coins | etc; For making alloys | Silver For making jewellery, In electroplating, Photography ond Silvering of mirrors Gold For making jewellery, Decorative purposes, In photography for toning Mercury Used in thermometers and barometers ‘Aluminium | For moking electrical wires and cables, Domestic utensils, Alloys, Metallic paints, Aluminium foil for packaging ir i d pipes, Alloys such as For making automobile batteries, Leoe teed solder, Protective screen for X-ray machines, For manufacturing many chemical compounds and points Maes and None eeUSES OF SOME COMMON NONMETALS A below : Main uses of some common nonmetals are liste 2 Nonmetal : es 2 ‘ : Carbon As diamond, it is used for making jewellery, Cutting and grin equipment ; : As graphite, it is used for making black lead of pencils, ang te temperature crucibles 4 f ic acid, In vulcaniggy Sulphur For the manufacture of gun powder, Sulphuric acid, In vu Cone of rubber and Fertilizers Phosphorus | For the manufacture of maichsticks, Rat poison, Phosphoric Oxygen Supporter of combustion, For respiration by living organisms id etc. Nitrogen For manufacturing Ammonia, Nitric aci | Chlorine For bleaching, Sterilizing water, compounds Manufacturing Hydrogen | As a fuel, In oxygen-hydrogen flame used in welding For manufacturing, Ammonia, Hydrogen chloride, Vegetable ghee by hydrogenation of oils, As a reducing agent as an antiseptic) + Nonmetals tend to gain electront + Nonmetals act as oxidising agents, + Nonmetals react with ox neutral or acidic. Oxide: + Nonmetals react; with nonmetals may be acidi + Nonmetals do not displ So now you know Oral Questions 1. Which of the oxides of nitrogen is acidic ? 2. Name q nonmetal I that acts aso reduci : 3. Name the hydride pean of nitrogen, |s it ‘ature of the oxide of metal, acidic, basicjor Neutral 2 Phosphorus ? 5. Name a non, 9 Salt of which j added to the common salt, SF Scvce lodine For preparing, lodised common salt, Tincture of iodine (it is used (s) to form the corresponding anions. ‘ygen to form oxides. Oxides of nonmetals are either S of phosphorus and sulphur are acidic. hydrogen to form covalen ic, neutral or basic in nature. lace hydrogen from acids, t hydrides. Hydrides’ of