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Hepatitis B Overview and Management

The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It describes the structure and proteins of HBV, including the S, C, P and X proteins. It then discusses the natural history of hepatitis B infection from acute infection, which resolves in 90% of cases, to chronic infection in 5% of cases which can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer over time without treatment. It also outlines the clinical features of acute hepatitis B including the incubation period and symptoms of the prodromal and icteric phases of illness.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
94 views73 pages

Hepatitis B Overview and Management

The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It describes the structure and proteins of HBV, including the S, C, P and X proteins. It then discusses the natural history of hepatitis B infection from acute infection, which resolves in 90% of cases, to chronic infection in 5% of cases which can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer over time without treatment. It also outlines the clinical features of acute hepatitis B including the incubation period and symptoms of the prodromal and icteric phases of illness.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oleh : dr Annisa Zahra Mufida, SpPD

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
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1 -
08
n a
d a
1. Hepatitis B ra m
n e s P c o
2. Hepatitis Cuci ia ail .
3. Hepatocellular
e D
d aCarcinoma m
M dit y g
A p@
r . i a s
d ad xxx
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

@annisazahra_sppd Slide >>>


n a
d a
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i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
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d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
§ Berasal dari famili i n e s P c o
c Dia ail .
Hepadnaviridae du
§ e
M dit
Virus DNA dg 3200 pasangy a g m
basa A p@
r . i a s
§ d ad xxx
Berbentuk sferis
§ t y x-x
Memiliki 2 lapis permukaan
i
dan kapsid yangadmelindungi
xx x
genom virus 81-
0

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
§ S (surface) – HBsAg, yang akan ra m
menginduksi sistem imun i n e s P c o
u c i a ail .
§ C (core) – HBeAg dan
e d HBcAg, a D m
menunjukkanM it y
status replikasi VHB g
A d p@
§ P (polymerase) –. menyandi
r i a sprotein
DNA polimerasid danaenzimd xxx
transkripsi balikdity x -x
§ X – berfungsiasebagai x x
transaktivator,
1 - x
berperan dalam 8 karsinogenesis
0

Al-Sadeq, D.W.; Taleb, S.A.; Zaied, R.E.; Fahad, S.M.; Smatti, M.K.; Rizeq, B.R.; Al Thani, A.A.; Yassine, H.M.; Nasrallah, G.K. Hepatitis B Virus
Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update. Pathogens 2019, 8, 63.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020063

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
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i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
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i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Seto W; Lo Y; Pawlotsky J; Yuen M. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The Lancet, (2018), 392(10161). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31865-8

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
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i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
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d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
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1 -
08
Hepatocellular n a
d a
5-10% Carcinoma ra m
i n e s
2-6%
P c o
u c Dia ail .
Acute e
Chronicd a CIRRHOSIS g m Liver
infection M dit
Infection y @ transplant
DEATH

. A 10-30% s p
r
d ad xxx i a
90% in perinatal
5% in adults i t y x-Decompensated
x
Higher in HIV, immune a
d
suppressedxx Liver failure
1 -x
0 8 23% within 5y

Torresi J et al. Gastroenterology. 2000


Fattovich G et al. Hepatology. 1995
Moyer LA et al. Am J Prev Med. 1994
Perrillo R et al. Hepatology. 2001

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
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i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Bousali, M.; Papatheodoridis, G.; Paraskevis, D.; Karamitros, T. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration, Chronic Infections and Hepatocellular
Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081787

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
• Masa inkubasi : 1-4 bulan à kemudian d a masuk periode
prodromal dg gejala malaise, ra mmual muntah,
anoreksia,
i n e s P c o
myalgia. Nyeri perut u c kuadran ia kanan i .
l atas. Hepatomegali
e D
djarangaterjadi. m a
ringan. Demam
M dit y g
• A
70% infeksi hepatitis B p@ : hepatitis subklinis dan anikterik
akut
r . i a s
d ad B akut
30% infeksi hepatitis x x: mengalami hepatitis dg ikterus

i t y x-xx
ad xxx ensefalopati dan dapat terjadi gagal hati
à dapat mengalami
fulminan. 81-

0
Gejala ikterus biasanya hilang 1-3 bulan.

Bashar M. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD). 2018

© Annisa Zahra 2023


• HBsAg muncul 2-10 minggu setelah paparan virus
n a
• Pada sebagian pasien dewasa, HBsAg d a hilang dalam 4-6 bulan
à kemudian muncul e antiHBs P ra m
i n a s il.c o
• Adanya HBsAgdyg c
u persistenD i lebih
a dari 6 bulan à
menunjukkanMepasie t y a
menderita
m
g infeksi hepatitis B kronik
d i @
A
(terjadi padar.5% kasus p
spasien dewasa)
d ad xxx i a
• Tatalaksana hepatitis
ity B-xakut:x d
– Supportifadan simtomatik
x
- xx
8 1
– Antivirus hanya diperlukan pada <1% kasus, pada kasus gagal hati
fulminan0atau pasien imunokompromais.

Bashar M. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD). 2018

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
§ Terjadi pada <1 % hepatitis B simptomatik a d
yang
aterjadi akibat mekanisme
imunologi berlebihan yang e P
menyebabkan
rnekrosismjaringan hati yang luas.
i n s . c o
§ Gejala : u c Dia ail
d a(somnolen,
§ Ensefalopatiehepatikum g m apatis, hingga koma)
M i t y @
§ ikterus A d s p
§ gangguandfaalr. koagulasii
d xxx a
t
§ peningkatan iserum
a
y transaminase
-x hingga ribuan
Tata laksana :a
d x x
§
- xx
1
o Pengobatan8suportif
0
o Perawatan di ruangan intensif
o Plasma exchange
o Transplantasi hati

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Acute Liver Failure. NEJM 2013;369:2525-2534


© Annisa Zahra 2023
New Nomenclature for Chronic Hepatitis B
n a
HBeAg positive d aHBeAg negative
r aPhase 3m Phase 4
Phase 1
i n e
Phase 2
s P c o Phase 5

Chronic HBV c Chronic


u ia Chronic
i .
l HBV Chronic
infectiond
e D a
hepatitis B m infection
a hepatitis B
Resolved HBV
infection
M i t y High/@ g
HBsAg High
A d intermediate
s p Low Intermediate Negative

d r . iaPositivexx Negative
HBeAg Positive
a d x Negative Negative
i t y 10x–10-x IU/mL <2,000 IU/mL* >2,000 IU/mL
HBV DNA 7

a d xx
>10 IU/mL 4 7 <10 IU/mL‡
ALT Normal -x Elevated Normal Elevated † Normal
1
Liver disease 08
None/minimal
Moderate/
severe
None
Moderate/
severe
None§

Old Immune reactive HBeAg negative HBsAg negative


Immune tolerant Inactive carrier
terminology HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis /anti-HBc positive

EASL CPG HBV. J Hepatol 2017;67:370–98

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Target Terapi Hepatitis B
Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

n a
Target Deskripsi d a
ra m
1. Taget ideal Hilangnya
n e HBsAgs P o
(ideal endpoint)
i
c /Dtanpa
(udengan i .c
ia serokonversi
l anti-HBs )
e d a m a
M i t y g
d
2. Target memuaskan ATidak ditemukannya p@ relaps klinis setelah terapi dihentikan
(satisfactory r . (padaia s HBeAg & pada pasien HBeAg negative )
pasien
endpoint)
d ad xxx
i t y x-x
ad Supresi
3. Target diinginkan
x x kadar HBV DNA selama terapi jangka panjang
(desirable endpoint) -(xuntuk pasien HBeAg positif & pada pasien HBeAg negative )
8 1
0

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

1. HBeAg n a
d a
2. HBV DNA ra
n e P o m
3.
c i ALT ias il.c
d u4. Histologis
D m a
e
M dity @g a
. A s p
dr adia xxx
i t y x-x
ad xxx 1. Immunomodulator (IFN α,
1 -
0 8 PEG-INF)
2. Nukleos(t)ida analog :
• Tenofovir Didisoproxil fumarate
(TDF) 300 mg
• Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF)25 mg
• Entecavir 0.5mg

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasuinal Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

Algoritma Terapi Hepatitis B


Perjalanan penyakit berfluktuatif
Dan jarang terjadi remisi spontan.
Disebut juga mutasi precore HBeAg Negatif

HBV DNA HBV DNA


<2.103 IU/mL
n a >2.103 IU/mL

d a
ra m
ALT Normal
i n e s P o
ALT Normal
c ALT 1-2x UNL ALT 2-5x UNL ALT >5x UNL

u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
Tidak M dit y @ Tidak Tidak
Indikasi mulai
terapi.
diberikan
. A s p diberikan diberikan Terapi bila
pengobatan.
r
d ad xxx i a pengobatan. pengobatan. kenaikan ALT
menetap >3bl
atau terdapat
Bila HBV DNA
<2.105 IU/mL dan
tidak ada tanda

Pantau HBV
i t y x-x Pantau HBV Pantau HBV risiko
dekompensasi, bisa
dipantau 3-6 bl

ad xxx
DNA, HBeAg, DNA, HBeAg, DNA, HBeAg, dekompensasi untuk timbulnya
serokonversi
ALT ALT ALT spontan.

1 -
08 Pertimbangkan pemeriksaan fibrosis
Respon Tidak respon
Surveillans KHS dg USG maupun non invasif atau biopsi hati pada
AFP setiap 6 bulan bagi kelompok pasien >30th atau <30th dengan
risiko tinggi riwayat KHS/ Sirosis dalam keluarga. Pantau HBV
Pertimbangkan
DNA, HBeAg,
Bila terdapat inflamasi atau fibrosis strategi terapi
ALT 1-3bl
derajat sedang/lebih, terapi. lain
setelah terapi
KHS : Karsinoma Hepatoseluler

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasuinal Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

Algoritma Terapi Hepatitis B


HBeAg Positif

HBV DNA HBV DNA


<2.104 IU/mL
n a >2.104 IU/mL

d a
ra m
ALT Normal
i n e s P o
ALT Normal
c ALT 1-2x UNL ALT 2-5x UNL ALT >5x UNL

u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
Tidak M dit y @ Tidak Tidak
Indikasi mulai
terapi.
diberikan
. A s p diberikan diberikan Terapi bila
pengobatan.
r
d ad xxx i a pengobatan. pengobatan. kenaikan ALT
menetap >3bl
atau terdapat
Bila HBV DNA
<2.105 IU/mL dan
tidak ada tanda

Pantau HBV
i t y x-x Pantau HBV Pantau HBV risiko
dekompensasi, bisa
dipantau 3-6 bl

ad xxx
DNA, HBeAg, DNA, HBeAg, DNA, HBeAg, dekompensasi untuk timbulnya
serokonversi
ALT ALT ALT spontan.

1 -
08 Pertimbangkan pemeriksaan fibrosis
Respon Tidak respon
Surveillans KHS dg USG maupun non invasif atau biopsi hati pada
AFP setiap 6 bulan bagi kelompok pasien >30th atau <30th dengan
risiko tinggi riwayat KHS/ Sirosis dalam keluarga. Pantau HBV
Pertimbangkan
DNA, HBeAg,
Bila terdapat inflamasi atau fibrosis strategi terapi
ALT 1-3bl
derajat sedang/lebih, terapi. lain
setelah terapi
KHS : Karsinoma Hepatoseluler

© Annisa Zahra 2023


1. Immunomodulator : Diberikan jangka
a
nwaktu pasti (24-48
d a
a
i nPrhati baik.
minggu), pada pasienedg fungsi
s m
c o
c Dia ail
§ Interferon α konvensional
u .
e d a(Peg IFN)gm
§ Pegilated interferon
M dity @
2. A
Analog Nukloes(t)ida
. s p
d r d i a xx
• Tenofovir Didisoproxil
a fumarate
x (TDF) 300 mg
y
it xx-x(TAF) 25 mg
• Tenofovir dAlafenamide
a xx
• Entecavir 0.5mg
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

n a
d a
Ko-infeksi dengan HCV ra terapi
• Pasien yang menerima
mDAA DAA à profilaksis NA
i n e
sampai 12s P
minggu o
paska
c
u c i a il .
d D m a
Me d•itTerapi:ya @g
A
. • Pada s p tenofovir + lamivudine
drHIV
Ko-infeksi dengan d ia pasien
x x dengan CD4 > 500 dan tidak
t y a mengkonsumsi
-x x ARV: Peg-IFN atau adefovir
i
ad xxxx
Pasien dengan81
-
kemoterapi/0 • Profilaksis NA 1 minggu sebelum sampai 12 bulan
setelah kemoterapi
imunosupresi

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

§ Imunisasi aktif à Memberikan vaksin hepatitis B n a


d a
§ Vaksin HepB : HBsAg dari serum Px HepBra yang dimurnikan
m atau hasil
Rekombinan DNA sel ragi i n e s P
untuk menghasilkan c o
HBsAg
u c a
i µg aprotein
il .
§
e d a
Setiap mL vaksin mengandung D10-40 m HBsAg.
M i t y g
§ Vaksin akan menginduksi d p @
sel T yg spesifik terhadap HBsAg dan sel B yg
Asel T →asSel B inilah yang nnt akan menghasilkan antibody
dependen terhadap
r . i x
(anti-HBs) d a d x x
i t y x -x
§
ad akan
Pemberian vaksin
x
menghasilkan
x respon antibodi protektif pada:
x < 40 tahun sebesar 30-55% setelah dosis pertama,
Ø Dewasa sehat1 - umur
>75% 0 8
setelah dosis kedua, dan >90% setelah dosis ketiga.
Ø Dewasa sehat umur > 40 tahun, proporsi pasien memiliki antibodi
menurun <90%
Ø Pada umur 60 tahun, antibody hanya muncul pada <75%

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

§ Diberikan 0,5 ml sebanyak 4 kali hingga


a
n bayi berusia 6 bulan.
d a
§ Kapan waktunya? r a m
i ne P
s il.c o
c
u (wajib)
1. Bayi baru lahir D i a a
d
e itya g m
M
2. Usia 2 buland @
A p
r. dias xx
3. Usia 3dbulan
t y a -xx
i xx
4. Usia 4 bulan
d
a xx
-
§ Plus imunisasi1hepatitis B ulang (booster) pada usia 18 bulan.
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis B di Indonesia. 2017

n a
§ Untuk dewasa ( > 18 tahun ) à Dosis d a 1 ml
§ Dilakukan sebanyak 3ekali r a m
i n P
s il.c o
§ Kapan waktunya? u c D i a a
d
e itya m
gpernah mendapat vaksin
M
1. Segera bagi d yang belum @
hepatitis .B
A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
2. Dosis 2 d ity xx-1xbulan setelah dosis pertama
diberikan
a xx 5 bulan setelah dosis kedua
3. Dosis 3 diberikan
1 -
§ 08 hepatitis B booster dengan jeda 5 tahun
Plus dosis vaksin
setelah pemberian dosis ketiga

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y What’s New on LATEST GUIDELINES :
A p@Prevention of Mother-to-Child
r . i a s
d ad xxTransmission x of Hepatitis B Virus
y
it xx-x
d
a xx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


All pregnant women should be tested for HIV, syphilis and Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
(HBsAg) at least once and as early as possible in the pregnancy

n a
New recommendation d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
WHO recommends that pregnant
c women
uIU/mL) receive i a testing
il .HBsAg positive with HBV DNA ≥ 5.3
log10 IU/mL (≥ 200.000d
e until D m
aat least birth a
tenofovir prophylaxis from the 28 week of
TH

pregnancy
M i t y g to prevent MTCT* of HBV.
Three-dose hepatitis
A dB vaccination
p @in all infants, including timely birth dose.
r . i a s
d ad xxx
i t y x-x
ad xxx
New recommendation
1 -
WHO recommends 08that in setting in which antenatal HBV DNA testing is not available,
HBeAg testing can be used as an alternative to HBV DNA testing to determine eligibility
for tenofovir prophylaxis to prevent MTCT* of HBV.

* Mother to Child Transmission


© Annisa Zahra 2023
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
PPHI 2017 d a
r a m
i ne s P c o
Pada pasien hamil denganu c DNA HBV 6
i .
ia>2 x 10aIU/mL
l dan atau HBeAg positif, terapi
e d perinatal
untuk mengurangi transmisi a D dapatm dimulai pada trimester 3 sampai dengan 3
bulan setelah M
melahirkan,
y
it kecuali@ g
bila ada indikasi terapi hepatitis B kronis (A1)
A d s p
.
dr adia xxx
i t y x-x
ad xxx
PPHI 2017
1 -
0 8
Tenofovir dapat digunakan pada pasien hamil dengan infeksi virus hepatitis B, dan
telbivudin dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif (B1)

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
RNA virus M dit y @
6 Genotipe . A s p
50 Subtipe
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Fahed Parvaiz, et al 2011


Virology Journal 8, article no:474

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Shin, EC., Sung, P. & Park, SH. Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Nat Rev
Immunol 16, 509–523 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.69mmo
n a
d a
ra m
i n
Fulminane s P
Manifestasi c o Karsinoma
u c <1% Dia ekstrahepatik il .
e d a m a
(1-2%)
hepatoselular
1-5%/tahun
M Infeksi
Infeksi akut i t g
ykronik @ Infeksi kronik
Infeksi virus
(20-30% A d s p Sirosis hati
bergejala) r.
Hepatitis C
d ad xxx
(75%-85%)
i a aktif (10-20%)
Dalam 20 th

i t ySembuhxspontan
- x Sirosis
d
a x15%-25% x x dekompensata

1 - 50%/5th

08

Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017


© Annisa Zahra 2023
Akut (<6 months)
n a
o Asimtomatis (80%) d a
r a m
o Simptomatis (20%) : ringan
i n e hinggaP berat,olemas,
s il.c demam, anorexia,
jaundice. u c D i a a
d m
Me HCV
o Anti HCV positif,
d i t y a terdeteksi
RNA
@
g
Kronik (>6 months)
. A s p
r i a
d xxxmenjadi kronik yang asimtomatis
d berkembang
o 80% infeksi akut y a
d it xx-x
a pada
o Gejala muncul
xx usia 50-60 tahun
o Anorexia, nyeri 1 -
08 perut, demam, jaundice, lemah mual
o Gejala dan tanda yang terkait sirosis atau hepatoma
o Manifestasi extra hepatik ( cont. Cryoglobulinemia,
glomerulonephritis, arthritis)

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
• Pada infeksi akut, HCV RNA Praterdeteksi
m 7-10 hari
i ne s c o
setelah paparan, u c kemudian
ia aanti-HCV
il . dapat terdeteksi
ed itya D
dalam 2-8Mminggu gm
A d sp@
• HepatitisdCr.kronikia: anti-HCV
x dan RNA VHC tetap
a d xx
terdeteksi >6bulan
i t y x-sejakx terinfeksi dengan atau
a d xx
tanpa gejala penyakit
- x hati kronis
8 1
0

Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia


2017

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Interpretasi Hasil Pemeriskaan Hepatitis C

HASIL PEMERIKSAAN INTERPRETASI TINDAK LANJUT

Tidak ada antibodi HCV § Sampel dilaporkan sebagai anti HCV non reaktif
Anti HCV Nonreaktif terdeteksi/ tidak terinfeksi
n a § Pemeriksaan HCV RNA jika dicurigai riwayat terpapar HCV

d a baru-baru ini /immunocompromised

ra m
Dicurigai terinfeksi Hepatitis C § Hasil reaktif berulang kali menandakan infeksi HCV sedang

Anti HCV Reaktif


i n e s P c o
berlangsung/infeksi HCV masa lalu yang telah sembuh/
false positive Anti HCV.

u c Dia ail . § Pemeriksaan RNA HCV untuk mengidentifikasi infeksi saat


ini
e d a g m
Anti HCV Reaktif
HCV RNA Terdeteksi
M dit y
Infeksi Hepatitis C sedang
berlangsung
@
§ Konseling pasien, perawatan, pengobatan

. A s p
Anti HCV Reaktif r
d ad xxx i a
Status infeksi tidak dapat
dientukan (mungkin dalam
§ Periksa ulang anti HCV dan HCV RNA 3 – 6 bulan
kemudian.
HCV RNA Tidak
Terdeteksi t y x-x
status intermittent viremia) /
i
ad xxx
Sudah sembuh

Periksa ulang anti HCV dan HCV RNA 3 – 6 bulan kemudian


Anti HCV Nonreaktif 1 -
Infeksi Hepatitis C akut awal;
Hepatitis C kronis pada pasien
§

HCV RNA Terdeteksi


08
status imunosupresi, HCV RNA
Positif palsu.

Anti HCV Nonreaktif Tidak ada infeksi Hepatitis C § Tidak memerlukan tindak lanjut
HCV RNA Tidak
Terdeteksi

CDC. Testing for HCV infection: An update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians. MMWR 2013;62(18).
PPHI. 2017. Konsesnsus Nasioonal Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C.
KASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of Hepatitis C. 2016

© Annisa Zahra 2023


1. Mencari penyebab lain penyakit
n ahati kronis
da r a
§ Koinfeksi hepatitis
ne B P
s il.c o m
c i i a
§ Koinfeksi HIV
d u D a
M e itya g m
§ NASH d sp@
A
r. diavirusxRNA
2. Menilai dmuatan a x VHC dan genotipe
i t y x-xx
3. Menilai aderajat
d xxfibrosis
1
§ Pemeriksaan - x non invasif
0 8
§ Pemeriksaan infasif

Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia


2017

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017

Prioritas terapi Kelompok Pasien


n a
Terapi diindikasikan Seluruh pasien naive dan gagal terapi d adengan penyakit hati kompensata dan
dekompensata r a m
n e
i (metavir s P c o
Terapi diprioritaskan § Fibrosiscberat
u ia ail
F3-F4) .
d a
§ Konfeksi HIV D
VHB
m
§ e y
Kandidat transplantasi gorgan yang membutuhkan terapi imunosupresan,
M rekurensi i t
d VHCspaska @transplantasi
A
§ r.Sindroma metabolik
p
d§ Manifestasid iaekstrahepatik
x x
t a -x x virus
y tinggixmenularkan
i
§ Risiko
d sedang x (METAVIR score F2)
Terapi aFibrosis x
dipertimbangkan 1 -x
Terapi dapat
8 ditemukan fibrosis atau hanya ditemukan fibrosis ringan (F0-F1)
0Tidak
ditunda
Terapi tidak Komorbiditas berat selain penyakit hati yang dapat mempengaruhi harapan
direkomendasikan hidup

© Annisa Zahra 2023


1. Pegylated Interferon (Peg-IFN) a
o Interferon merupakan protein yg bersifat d a n
imunomodulator, dg mekanisme
kerja menghambat berbagai tahap mulai radari masuknya
m virus, uncoating,
i n
sintesis mRNA, dan sintesis
e proteins P c o
u c i a il .
o Penambahan Pegylated
e D
d auntuk menurunkan m a toksisitas, meningkatkan stabilitas
M dterhadap
obat, perlindungan ity @ g dan memperbaiki daya larut
proteolisis,
A
o Jenis : Peg-IFN. α2a, s
Peg-IFN pα2b
d r d ia xx
2. Ribavirin itya -xx
ad langsung
Menghambat x xrepilikasi virus
o
- xx
o Menghambat1enzim inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
o 08 mutagenesis RNA
Menginduksi
o Imunomodulasi melalui induksi sel Thelper1

3. Direct Acting Antivirus (DAA)*


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia
2017

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
Nama Obat Kelas Obat eDosis PEkskresimra Efek Samping
i n s .c o
u c Dia ail
NS3/4A inhibitor 150 mg 100% feses Nausea, ruam, pruritus gatal,
Simeprevir
e d a g m dyspnea, peningkatan bilirubin,

M dit y @
fotosensitif.

Grazoprevir A
NS3/4A inhibitor
. s p 100 mg 1% urin Fatigue, nyeri kepala, nausea.

r
d ad xxx
NS5A inhibitor
i a 90 mg
99% feses
1% urin Fatigue, nyeri kepala
Ledipasvir
i t y x-x 99% feses

Daclatasvir ad xxx
NS5A inhibitor 60 mg 10% urin Fatigue, nyeri kepala, nausea,

1 - 90% feses diare.

08
NS5A inhibitor 50 mg 1% urin Fatigue, nyeri kepala, nausea.
Elbasvir 99% feses

NS5B inhibitor 400 mg 80% urin Fatigue, nyeri kepala, demam.


Sofosbuvir 15% feses
EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C. 2016.

© Annisa Zahra 2023


PERKEMBANGAN DAA*
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
c Dia Harvoni il .
Sovaldi du a Zepatier
e
M dit y a g m
A p@
r . i a s
d ad xxx
2014
i t y x-x 2015 2016
Olysio
ad xxViekirax Pak Daklinza
1 -
08

*DAA : Direct acting antiviral


Das D, Pandya M. Recent Advancement of Direct-acting Antiviral Agents (DAAs) in Hepatitis C Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2018;18(7):584-596. doi:
10.2174/1389557517666170913111930. PMID: 28901852.
KOMBINASI DAA
n a
MONOTERAPI KOMBINASI
d a
ra m Epclusa
i n e s P c o Sofosbuvir +

Olysio du
c Dia ail . Velpatasvir

e a m Viekira Pak
Simeprevir
M dity @ g Ombitasvir/

. A s p paritaprevir/
r
d ad xxx i a ritonavir +
dasabuvir
Harvoni
Sofosbuvir +
i t y x-x Ledispavir
MyDeklad
Daclatavir xxx
a
- Zepatier
8 1 Elbasvir/
0 grazoprevir
Technivie
Ombitasvir/
paritaprevir/
ritonavir

*DAA : Direct acting antiviral


Das D, Pandya M. Recent Advancement of Direct-acting Antiviral Agents (DAAs) in Hepatitis C Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2018;18(7):584-596. doi:
10.2174/1389557517666170913111930. PMID: 28901852.
n a
Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017
d a
Rekomendasi : ra m
i n e s P c o
§ Regimen Sofosbufir u c 400Dmg il .
ia danaDaclastavir 60 mg
e d gm
§ Durasi 12Mminggu i:tNon ya Sirosis
@
§ Durasi 24 mingguA d s
: Sirosis p
d r . i a x
§ Regimen Sofosbuvir a d x
xVelpatasvir
i t y dan x -x
a d
§ Regimen Sofosbuvir, x
x Peg-IFN, dan Ribavirin
- x
1 50mg/100mg (pada pasien CKD/HD
8
§ Elbasvir/Grazopevir
0
reguler)

© Annisa Zahra 2023


EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C: Final Update of the Series, 2020.

n a SVR 12*:
Pasien yang mencapai
a d
r a m
Tanpa i n e P
s il.c o
sirosis/fibrosis u c D i a a
Tidak perlu follow up
berat e
d a g m
M dit y @
. A p
s Perlu USG dengan atau tanpa
Dengan r
d ad xxx i a
sirosis/fibrosis
i t y x-x AFP untuk surveilans HCC
F3/F4ad xxx tiap 6 bulan
1 -
0 8
Dengan risiko
terinfeksi ulang: Pemeriksaan HCV RNA tiap 1
HD, Penasun, tahun
Immunocompr
omised

*SVR12 : sustain virological response 12


© Annisa Zahra 2023
Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C pada PGK di Indonesia 2019

§ Pasien dengan ≥30ml/menit/1.73m2 à tidak


a
nperlu penyesuaian dosis:
d a
r a
§ sofosbuvir/daclatasvir; sofosbuvir/ribavirin, msofosbuvir/ledipasvir
i n e s P c o
c Dia ail
§ sofosbuvir/velpatasvir;
u .
sofosbuvir/simeprevir
e
§ ledipasvir (90 dmg)/sofosbuvir(400
a g m mg)
t
M digenotype y @1a, 1b, atau 4 dengan CrCl < 30 ml/min
§ Pasien dengan infeksi
A p
diterapi denganr .elbasviri a s mg)/grazoprevir (100 mg) selama 12 minggu.
(50
d ad xxx
ty -x
§ Sofosbuvir tidak idirekomendasikan pada pasien dengan CrCl < 30 ml/min
ad xxxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017

§ Terapi berbasis DAA yang diberikan sama dengan


a
n regimen monoinfeksi
d a
(sofosbuvir + Daclatasvir) ra m
n e
i minggu)
§ Elbasvir/grazoprevir (12
P
sà SVRil94%o
c - 100%.
u c i a .
a D
§ Pada pasien CrCle<d60 ml/menit à m a
Ledipasvir ( Hep C) + Tenofovir (HIV)
M dity @
tidak direkomendasikan. g
. A s p
Penggunaan Obat drHIV dan d ia xCx
Hepatitis
t y a -xx
i ObatxHepatitis
Obat HIV
a xx x C
d Keterangan

Efavirenz
1 -
Daclatasvir Peningkatan dosis
08 Daclatasvir: 60 mg à 90 mg.

Efavirenz/ Simeprevir Tidak boleh digunakan


nevirapin/
protease inhibitor

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017

§ Harus ditentukan infeksi yang dominan an


a
§ a d
Kriteria & pilihan terapi sama dengan rpasien monoinfeksi Hepatitis C
n e s P o m
§ i
c Dia ail
Apabila terdapat peningkatan HBV DNA à.cterapi nukleosida analog.
Tenofovir (Hep e
u
B)d+ Ledipasvir m
§
M dit y a (CrCl
g < 60ml/min) à tidak
direkomendasikan
A @
p
. s
dr adia xxx Interaksi Obat Hepatitis C & B
i t y x-x
adHEPATITIS
x xB
1 -x
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Konsensus Nasional Penatalaksanaan Hepatitis C di Indonesia 2017

§ Sebagian besar DAA berinteraksi dengan obat


a
nanti tuberkulosis, terutama
d a
rifampisin. ra m
§ Pasien dengan koinfeksi n e
i TB à harus P o
s menyelesaikan
c terapi TB sebelum
c i a il .
memulai DAA. du D m a
M e itya g hepatotoksitas pada penggunaan
§ Perlu monitor fungsidhati ketat@terkait
OAT. . A s p
r a
d adi xxx
i t y x-x
TUBERCULOSIS Interaksi Obat Hepatitis C & Obat anti tuberkulosis
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the mostacommon na type of primary liver
cancer ra md
• Accounting for about c i ne
75-85% s
ofaall
P
cases l.co
u D i a i
• HCC is a two faced
e ddiseasea g m
– Underlying
y
it create
Mliver ddisease @ the conditions for carcinogenesis
. p
A hasaaslow prospensity to spread to other organs and
– A carcinoma r
d adi xxx
that
i t y x-for
thus offer opportunity x local therapy
• advascularization
HCC is a double
x x x tumor
1
– HCC is primarily
- vascularize through the hepatic artery
0 8
– The liver has a dual vascularization, arterial obliteration being
potentially compensated by the portal vein vascularization

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023 Toh, M. R., et al. (2023). Global Epidemiology and Genetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 164(5). https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.033
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Factors Determining Prognosis HCC
n a
1. Tumor stage d a
ra m
§ Size i n e s P c o
§ Number u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
§ Location M it y @
A d s p
§
d r .
Vascular invation i a x
a d x
§
i t y x-xx
Extrahepatic spread
2. ad xxx
Liver function
3. Overall patients 1 -
health
0 8
4. Intervention-specific
outcome

© Annisa Zahra 2023


The diagnostic algorithm from the AASLD for HCC in patients who have
hepatic nodules detected upon ultrasound surveillance.

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

AASLD=American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; CT=computed tomography; HCC=hepatocellular carcinoma;
MDCT=multidetector row computed tomography; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging.
Adapted from Bruix J, Sherman M. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022. 18

© Annisa Zahra 2023


n a
Invasive/ a
1. Liver resection
d
Surgical r
2. Liver atrasplantation
m
i n e P
s il.c o
u c D i a a
Minimally e d m
a 1. gMicrowave ablation (MWA)
invasive /M i t y @
Locoregional . A
d p 2. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
s 3. Percutaneous ethanol injection
r i a
d ad x4.xxTransarterial chemoembolization
i t y x-x
a d xx
Non invasive / -x 1. Stereotactic body radiotherapy
Systemic 8 1 2. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
0 3. Immunotherapy

Brown, Z. J., Tsilimigras, D. I., Ruff, S. M., Mohseni, A., Kamel, I. R., Cloyd, J. M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2023). Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review.
In JAMA Surgery (Vol. 158, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2022.7989

© Annisa Zahra 2023


BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation : The 2022 update

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Journal of Hepatology, vol 76, issue 3, P681-693, march 2022


n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08
Liver Resection
Patients criteria: n a
d a
§ No distant metastasis r a m
i n e P
s il.c o
§ Child A
u c D i a a
§ Absence of portal d
e itya hypertension g m
M
§ Platelet count >A d sp@3
100.000/mm
§ Liver remnantdr. estimated
a d ia by CT
x x
x than 50%
volumetry of the
i t yliver larger
-x
d xxx
in cirrhoticapatients
§ MELD ⩾ 11 8 1 - x
0
§ Karnofsky ⩾ 70 (ECOG 0 or 1)

Brown, Z. J., Tsilimigras, D. I., Ruff, S. M., Mohseni, A., Kamel, I. R., Cloyd, J. M., & Pawlik, T. M. (2023). Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review.
In JAMA Surgery (Vol. 158, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2022.7989

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Liver Transplantation

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Gugenheim, J.,et al. (2013). Recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma according to up-to-seven criteria. Hepato-Gastroenterology, 60(124).
https://doi.org/10.5754/hge12997

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Liver Transplantation

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Microwave Ablation (MWA) -
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Locoregional therapies in HCC

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Kung, J. W. C., & Ng, K. K. C. (2022). Role of locoregional therapies in the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In Hepatoma Research
(Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2021.138

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Transarterial Chemo Embolization (TACE)
• TACE : Targetting cancerious n a
d a
lesion fed by the hepatic artery r a m
n e
i of TACE: P
s il.c o
• Fundamental principal u c D i a a
d m
Me dityais @g
– Liver parenchhyma
supplied from A portalsvein
p
r . iasuppliesx
– but, HCCdlession a d
is x x
i t y
by hepaticdartery (>80%)x -x
a xxx
1 -
08

Wáng, Y. X. J., De Baere, T., Idée, J. M., & Ballet, S. (2015). Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: An update of clinical evidences. In Chinese
Journal of Cancer Research (Vol. 27, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.03

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Transarterial Chemo Embolization (TACE)
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08
Lewis, A. L., & Dreher, M. R. (2012). Locoregional drug delivery using image-guided intra-arterial drug eluting bead therapy. In Journal of Controlled Release
(Vol. 161, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.018

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Potential combination strategies using immune
checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in HCC

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Foerster, F., Gairing, S. J., Ilyas, S. I., & Galle, P. R. (2022). Emerging immunotherapy for HCC: A guide for hepatologists. In Hepatology (Vol. 75, Issue 6).
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32447

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Strategies
integrating ICI
based on HCC stage
currently under
investigation
n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

Foerster, F., Gairing, S. J., Ilyas, S. I., & Galle, P. R.


(2022). Emerging immunotherapy for HCC: A
guide for hepatologists. In Hepatology (Vol. 75,
Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32447
Sorafenib
• Sorafenib acts by inhibiting the serine-threonine kinases involved in RAF/MEK/ERK
a
pathway, and the receptor tyrosine kinase activity of vascular endothelial growth
n
a
factors receptors (VEGFRs) 1,2, and 3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor
d
β (PDGFR- β) ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08
§ Inhibits tumor cell proliferation
§ inhibits tumor angiogenesis
§ increases the rate of apoptosis

Adapted from Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7:3129-40, Wilhelm SM et al, Preclinical overview of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that targets both Raf and VEGF
and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, with permission from American Association of Cancer Research

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Lenvatinib
• Lenvatinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that targets
VEGFR1-3 and fibroblast growth factorna receptor (FGFR)1-4
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 - § Tumor growth control
§ inhibition of neoangiogenesis and
0 8 lymphagiogenesis
§ Inhibition of tumor microenvironment
§ Revert resistance to angiogenic drugs

Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y. N., Wang, K. T., & Chen, L. (2020). Lenvatinib for hepatocellular carcinoma: From preclinical mechanisms to anti-cancer therapy. In Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta - Reviews on Cancer (Vol. 1874, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188391

© Annisa Zahra 2023


Lenvatinib weight-based dosing is designed to work for patients1,2
n a
a
Treatment should continue as long as clinical benefit is observed or until unacceptable toxicity occurs1
d
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08

*See product labelling for details on dosing in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment.
†See product labelling for full details on dissolving capsules.
1. Reference : LENVIMA TM Product information. Approved by BPOM November 12, 2019. ID: EREG171808119000025 & EREG171808119000026
2. Okusaka T et al. Poster presentation at ASCO GI, 17–19th January 2019, San Francisco.
Lenvatinib : straightforward dose modification, should it be required1

n a
d a
ra m
i n e s P c o
u c Dia ail .
e d a g m
M dit y @
. A s p
r
d ad xxx i a
See product labelling for a complete list of adverse reactions requiring dose modifications

i t y x-x
ad xxx
1 -
08
*Initiate medical management for nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea prior to interruption or dose reduction; gastrointestinal toxicity should be actively treated in order to
reduce
the risk of development of renal impairment or failure.

Reduce dose in succession based on the previous dose level (12 mg, 8 mg, 4 mg or 4 mg every other day).
‡For haematologic toxicity or proteinuria, no dose adjustment is required for first occurrence.
§For haematologic toxicity, dosing can restart when resolved to grade 2-0 or baseline. For proteinuria, resume when resolves to less than 2 g/24 hours.

**Excluding laboratory abnormalities judged to be non-life-threatening, which should be managed as grade 3.


Reference : LENVIMA TM Product information. Approved by BPOM November 12, 2019. ID: EREG171808119000025 & EREG171808119000026
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dr. Annisa Zahra Mufida, Sp.PD
Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam

Email : [email protected]
IG @annisazahra_sppd

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