INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
I-SEIRI

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND NATURE OF TOURISM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Acquire understanding about tourism
2. Take a look at how tourism and hospitality started
3. Learn how tourism contributes to the economy
4. Learn the different types of tourism

TOURISM
• the activities of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for
leisure, business or other purposes for not more than one executive year.
• Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to adapt constantly to
customers changing needs and desires as the customer’s satisfaction, safety and enjoyment
are particularly the focus of tourism business.

TOURIST
• person who travels away from their normal residential region for a temporary period of at
least one night, to the extent that their behavior involves a search for leisure experiences from
interactions with features or characteristics of places he chooses to visit
• Tourists should be classified by the purpose of their visit under one of the following groups,
the first is pleasure, recreation or holiday, and the second is business, visiting friends and
relatives, health or religion.

HISTORY OF TOURISM
The earliest form of tourism can be traced far back as the Babylonian and Egyptians Empires.
A museum of “historic antiquities” was open to the public in six century BC in Babylon while the
Egyptians help many religious festivals attracting not only the devout but many who came to see the
famous buildings and works of an art in the cities.

The local town accommodated tourist by providing services such as vendors of food and drinks,
guides, hawkers of souvenirs, tours and prostitutes. From around the same date, Greek tourist
traveller to visits the site of healing gods. Because the independent city-sates of ancient Greece had
no central authority ordered the construction of roads most of these tourist travelled by water , hence
the lands of Mediterranean Sea produced a remarkable evolution in travel. People travelled for trade,
commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical treatment or education developed by early dates.

TOURISM AS A GLOBALIZED SYSTEM

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
The World Tourism Organization is the leading international
organization in the field of travel and tourism. It serves as a global
forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-
how. Its membership includes 138 countries and territories and more
than 350 Affiliate Members representing local government, tourism
associations and private sector companies, including airlines, hotel
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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

groups and tour operators. With its headquarters in Madrid, WTO is an inter-governmental body
entrusted by the United Nations with the promotion and development of tourism.
In 2007 it en composes 904 million tourist who spent 855 billion dollars. They thereby supported a
global system with roughly 100 million employees in the modern leisure and experience industry.
Beginning in the early 1920 an early theory of “ fremdenverkehr- now an obsolete term for tourism
- emerged in the German- speaking world that dealt mainly with business and economic problems;
since 1960 it has been replaces by the ever -expanding field of tourism studies.

This gives many disciplines the space to approach the subject of tourism or at least aspects of it, from
their own particular academic approaches.
• Today, tourism studies mean the multi – disciplinary bundle of academic approaches in the
sense of undisguised Tran’s disciplines, which can find different applications.
• Cultural and social history and historical anthropology – have been the opening up to the
questions surroundings tourism for some time.
• Not every journey is a touristic journey; mobility has many modalities. It is a sense to separate
travelling as a mean of end ( for example expulsion, migration, war religion trade) and
travelling as an end in the encoded sense of tourism ( education, relaxation leisure, free
time, sociability and entertainment)

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINES
When the first set of people chose to migrate through land bridges , followed by the other sets
of migrations from Malayan archipelago in the south and Taiwan in the North. Through time ,
numerous ethno- linguistic group developed until some of they become monarchies, plutocracies ,
hunter – gatherers, city- sates and so on.
Trade also become part of the tourism as Arabs, Indians , Japanese, Chinese, Malays and other
ethnic group in mainland Southeast Asia, Taiwan Ryukyu trades goods with natives. When the islands
become part of the territory of Spain an influx of Spanish people migrated into the country, through
still few compared to the Spanish migrations in South America as the Philippines was farther from
Spain.
The Philippines is the third largest English speaking country in the world. It has rich history
combining Asian European and American influences. Prior to Spanish colonization in 1521, the
Filipinos had a rich culture and were trading with the Chinese and Japanese.

Spanish Colonization brought about the construction of Intramuros in 1571, Walled city
comprised of European buildings and churches, replicated in different part of the archipelago.
• 1898 after the 350 years and 300 rebellions, the Filipinos with the leaders like Jose Rizal and
Emilio Aguinaldo succeeded in winning their independence.
• 1897 – The Philippines became the first and only colony of the united states . Following the
Philippine war, The united states brought widespread education to the island. Filipinos
fought alongside Americans during World war II , particularly at the famous battle of Bataan
and Corregidor which delayed Japanese advance and saved Australia. Then they waged
guerilla war against the Japanese from 1941-1945.
• The Philippines regained independence in 1946

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

The tourism industry first truly flourished during the late 19th century to early 20th century due
to influx of immigrants from Europe and United States.
• It was listed as one of the best counties to visits in Asia aside from Hongkong and Japan,
earning the nickname “ PEARL OF THE ORIENT SEAS”
• The tourism decline during and after the World War II , leaving the country with
completely divested economy and landscape filed with destroyed heritage towns.
• Second’s wave of tourist influx flourished In 1950 but declined drastically during the
dictatorial ship era.
• After the People Power Revolution, the tourism industry continue to declined due to the
domino effect of the dictatorial ship. The industry only managed to cope in 1921 where 1.2
million tourist visited the Philippines. It afterward waned ain after decade due to corrupt
practices in government.
• The tourism industry flourished again at the 3rd time at the early part of the 2010 under
the ‘ITS MORE FUN IN THE PHILIPPINES” slogan, which was widely regarded as an
international success, gaining international media attention. The country saw an influx
tourist from all over the world with the help of social media and creative taglines, the
tourism went in to peak with having 5,360,682 foreign million tourist recorded 2015.
• The industry continued to grow during 2017 but the growth rate from western tourist
drastically decreased due to on-going drug war and declaration of martial law in
Mindanao. Nonetheless the growth continued to influx of Asian and Russian Tourist.

Filipinos are a fun – loving people. Throughout the islands there are lots of celebrated every day
and foreign guest are always welcome to their home.
• It is noteworthy to note that based on the chosen criteria, there can be many types of tourism.
According to the place of stay. It can be domestic or international based on the length of the
time spent there were differentiate between a short term stay and a long term stay .
• According to the way of organization, it can be group or individual, according to accessibility
free or bound. As basic criterion the classification based on purpose (motives aims) can be
considered.

TYPES OF TOURISM
1. Recreational – realized in the suitable natural environment with the aim of relaxation,
reproduction and improvement of one’s physical and psychic condition, it also includes
suburban recreational, usually short-term (weekend) in summer houses, cottages and
gardens.
2. Cultural – sightseeing – focused on acquainting oneself with the history, culture, traditions
and habits of one’s own and other nations, the basis being sacral and secular architectural
monuments, work of art natural places of interest (caves waterfalls, primeval forest, desserts)
social events (festivals, ceremonies) but also the production and consumption of local food
specialist.
3. Social – when relatives gather together new friendships and acquaintances are formed
between people the same interests in social life..
4. Therapeutic – including not only prevention, rehabilitation, convalescence and treatment of
the effects of illness in spas and other medical facilities but recently also fitness and relaxation
stays wellness.
5. Sport Related – which involve not only sports activities including so- called hunting tourism
but also Spector ship at sports events.
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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

6. Exploration of nature flora and fauna (by way of visiting conservation areas – a specific
type of ecotourism, leading to such behavior in the natural environment that endangers it as
little as possible, if we consider the motives, we talk about the return to the nature s part of
green so called soft tourism.
7. Adventurous (adrenaline sports) connected with danger, testing physicals and physics
abilities of the participants. The best known kinds are white water rafting and bungee-
jumping.
8. Professionals – including entrepreneurial, business trips participation in conferences visiting
fairs and exhibitions ad incentive (rewarding, encouraging) tourism aimed at improving the
relations with employers or customers.
9. Political tourism – including rallies and meetings of political parties
10. Shopping Tourism –travelling somewhere to buy something
11. Specific Tourism – such as tourism for the wheel chair bound.

The main non-economic significance of rural tourism can be seen in the following:
1. Maintaining local traditions and customs
2. Bridging together people from the country and from the city
3. Landscape protection and creation of healthy environment

ACCORDING TO PLACE
1. Domestic Tourism (within the country)
2. International Tourism (travelling abroad) According to the foreign exchange contribution,
it can be divided into active (inbound) and passive (outbound)

ACCORDING TO THE LENGTH OF STAY

1. Short term (usually up to three days)
2. Long term (usually more than three days)

ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

1. Individual (individual, family)
2. Groups ( Groups, tours )
3. Mass (mass event such as pilgrimages, sports events)

ACCORDING TO THE WAYOF ORGANIZATION (ARRANGEMENTS)

1. Arranged by specialized subjects
2. Non-organized

ACCORDING TO THE WAY OF TRANSPORTATION

1. Road (cars buses, motorbikes)
2. Railways (both regular and irregular connections)
3. Air (bot regular and irregular connections)
4. Water (river and seas)
5. Other (hiking, cyclotourism water tourism)

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

ACCORDING TO THE WAY OF PAYMENT

1. Commercial (fully paid by the customer, readily available)

2. Bound (Some conditions must be met, such as membership in an organization, the client pays
only part of the costs or it even is for free)

Domestic Tourism – is understood as travelling within the country, whose nationals we are and
where we have permanent address.
International Tourism – means travelling abroad. It can be active (incoming, inbound) when
foreign visitors come to our country or passive (outgoing, outbound) where people from our country
travel abroad.

Dealer – sells only the complete offer of an organizer, while organizer not only assembles the offer
but he or she can also sell it.
In the European and Union Countries ,assembling is understood to be the combination of at
least two or three following services(transportation, accommodation and other tourism services)
offered at a total price and provided longer than twenty four hours ( accommodation with
overnight stay)

TOUR-OPERATORS –their task is to connect the customers market, retail travel offices, providers o
transportations accommodation and catering services and local entertainment activities, recreational
and there supplementary services with incoming travel offices, the environment and competition.

TRAVEL OFFICES – is entitled to offer and sell tours and conclude travel contracts. They must have
obligatory travel insurances and it can organize its own tours, sell them under its own name and also
offer and sell tours of their travel offices under their names.

TRAVEL AGENCIES – can only offers and sell tours of other travel offices under their name, offer
tourism services, sell entrance tickets, bus or train rickets, plans maps and other tourism related
materials.

CLASSIFYING TOURIST
1. By product
A. Mass Tourism - Mass tourism is an organized movement of large numbers of people to
specialized locations.
B. Alternative tourism involves small groups of people or individuals traveling to places
that are not popular tourist destinations.
2. BY NATURE OF THE ACTIVITY

ACTIVE –(Adventure Tourism, ecotourism and Golf) - A kind of tourism that includes activities
in which the tourist has an active and participatory role in achieving a deep and engaging
experience of the destination’s attractions
PASSIVE (Sightseeing, Beach Holiday, Cruise) emphasizes seeing and observing rather than
more active pursuits.
LOCATON PREFERENCES: (Coastal, Rural, City, Mountains and Lake)
DURATION OF TRIP AND DISTANCE TRAVELLED (Daytrip, Weekend Break, Annual Holiday)
3. BY PURPOSE

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

BUSINESS OR PLEASURE
A. Culture (ethnic)
B. History, heritage
C. Nature-based( ecotourism)
D. Farm-based, rural tourism
E. Personal Development, health
F. Visits friends
G. Social Status
H. Recreation

BY AGE/SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
1. BACKPACKERS- 18-24 years old no children. Attracted to adventurous activity. Consider
themselves travellers not tourist. Generally well –educated cost conscious.
2. DINKS: Double Income No Kids
3. SINKS : Single Income No Kids
4. NOTE: Both DIKS AND SINKS: Younger people between 25 to 35 years of age, no children
affluent.
5. EMPTY NESTERS: Parents whose children have flown the family nest. Between 45 and 55 age
well educated, high disposable income.
6. BOOMERS: Members of the baby boom generation in 1950
7. YOUTH – Between 18 and 25 of age not we- educated , low disposable income , are used to
travelling (have learned it during the upbringing ) and know how to indulge “ the good life”.

OTHER TYPES AND FORMS OF TOURISM

1. ACCORDING TO TIME PERIOD
Short term (up to 3days)
Long-term (7 days)

2. ACCORDING TO WAY OF ORGANIZATION

Organized (by travel agency)
Individual (families on their own)

3. ACCORDING TO PLACE OF DESTINATION

International tourism (prevails in large countries on Europe)
Domestic Tourism (prevails large countries – USA AND CANADA)
4. ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF TOURIST FLOWS
Incoming Tourism
Outgoing Tourism
SEASIDE TOURISM
Recreation by the sea, water sports( swimming, rowing, ailing, surfing ,windsurfing)

MOUNTAIN TOURISM
1. Mountain, hiking, climbing, biking, sport tourism
2. winter sports – Skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing
3. Summer sports, extreme sports (rafting, paragliding, sky diving etc)
4. Sports Events (World championship, cultural tourism
5. Historical sites, buildings and monuments
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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

6. Places of historical Events Battles (Waterloo) Catastrophes (Pompeii) Health Tourism

7. Spas, Fitness Relaxation wellness

RURAL TOURISM
Ecotourism - besides relaxation, people work in farms rearing animals, participating on farming
processes Example: Dairying, processing of vines, taking care of hoses etc.

EVENTS AND GASTRONOMY

1. Music, theatre or beer festivals
2. Trying wines and meals of regions abroad
Shopping Tourism – to go for shopping due to lower prices of goods
Business Tourism - International, national regional, local conferences, seminars, business trips.

THREE MAIN ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL TOURISM

1. Visitor activity is concerned only with aspects of life outside normal routines of work and
social commitments.
2. The activity necessitates travel and nearly every case, some form of transport to the
destination.
3. Specific destinations are the focus or a range of activities and a range of facilities required to
support those activities.

PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DETINING TRAVEL AND TOURISM

1. VISITORS – describe all travellers who fall within agreed definitions of tourism.
2. TOURIST- describe visitors who stay overnight at the destinations
3. SAME-DAY – describe visitors who are and depart on the same day.

FOUR DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM

1. TOURIST – It seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions. The nature
will largely determine the destination chosen and activities enjoyed.
2. BUSINESS PROVIDING TORUIST GOODS AND SERVICES – people see tourism as an
opportunity to make profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist market
demands.
3. GOVERNMENT OF THE HOST COMMIUNITY OR AREA - politicians view tourism as wealth
factor In the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their
citizens can earn from the business. Politicians also considered the foreign exchange
receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist
expenditures, either directly or indirectly. The government can play important role in
tourism policy, development, promotion and implementations,
4. THE HOST COMMUNITY

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
Inbound tourism – visits to a country by non-residents
Outbound tourism – visits by residents for a country to another country.

Internal Tourism – visits by residents and non-resident of the county references,

Domestic Tourism – visits by residents of a country to their own country
National Tourism – internal tourism plus outbound tourism

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Email address: [email protected]
Tel. / Fax Nos. (042) 797 – 0617 / 373-2535 Registration No.
16Q13029

TOURISM CHAIN
1. Travel Agents - generalist “shop: or chain of retail outlets that offers a broad range od
domestic and international travel services to consumers who can drop in or face to face
discussion with sales person in their own towns or neighborhoods.
2. Outbound Operators – operator who specialize in a particular geographic region such as
Amazon or South America or on specific activity such as bird watching or mountain
climbing.
3. Inbound Operators located in the destination country they provide complete packages
services from arrival in the country to departure.
4. Local Service Providers – outside the big cities near natural attractions , these may be local
lodge and hotel owners, local transport providers, community- based eco-tourism
enterprises and local owners

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MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THC05 TUESDAY - THURSDAY 10:30-- 12:00