s ” : ‘ How does exploring be we < 4 space benefit people on Earth? etl oe This high-tech swimsuit is made of a spe- Cally developed lightweight fabric with Watch the ultrasonically fused seams that make the Untamed Science video to learn suit very sleek. The swimsuit compresses the body to help the athletes go faster. Develop Hypotheses How might this swimsuit be similar to a spacesuit? more about exploring space.0)dx4 Ho =] ira %) S wo a wsGetting Started Check Your Understanding 1.Background Read the paragraph below and then answer the question. Bill wonders how a rocket gets off the ground. His sister ‘A BFE is a push or pull Jan explains that the rocket’s engines create a lot of [SBEEM is the distance an fore The force causes the rocket to travel upward with cbloct maves peruntt of ‘great §B8EA The force helps the rocket push against [GFAVIRY is the force that pulls |BFAVity and have enough speed to rise into space EE so force at time. # What force is pulling down on the rocket as it pushes off the ground? )SEMAEUIMAMITD 1 you had trouble completing the question above, visit My Reading Web and type in Exploring Space. Vocabulary Skill Identify Related Word Forms You can expand your vocabulary by learning the related forms of a word. If you know that the verb collect means “to gather together,” then you can figure out the meaning of the noun collection and the adjective collective. pa aera) se on aa a i Verb Noun | Adjective | | probe | probe probing Po examine something carefully an unmanned space vehicle serving to test or try | i a lease partially or completely empty of to clean with a vacuum cleaner a place empty of all matter | all matter 2. Quick Check Circle the sentence below that uses the noun form of the word probe. ‘© The satellite probes Earth's surface thoroughly. «The probe collected photographs and data for the scientists to analyze. 44 Exploring Spacesa2eds Buriojdyg ut edfy pue spiey YseI4 qeDOA SIA ‘Auejngeson yu djey enxe 10 STARTTETATE suoysnpuc meig Pep] weW Mp AjnUEP] @ uiquo Azeuone3s006 Butsues sjowes youids aoeds ‘AajnesBou9}us uinnsen, SISPOW OFEW suonseno ysy ©, Jeno! aqoid aoeds uoneys eoeds apanys eoeds eujores eyeq reidi0quy SIENSIA pue 3x2] aIIOY Aypojan edeose Aypoj9A jeuquo Aypojen sna yepor MalAaidg 4a3dey> 7 RGM eds Saodaie rThe Science of Rockets yslocy (22 How Were Rockets Developed? How Does a Rocket Work? 2 What Is the Main Advantage of a Multistage Rocket’ My \pLaneT DiaRy FUN FACT vd Study the picture of the person ve an ae ext Se he nether § a jet pack. Use your knowledge ore Reka he ea eae science to answer the question. Bie UP a Coeur k eo ae What ‘ 2 would be the advantages and disadvantages of using a jet pack for transportation? Peet Cee inet’ Ce ie tic nicer thy GUN ena ea enan ne} Creed ae eee “ Rei eee ee a Gg eee te oe ire ner hour. And jet packs can carry a person for Oe ceed ae Ce Myre ae na) Pee aura cs kk Oe ee Rosi A eae oee LILLEDTD Go to Planet Diary to learn more about rockets, Do the Inquiry Warm-Up What Force Moves a Balloon? How Were Rockets Developed? You've probably seen rockets at fireworks displays. As the rockets moved skyward, you may have noticed a fiery gas rushing out of the back. A jfOeKet is a device that expels gas in one direction to move the rocket in the opposite direction, Cad Rocket technology originated in China hundreds of years ago and then gradually spread to other parts of the world. Rockets were developed for military use as well as for fireworks. 46 Exploring SpaceAction and Reaction Forces velocity. FIGURE 2 «- 5 SUED Rocket Action and Reaction ‘The force of gas propelled out the back of a rocket produces an ‘opposing force that propels the rocket forward, ‘®, Label the action force and the reaction force in the figure, and explain how this causes the rocket to fly. 48 Exploring Space ‘A rocket demonstrates a basic law of physics: For every force, or action, there is an equal and opposite force, or reaction. Look at Figure 2. The force of the gas shooting out of the rocket is an action force. An equal force—the reaction force—pushes the rocket forward. The reaction force that propels a rocket forward is called thrust. The amount of thrust depends on the mass and speed of the gases propelled out of the rocket. The greater the thrust, the greater a rocket's js speed ina given direction. How Does a Rocket Work? ‘A rocket can be as small as your finger or as large as a skyscraper. ‘An essential feature of any rocket, though, is that it expels gas in ‘one direction. (2x9 A rocket moves forward when gases shooting out the back of the rocket push it in the opposite direction. ‘A rocket works like a balloon that is propelled through the air by releasing gas. In most rockets, fuel is burned to make hot gas. ‘The gas pushes in every direction, but it can leave the rocket only through openings at the back. This moves the rocket forward. Rocket Fuels Three types of fuel are used to power modern rockets. Solid-fuel rocket: # Oxygen is mixed with the fuel (a dry explosive chemical) «The rocket can be triggered from a distance by an igniter. * Once the fuel is ignited, it burns until all of itis gone. Liquid-fuel rocket: * Oxygen and the fuel are in liquid form, stored separately. * When the rocket fires, the fuel and oxygen are pumped into the same chamber and ignited. * The burning of fuel can be controlled. lon rocket: « This type expels charged gas particles out of the engine, * lon rockets are very fuel-efficient.6 peigesnn au cy 0} 0 HOD BH 22U0125 AUIaED yum djey enxe peau | O. ‘plemio} serous 399201 © moy ule|dxe 03 2 eunBig asp) swiesBeig ye1ds09u °q aya puemuoy S@AOU! 399901 © IeYR MOL, | MON) 7H! 4261. eRyo6 [ snueps poy e og @evppinO ened (spuores) ow aasnuyp st 7eyM Gulpueyssepun ino, ssessy ©) TE ALOES 2 He OC) smowynoKop mop yowsey pe} 10 osu 30124 PIG Dano] @ o cdo psn 5 jonjroypou srg OF os > gspuoses z Joye apmapje our sem rey ereG rescera> @ GaN -enoge ojoyd ayy ul euo a4 se yans ‘apisu! payed aynyoesed ( ost @ yum JayPO1 jepoul e ynoge suoAsenb eyp somsue 02 Yde16 BY 85/) ‘punouB ayy enoge sess 3! YB!y Moy s! epmynje 5.324901 Y hiedaeaanagss epnaniy poy e jyyeur au Op ipuores Kiana siexewojpy || ueyp asow sey) snoy 10d wr 00z'Or INoge si YUL anea} 01 spadu 194204 & ALID0jaA adeasa ayy ‘jjnd jeuoneyaes6 saaueld e puokag Ky or yee. snus 39xP01 e AyDojan aup si AyDo|@A edeasy “oreds (UI Jo Ay ued 21 ‘AyDojan JayeeJ6 UAAe Ue Sey 39490) BU J} “yyleg punore 1GI0 Ue Ys!}qeISe OY enaIy>e ISN 1291 © AiD0jA au st AYDO|@A [@3!q4O 71910 OU! 06 04 J9ps0 ut ‘AyDojan uleyisd e yeas IsNW 1! ‘punouB AUB Yo Ss! 424901 & 20U0 ‘AneUB Jo 9310) piemUMop ay UEYT ISTULA Pemdn ‘910 aneY ASNUL 399901 @ ‘PUNOIB ayp YO II 02 J9PL0 Ut Aypojen edensg pue [e141FIGURE 3 ‘®. Apply Concepts Explain what happens in the steps of the multistage rocket in the spaces provided. Which part of the rocket reaches the final destination? ‘A rocket can carry only so much fuel. As the fuel in a rocket burns, its fuel chambers begin to empty. Even though much of the rocket is empty, the whole rocket must still be pushed upward by the remaining fuel. But what if the empty part of the rocket could be thrown off? Then the remaining fuel wouldn't have to push a partially empty rocket. This is the idea behind multistage rockets. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed multistage rockets in 1924. (=) The main advantage of a multistage rocket is that the total weight of the rocket is greatly reduced as the rocket rises. Ina multistage rocket, smaller rockets, or stages, are placed one on top of the other and then fired in succession. Figure 3 shows how a multistage rocket works. As each stage of the rocket uses up its fuel, the empty fuel container falls away. The next stage then ignites and continues powering the rocket toward its destination. At the end, there is just a single stage left, the very top of the rocket. Multistage rockets were used in the 1960s to send astronauts to the moon. Today, they are used to launch a variety of satellites and space probes. 50 Exploring Space