Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSABE COURSE NO. ABE 125
SPECIALIZATION N/a COURSE TITLE AB Waste Management Engineering
YEAR LEVEL 4A TIME FRAME 5hr WK NO. 2 IM NO. 2
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Introduction to AB Waste Management Engineering
II. LESSON TITLE
Lesson 1. Overview of AB Waste management engineering
Lesson 2. State of the art technologies on AB waste management
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
Agriculture sector widely produce waste in the environment. Appropriate managing this waste is
necessary to mitigate pollution. Agricultural and biosystems waste management engineering deals with
learning about managing waste produce in agricultural structures, facilities and enterprise. Learning the
course enable students to facilitate appropriate design of waste management facilities and management
systems applied for such structures.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lessons the students must be able,
1. Understand the different concept of AB Waste Management Engineering
2. Identify different applied technologies related to AB Waste Management
V. LESSON CONTENT
Lesson 1. Overview of AB Waste management engineering
Introduction
Agriculture sector is one among the sectors that produces large quantity of waste due to several
agricultural activities involves in crop production, crop establishment, crop maintenance, harvesting activities,
and post- production activities. Also, involving the livestock contribute large amount of waste. The utilization of
agricultural waste is significant in resolving problems which deals on waste generation, as well as an important
consideration to increase economic capabilities of marginal farmers. Anchoring the use of technologies in the
utilization of waste will provide agricultural and biosystems engineers the opportunity to involve basic engineering
design concept.
Agricultural waste is composed of organic waste like animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard
manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage effluent. These are combination of natural waste,
animal waste and plant waste.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 1. Field Waste
Figure 2. Animal Waste
Figure 3. Agro -industrial Waste
Waste Management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling or
disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their effect
on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous
substances with different methods and fields of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ
for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential, industrial, and
commercial producers.
The wastewater treatment aims to enable wastewater to be disposed safely; without being a
danger to public health and without polluting watercourses or causing other nuisance. Also, it aims to
recover energy, nutrients, water, and other valuable resources from wastewater.
Management Strategies
a. Prevention,
b. Minimization
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
c. Re-use
d. Recycling
e. energy recovery
f. disposal
Importance Waste Management:
- to reduce production costs
- to reduce liability
- to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of
waste.
Significance of waste management
If waste is not properly handled they can pollute surface and groundwater and contribute to air
pollution.
The proper management of waste from agricultural operations can contribute in a significant wat
to farm operations.
Waste management helps to maintain a healthy environment for farm animals and can reduce
the need for commercial fertilizers while providing other nutrients needed for crop production.
The waste which is reduce, recycle and make it usable for different purpose is a waste
management.
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Wastewater management aims to enable wastewater to be disposed safely; without being a
danger to public health and without polluting watercourses or causing another nuisance. Also, it aims to
recover energy, nutrients, water, and other valuable resources from wastewater.
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (AWMS)
AWMS is a planned system in which all necessary components are installed and managed to
control and use byproducts of agricultural production in a manner that sustains or enhances the
quality of air, water, soil, plant, and animal resources.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
- is designed to use the natural purification processes (self-purification processes of streams and
rivers) to the maximum level possible
- designed to complete these processes in a controlled environment rather than over many miles
of a stream or river.
- treatment plant is also designed to remove other contaminants that are not normally subjected to
natural processes, as well as treating the solids that are generated through the treatment unit
steps.
The typical wastewater treatment plant is designed to achieve many different purposes:
1. Protect public health.
2. Protect public water supplies.
3. Protect aquatic life.
4. Preserve the best uses of the waters.
5. Protect adjacent lands.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
GENERATION OF WASTEWATER
Wastewater is generated by five major sources: human and animal wastes, household wastes,
industrial wastes, storm water runoff, and groundwater infiltration.
1. Human and animal wastes — Contains the solid and liquid discharges of humans and animals and
is considered by many to be the most dangerous from a human health viewpoint. The primary health
hazard is presented by the millions of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms (some of which may
be pathogenic) present in the waste stream.
2. Household wastes — Consists of wastes, other than human and animal wastes, discharged from the
home. Household wastes usually contain paper, household cleaners, detergents, trash, garbage, and
other substances the homeowner discharges into the sewer system.
3. Industrial wastes — Includes industry specific materials that can be discharged from industrial
processes into the collection system. Typically contains chemicals, dyes, acids, alkalis, grit, detergents,
and highly toxic materials.
4. Storm water runoff — Many collection systems are designed to carry both the wastes of the
community and storm water runoff. In this type of system when a storm event occurs, the wastestream
can contain large amounts of sand, gravel, and other grit as well as excessive amounts of water.
5. Groundwater infiltration — Groundwater will enter older improperly sealed collection systems
through cracks or unsealed pipe joints. Not only can this add large amounts of water to wastewater flows,
but also additional grit.
Lesson 2. State of the art technologies on AB waste management
Emerging Technologies for Waste Reduction
A. Biogas Technology
Biogas technology is a technology which facilitates waste management through the used of
biogas plant. This plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge
consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank. Biogas is a relatively
high-value fuel that is formed during anaerobic degradation of organic matter. The production of methane
(CH4 ) is widely used for cooking, water pumping and electricity generation.
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 413:2001 is the national standards that
specifies the minimum requirements for the design and construction of a biogas plant utilizing animal
wastes.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 4. Floating Type Biogas Plant
Figure 5. Fixed Type Biogas Plant
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 6. Conversion of Waste to Energy
Biomethane (also known as “renewable natural gas”) is a near-pure source of methane produced either
by “upgrading” biogas (a process that removes any CO2 and other contaminants present in the biogas) or
through the gasification of solid biomass followed by methanation. Is biomethane a clean fuel? Biomethane is a
clean fuel upgraded from biogas. It has similar properties to natural gas vehicle (NGV) and can be used as a
substitute for fossil fuels in the transportation and industrial sectors.
Biomethane is chemically a complete substitute to natural gas (i.e. CH4) and thus, can be introduced into
gas transport and distribution networks. As a renewable source, biomethane is used for electricity production
and heating purposes (domestic and industrial users) and as a fuel for motor vehicles.
B. Agricultural Liquid Waste Management Structures
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 414-1:2002 is the national standards that specifies
the minimum requirements for design and construction of structures for the management of liquid component of
agricultural waste. This standard excludes wastewater with chemicals and fertilizers.
This kind of waste management structures facilitates agricultural liquid waste which consists of liquid
waste and slurry resulting from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and
poultry.
The following figures are typical processing diagrams for treating liquid waste.
Figure 7. Natural biological treatment in ponds
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 8. Biological processing without primary sedimentation
Figure 9. Conventional liquid waste treatment plant
Figure 10. Wastewater treatment diagram
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 11. Wastewter treatment plants
Page 8 of 19
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 12. Typical Component of waste management
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
C. Agricultural solid waste - Composting
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 414-2:2002 is a national standard specifies the
minimum requirements for composting agricultural solid waste management. It does not include hazardous solid
waste.
Agricultural solid wastes are waste resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals or
agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever produced.
The construction of composting structures facilitated the controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-
organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product in which we call composting.
Figure 13. Typical Component of Solid Waste Management
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 14. Typical windrow composting
Figure 15. Typical static pile composting
Figure 16. Typical duct placement for static pile composting
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Mechanical Composting
D. Bioethanol Technology
Bioethanol is an alternative energy source which is renewable cleaner, and more dependable than
the conventional petroleum fuel. It is an ethanol derived from agricultural sources such as sugar cane,
sweet sorghum, nipa and coconut sap, starchy corn and cassava, and other plant materials like cellulosic
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
straw. It is different from pure ethanol which is derived from petroleum sources. Bioethanol can be used
as transport fuel in three ways as follows: (1) As a blend of 10% with 90% unleaded gasoline, (2) as a
component of reformulated gasoline, and (3) as a primary fuel with 85% bioethanol blended with 15 parts
of unleaded gasoline.
Bioethanol when mixed with unleaded gasoline can increase the octane level, decrease exhaust
emission, and extend the supply of gasoline. When used as a gasoline component can improve
combustion helping the fuel burn more completely. It also reduce carbon monoxide emissions as well as
reduce smog formation. Recent development showed that hydrous ethanol or bioethanol can now be
used purely as replacement even at 80% or blended with unleaded gasoline up to 30% level. Hydrous
bioethanol if well produced can be a potential source of fuel for cooking as well as for lighting.
Limitations:
The following are the limitations of bioethanol as fuel:
1. Cost is still expensive since the production requires highly technical process and energy requires is still
high especially in the production of anhydrous ethanol; and
2. Limited supply and sometimes unavailability of raw materials in some area. Feedstocks are still limited
and most of the time with low productivity. If available, they are still attractive in the production of other
exported product;
3. The use of anhydrous ethanol at higher level of blend is not yet fully accepted and the hydrous ethanol
which can be produce easily is still in development stage.
4. Alcohol has the ability to degrade certain machine parts such as rubber, plastics, and even metals over
time. There is a need to select proper material when alcohol is to be used.
5. Some properties of bieothanol such as low energy density, corrosiveness, low flame luminosity, low vapor
pressure making stating of engine difficult, miscibility with water, and toxicity still impede its use for
internal combustion engines.
Feedstock For Bioethanol Production
• Almost any plant-based material can be used as ethanol feedstock.
• All plants contain sugars and starch. These sugars and starch can be fermented to produce via
"biochemical conversion.
• Plant material also can be converted to ethanol using heat and chemicals through thermo-
chemical conversion“
• Starch- and Sugar- Based Feedstock – The sugars in these feedstocks are easy to extract and
ferment, making large-scale ethanol production affordable.
• Cellulosic Feedstock- Cellulosic feedstocks are non-food based feedstocks that include crop
residues, wood residues, dedicated energy crops, and industrial and other wastes. These
feedstocks are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (typically extracted to provide
process steam for production). It's more challenging to release the sugars in these feedstock for
conversion to ethanol.
• Advantages are: (1) More abundant and can be used to produce more substantial amounts of
ethanol, (2) They are waste products or, in the case of trees and grasses grown specifically for
ethanol production, can be grown on marginal lands not suitable for other crops, (3) Less fossil
fuel energy is required to grow, collect, and convert them to ethanol, and (4) They are not used
for human food. Limitation is the difficulty of harvesting, collecting, and delivering the feedstock.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 17. The Schematic of Producing Bioethanol
Uses of Bioethanol
(a) Fuel for Stationary and Mobile Engines – Bioethanol can be used as fuel either in hydrous or
anhydrous form for engines. When blend with gasoline, anhydrous ethanol performs well in terms of
performance at around 10%.
(b) Cooking and Heating – there are recent development for cookstoves that uses bioethanol. Simples
stoves that uses bioethanol can provide heat energy for a family and clean environment during cooking.
(c) Lighting – Alcohol lamp before are used to provide lighting in areas which are not accessible to grid.
The quality of light is much superior that kerosene fueled lamp. In case of shortage of alcohol these lamps
utilizes LPG as fuel.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 18. PHILRICE Crude Bioethanol Distillers
Figure 19. Small-Scale Bioethanol Plant
Page 15 of 19
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 20. Small-Scale Bioethanol Plant Showing the Vacuum Generator and Fermentation
Tanks
Figure 21. Large-Scale Bioethanol Plant that Produces Anhydrous Bioethanol (99.99%)
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
E. Biomass Furnace
Biomass is defined as all materials that stems from plant, animals and other organic materials. It
is an abundant source of renewable energy in the country. Ironically, however, lots of biomass materials
are uselessly disposed of by just dumping or burning them in an open space. Utilizing biomass as an
energy source, on the other hand, would significantly reduce conventional energy consumption of the
country and minimize pollution in the environment. Burning biomass in a furnace is one of the alternatives
to efficiently utilize biomass as a useful commodity. A biomass furnace is a heating device where fuel is
burned to supply heat to various processing operations or to generate steam to produce power.
When burning biomass fuel in the furnace, complete combustion of fuel must be ensured. The
kind of furnace to be used depends primarily on the intended application and on the available fuel in the
locality. Size and automation requirement depend largely on the energy demand and on the complexity
of the design of the furnace.
Figure 22. Commercially-Available Biomass Furnaces
Figure 23. Rice Husk Furnaces
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Benefits and Limitations
• Uses biomass which is ordinarily wastes materials as fuel thereby eliminating waste disposal problem.
• It is a renewable energy source which is available year round and its cost is relatively lower than that of
fossil fuel.
• Greenhouse gas emission, especially CO2, is greatly reduced.
• Fuel source is locally available which does not necessitate importation of expensive fossil fuel.
• Construction materials for the furnace are locally available.
• Local skills can be employed in building and in operating the furnace.
• Design of the furnace is location specific, depending on the available biomass resources.
• Large storage of fuel is required since biomass has low calorific value.
• Usually build in larger unit since the fuel is bulky and has lower energy content.
• Requires a heat exchanger when used for food and feed processing operations.
• Regular attendance is needed in the operation of the furnace and higher maintenance is required.
Uses Of Biomass Furnace
• As a source of heat for thermal systems such as:
– Grain dryer (Flatbed, re-circulating, etc.)
– Fruit dehydrator
– Fish dryer
– Kiln
– Steamer (sterilizer, etc.)
– Fryer (noodle processing, etc.)
– Oven (bakery, etc.)
– Poultry Heater (brooding chicks)
– Water heater (poultry dressing plant, scalding for slaughter houses, etc.)
Figure 24. Biomass Furnaces for Grain Drying
• As a source of heat for boilers to generate steam for:
– Power generation using steam turbine or steam engine to energize rice mill, feed mill, and
other agricultural and food processing plants.
– Source of heat in food process equipment like jacketed kettle, canning, etc, and feed
processing equipment such as pellet mill, etc.
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ABE 105-2S-2022-2023
Figure 25. Biomass Furnace with Steam Boiler Used for Sugar Mill
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
IX. REFERENCES
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 413:2001
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 414-1:2002
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 414-2:2002
Alexis T. Belonio, MS, PAE, ASEAN Engineer, “Agricultural Power and Energy Sources”, Revised 2017
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