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Further concerns arise when contemplating dispute resolution in Saudi Arabia, as there are hosts of
uncertainty inherent in litigating in a traditional Islamic, though recently reformed, court system
where decisions are not codified and stare decisis is non-existent. General ethical rules were
followed in the interview process, including confidentiality, integrity, transparency, and the proper
use of information provided for the sole purpose of this project. 1.4.4 The Questionnaire As
previously stated, obtaining information can be very challenging in Saudi Arabia, as information is
either lacking, incomplete, or considered so secret that it cannot be disclosed. The shari’ah
prohibition against riba requires creative solutions to ensure that a foreign investor is entitled to the
full potential of his investment. It also delineates the Saudi Arabian economic situation at the time of
the enactment of the FIL. Please rate your level Page 433 and 434: Page 3, Q4. Download Free PDF
View PDF Free PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently
unavailable. Rationalise public expenditure and reduce the burden on the government budget by
giving the private sector opportunities to finance, operate, and maintain certain services that it is able
to provide; and 8. However, the arbitrators argued that Islamic law—the domestic law of Saudi
Arabia—did not contain any rules governing petroleum agreements. The past three decades have
witnessed considerable changes in the Saudi economy, mainly due to the five-year plans (and their
varying rates of success). This committee shall consider the disputes arising between the Foreign
Investor and his Saudi partners in respect of a licensed investment under The Act. Laleh Bakhtiar.
Chicago: ABC International Group, 1996. While the FIL allows licensed companies with 100 per
cent foreign ownership to sponsor foreign employees, the employer is restricted in hiring employees
and terminating their contracts, in accordance with the Saudi Labour Law. Utilized where the Qur’an
and Sunnah (the first two sources) are silent on a particular issue. This aim derives not so much from
a need to reduce the country’s dependence on an exhaustible resource, but from the uncertainty
regarding future oil prices and the level of world demand for oil. The other method is that of the
negative list approach, in which foreign investment is, in principle, permitted unless it falls within a
specified list of activities in which FDI is forbidden. The major objectives were raising revenue for
the state, promoting economic efficiency, reducing government interference in the economy,
promoting wider share of ownership, providing opportunities to introduce competition, subjecting
state-owned enterprises to market discipline, and developing the national capital market. In fact,
several assessments of the effect of FDI on the economic growth of developing countries
demonstrate that FDI usually has a positive effect on the national income of host countries. The
aspiration to codification obviated the traditional need for the scholars. This is especially the case
when, inter alia, language is: (1) appropriated by the dominant group within a state (or states) as a
vehicle to perpetuate political majoritarianism, (2) supplemented by weak power-sharing arrangement,
and (3) occasioned by longstanding popular perceptions of historical injustices and relative
deprivation. However, it must be emphasised that there are certain problems with this assumption.
While the FIL is generally in conformity with the World Bank Guidelines, this study questioned
whether the principle of equal treatment is truly incorporated in Saudi law, particularly in the area of
tax rates and restrictive immigration regulations. Page 238. Second, states then focus on
infrastructure and services sectors. In 1994, Saudi Arabia ratified the New York Convention for the
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which requires the country to recognise
arbitral awards as binding, in both contracting and non-contracting states. Easson, Alex. Tax
Incentives for Foreign Direct Investment. As of January 2007, there were 142 contracting states to
the New York Convention. As in Article 11, a contract in Islamic law may be proved by any means,
including by witnesses. The board grew out of the Islamic tradition of taking complaints directly to
the community’s leader. Finally, the FIL was needed to encourage the technology transfer and to help
FDI fund capital expenditure. It may be written in another language provided that written permission
has been obtained for this from the faculty. But in the final regulations, that requirement has been
dispensed with altogether.
The North American Free Trade Agreement investment provisions are modelled on the norms
incorporated in the numerous BITs signed by the United States. 224 Qureshi, International Economic
Law, subsection 14-001. 225 See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),%20Cha-
am,%20Thailand,%2026%20February%202009.pdf (last visited 25 September 2012). 226 See
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (last visited 25 September 2012). 227 Qureshi,
International Economic Law, subsection 14-001. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century:
VI. Molecular typing identified S. schencki. Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF “Festive
Customs” and “Everyday Beauty”. Thus, FDI was needed to play a 1 Although the FIL has a very
broad coverage, it must be read as one component of a comprehensive legal regime that includes the
Companies, the Labour, the Income Tax, the Intellectual Property, and the Arbitration Laws. In order
to deal with this issue, the next chapter contains a discussion of the Saudi legal system and the ways
in which investment, trade, and commercial laws have been affected by Islam, which constitute the
basis of the law. Page 81. Additionally, the FIL was needed in order to reduce the country’s
dependence on oil revenues and to achieve economic diversification by fostering the establishment
of non-oil forms of business. FDI can provide significant benefits to a host country, but problems
may arise in areas of bureaucratic inefficiency, erosion of traditional values, and consequences arising
from foreign 1 Saudi Arabia’s shift in attitude towards FDI can be partially explained by the
dependency and middle-path theories, as described in chapter 2, sections 2.3.2 and 2.3.3. 2 The
Foreign Investment Law of 2000 was issued by Royal Decree No. Al-Alamy, Fawaz. The Concept
of WTO in an Understandable Language: Saudi Arabia’s Experience in the WTO. This is a
particularly important role given the jurists’ limitations to reason out the Qur’an and the sunnah. For
example, as discussed in several chapters, in Saudi Arabian courts, charging an interest rate is
considered riba, and so it is a breach of public policy. It is also charged with the responsibility of
assisting in the promotion of foreign trade especially in capital goods, among member countries;
providing technical assistance to member countries; and extending training facilities for personnel
engaged in development activities in Muslim countries to conform to the shari’ah.’ Islamic
Development Bank, “About IDB,” (last visited 25 September 2012). 94 For background information
regarding Islamic banking, see Mahmoud A. However, non-Saudi Muslims may rent real estates
within the boundaries of the cities of Mecca and Medina for a period not exceeding two years,
renewable for a similar period or periods. What are the administrative and legal obstacles that may
hinder FDI in Saudi Arabia? Page 122. Are you always aware of the lea Page 501 and 502: Page 3,
Q5. Trove is a free repository of Australian material, including almost a million Australian theses Via
the Help on finding Australian theses section of the Trove. But in the final regulations, that
requirement has been dispensed with altogether. Moreover, the other party did not stay the judicial
proceeding on the ground of having a valid arbitration clause. The committee shall work to settle the
dispute amicably. Maskus, “The Role of Intellectual Property Rights,” 147. 91 One study found that
during the 1990s, a fairly advanced economy such as Ireland grew at the rate of 8 per cent per year
because of a successful policy of attracting FDI. The sample consisted of 416 customers of the
public, private and foreign banks in India. In this vein, however, it is even more important to train
judges on commercial matters. In the period post-1995, the economy has matured and modernised
significantly, and it is prepared to face global challenges. Al-Shubaiki, Torki. “The Saudi Arabian
Arbitration Law in the International Business Community, A Saudi Perspective.” PhD dissertation,
London School of Economics, 2003. These areas of Islamic law are sometimes difficult for foreign
investors to understand. Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF Indian federalism at the
crossroads: Limits of the territorial management of ethnic conflicts Kham Khan Suan Hausing 2017,
India Review This article critically examines territorial strategies adopted by the Indian state to
accommodate territorially concentrated minority groups in two very recent cases: the formation of
Telangana (2014) and the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) (2003). In all cases, the Council of
Ministers shall be notified of the arbitration award delivered.’ 52 Al-Shubaiki, “The Saudi Arabian
Arbitration Law in the International Business Community,” 39. The new policy of the Saudi
government is to encourage settlement of investment disputes through arbitration in 22 The
Washington Convention came into force in Saudi Arabia on 7 June 1980. Klein, Michael, Carl
Aaron, and Bita Hadjimichael. “Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction.” Working Paper
No. 2613, World Bank Policy Research, 2001. Consequently, since the Aramco award, Saudi law has
been hostile to arbitration outside of Saudi Arabia or under non-Saudi law.18 Following the Aramco
case, the government established the rule that any administrative contract between the government or
state and individuals, companies, or private organisations can include an arbitration clause only with
express permission from the Council of Ministers. There are certain activities that are excluded from
foreign investment due to their strategic importance for the protection of the economy and for
national security.
Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF Synthesis of Metallated (Cu, Pd) Crown Substituted
Tetracyclohexenoporphyrins. Franck, “Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Treaty Arbitration and
the Rule of Law,” McGeorge Global Business and Development Law Journal 19 (2007): 337. 211
Nolan, “A Comparative Analysis of the Laotian Law,” 674. 212 Muchlinski, Multinational
Enterprises and the Law, 734. In draft regulations floated in March this year, the UGC had proposed
universities be allowed to draw up their own guidelines in this area and sought public feedback on
replacing the term “must” with “desirable”. Candidacy tab and select the option and the year in
which the M. In Australia the thesis is an extended written piece which reports on the results of
rules: a standard thesis of up to 100,000 words in length for a PhD (or 60,000. Pre-constitutional,
extra-constitutional and constitutional arrangements have faced the challenge of linguistic
accommodation. Since 1998, Brazil has experienced a zoonotic sporotrichosis epidemic due to S.
May 2016 My PhD timeframe overall was unremarkable In Australia the common length of PhD is
around 3 5 to 4 years. All these changes were achieved in a period of relative social stability. Second,
based upon general premises, it may be concluded that Islamic law supports a balanced observation
of intellectual property rights. In this method, every proposed project is investigated to decide
whether it is in the interest of the economy to allow it. Following the Aramco case, the government
prohibited administrative clauses in contracts unless a party had received express permission from
the Council of Ministers. An approved caltech phd thesis regulations consists of four total members,
three of whom must be current Caltech professorial faculty. The other method is that of the negative
list approach, in which foreign investment is, in principle, permitted unless it falls within a specified
list of activities in which FDI is forbidden. This study provides an analysis of the legal framework
for FDI, including: the practicality of the FIL, its compliance with the World Bank Guidelines on the
Treatment of FDI, and its facilitation of the legal and administrative aspects of FDI; the correlation
between privatisation and FDI in Saudi Arabia; and the recognition of arbitration as a dispute
settlement mechanism. Analysing the five-year economic development plans illustrates several
reasons for the necessity to enact the FIL in Saudi Arabia. Among these obstacles were the lack of
equal treatment for foreign investors and domestic business entities, the lengthy and cumbersome
investment approval process, the prohibition on full foreign ownership of investment enterprises, the
lack of a right to own real property, and the sponsorship requirements for foreign investors and their
expatriate employees. This chapter demonstrated that privatisation in Saudi Arabia is not always
asserted with a unanimous approach, and reasons for delayed progress of privatisation in the region
were discussed. The Faculty of Business and Economics has developed its own fixed format, with
identical covers and invitations for the defence. In practice, however, this process remains rather
complicated and SAGIA has a long way to go before establishing a full-scale one-stop shop for all
procedures related to licensing, registering, and starting up a foreign investment enterprise. Earlier, to
ensure the quality of their output, research scholars had to appear before a Research Advisory
Committee once in six months and present the progress of their work for evaluation and further
guidance. Ironically, the Hanbali school is one of the most liberal when it comes to contractual
obligations and the freedom of a person to enter contracts,119 and this contributes to the ease with
which the king has issued Royal Decrees on commercial law. Al-Dabbagh, Amr, former Governor of
the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA). For an overview of Saudi Arabia’s
attitude towards the New York Convention, see, generally, Kristin T. The privatised banking and
petrochemical sectors are recognised as early successes of the Saudi government’s efforts to reform
its economy. The entrance syllabus shall consist of 50 per cent of research methodology, and 50 per
cent shall be subject-specific, the Regulations say. The difference between qada (judging) and a
fatwa is that the ruling is specific, particular, enforceable, and only concerns the two parties, while
the fatwa is generally applicable, general in terms, and neither binding or mandatory. In the period
post-1995, the economy has matured and modernised significantly, and it is prepared to face global
challenges. Although some of the names of individuals and entities were redacted in the transcripts,
the cases were nonetheless useful to the author’s research. 1.4.3 Interviews As a result of the
deficiencies in literature and reporting of court cases in the examination of the administrative barriers
to investment in Saudi Arabia, the research also relies on interviews with the authorities responsible
for the implementation of the law. Each examiner will receive a copy of your thesis and study it in
detail before returning a written report to your.
In order to give the historical context for the enactment of the FIL, this chapter presents the various
plans set up by the Saudi Arabian government since 1970 and the extent of the achievement of the
plans’ objectives. See also 2012 Arbitration Law, Article 40 (1). 60 2012 Arbitration Law, Article 25
(1). 61 2012 Arbitration Law, Article 13, 14 (3) Page 226. Some difficulties arose between the
government and foreign oil companies in agreeing on the price of natural gas to be produced and the
land offered, which generated delays in the implementation of the gas development projects.114 109
Telecommunications Law, issued by Royal Decree No. Clare Krojzl (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991).
Page 90. Others argue that because the government created the problem and cannot solve it, which
produced the need for privatizing, the private sector should be responsible for restructuring. Saudi
Arabia, to reduce its dependence on oil, increased its efforts to attract FDI for a more diversified
economy, technology transfer, and to provide employment opportunities. In 1989, it commenced
passing decrees that deregulated its oil industry. For a general discussion of the Guidelines, see
Ibrahim F. I. Shihata, Legal Treatment of Foreign Investment: The World Bank Guidelines,
(Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993), 29 et seq. 4 New York Convention
on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), opened
for signature 10 June 1958, entered into force 7 June 1959. (25 September 2012). My sincere thanks
also go to Professor Peter Muchlinski for his much appreciated time and effort in reviewing my
thesis. There are significant differences within the Sunni sect regarding the sources of law,
particularly ijma and qiyas. Ignorance applies only to the number of premiums. This does not prevent
execution of the contract, as long as the insurer pays the agreed-upon compensation on the
occurrence of a certain event. It has been shown that the approach of the laser wavelength to the
surface plasmon resonance in Ag nanoparticles leads to a significant strengthening of the observed
aggregation, which proves its plasmon nature. Arbitration Law of 1983, issued by Royal Decree No.
Prof M Jagadesh Kumar, who is the UGC chairperson, said by removing the mandatory clause, the
commission is trying to ease some pressure of scholars so that they can focus more on high-quality
research. “That will automatically lead to their research finding space in top journals,” he said. The
formal diploma may be held if accounts have not been cleared or a payment schedule agreed upon
before commencement, caltech phd thesis regulations. Beximco Pharmaceuticals, an English case
decided in 2004.20 The claimant bank was incorporated in accordance with the law of Bahrain. The
aspiration to codification obviated the traditional need for the scholars. However, his work was
published in 2000, prior to the enactment of the FIL. Anderson, J. N. D. “Is the Shari’ah Doomed to
Immutability?” The Muslim World 56 (1966): 10-13. Lee, Byung-Hwa. FDI from Developing
Countries: A Vector for Trade and Development. However, there is no discussion in the general FDI
literature concerning the role of religion, or more particularly Islam, as a factor in FDI. The creation
of Saudi commercial law was greatly influenced by Western- style law, especially French law. For
example, compulsory models of contracts and an obligation to get them authenticated by a notary
public exist in Saudi law.146 The minimum number of partners in a company limited by shares is five
in Saudi Arabia, seven in France.147 The regulation does not specify that any company without any
of the legal forms as given in Article 2 of the Companies Law shall be null and void 143 Joseph L.
Defining investment entry rights through the negative list approach is easier, cheaper, faster, and uses
less government resources than determining the business activities where investment is allowed and
then screening potential projects to determine their compliance with the established criteria for
investment. Consequently, an examination of what is called the negative list is warranted. 4.11 The
Negative List: Activities Excluded from Foreign Investment Two methods are commonly used to
control the entry of foreign investment into a host country. Finally, the FIL was needed to encourage
the technology transfer and to help FDI fund capital expenditure. The other method is that of the
negative list approach, in which foreign investment is, in principle, permitted unless it falls within a
specified list of activities in which FDI is forbidden. Saudi Arabia Board of Grievances Abdullah
Girgi Beserani v. Tashri’a is considered to be alien to Islam: it is perceived as inconsistent with a
shari’ah-based legal system, since shari’ah is regarded as the highest law. Thank you, for helping us
keep this platform clean.
In fact, several assessments of the effect of FDI on the economic growth of developing countries
demonstrate that FDI usually has a positive effect on the national income of host countries. Clare
Krojzl (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991). Page 90. On the question of political remapping in post-
independence period, the constitutional ancestors sought to save India from another religious bigotry
and the menace of casteism. These differences led to the four schools, called madhahib, of
jurisprudence: the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali schools.19 The schools differ in their
interpretation of the law and there is room for difference among scholars even within one school.
The limitations and prohibitions relating to riba and gharar15 should be subject to reinterpretation,
especially in cases where there is no doubt, uncertainty, or speculation. The government has
acknowledged that the economic structure of the world is increasingly globalised. Although it
incorporates large pockets of man-made law that allow activities not contemplated in traditional
Islamic sources, the Kingdom is thoroughly and fully Islamic. In fact, they include a definite
compensation, which is specified during the formation process. The board grew out of the Islamic
tradition of taking complaints directly to the community’s leader. Simply put, FDI is the capital
provided by an investor to acquire the ownership of a business unit in a foreign country, involving
both capital transactions and intangible assets such as knowledge and access to the global market.
Furthermore, the parent company retains total managerial and ownership control of the subsidiary.
These results remain robust even when using an alternative measure to assess governance quality.
However, non-Saudi Muslims may rent real estates within the boundaries of the cities of Mecca and
Medina for a period not exceeding two years, renewable for a similar period or periods. We have
also investigated the presence of amplified ras genes in a variety of human carcinomas. Each
examiner will receive a copy of your thesis and study it in detail before returning a written report to
your. Arab Republic of Egypt, The Egyptian General Company for Tourism and Hotels in
International Legal Materials 22 (1983): 752, the claimant entered into an agreement with the
government to build a tourist complex near the Egyptian pyramids in response to the policy of
liberalisation of foreign investment adopted by the government of President Anwar Sadat. I also
undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another
person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Chapter 4 focuses
on FDI in Saudi Arabia before the FIL by analysing various plans set up by the Saudi Arabian
government starting in 1970, by evaluating the degree to which their objectives have been achieved,
and by addressing the reasons for the introduction of the FIL. Nonetheless, a number of cases were
obtained from contacts working within the Board of Grievances, the Ministry of Labour, the Saudi
Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA), and the Committee of the Settlement of Banking
Disputes. This offers a number of advantages for foreign investors. Jun 2016 Style and format -
Present your thesis in a certain way, for example, PhD theses may not exceed 100,000 words and
master s theses may not. The ulama (Muslim jurists) are the interpreters of the law and deliver
judgments in this area whilst the state sees no reason to involve itself with the ulama. Although the
king is the core point of reference, both the Council of Ministers and the Consultative Council
(known as the Shura Council) also have regulatory powers, again in an approach of legislative
cooperation.135 However, the king serves as head of the Council of Ministers, and is free to reject or
accept the proposals of either body. In addition, this chapter addresses the privatisation approach in
the Middle East region and its implications on Saudi Arabia. Second, as a result of increased
competitive pressure from foreign TNCs, local firms are forced to use existing technologies more
efficiently or to search for more efficient technologies to use in their production.103 All of these are
horizontal spillovers, which occur because of foreign firms’ direct competition with their local
counterparts operating in the same sector or industry.104 2.6.2.2 Vertical Spillovers. Article Seven:
Implementation of the provisions of this Law shall be without prejudice to the following: (a) Rights
to ownership granted for non-Saudis under previous laws. However, this rule has been disregarded in
the Labour Law of 2005, in which all actions arising from employment contracts that are within the
jurisdiction of the commission for the settlement of labour disputes are time-barred after one year.83
3.4.3 Limitations Within the Contract-making Process Apart from the institutional debates, the
harmonisation of Saudi laws with the Western commercial world has raised a number of separate
issues. These general premises include Islamic law’s advocacy of the promotion of science and
doctrine prohibiting unfair competition. Those decrees lifted the restrictions on the market for crude
oil, allowed the renegotiation of contracts, lifted restrictions on creating both refineries and service
stations, opened the domestic market, allowed the import and export of crude oil, and eliminated
duties and tariffs. However, the then- prevailing protectionist attitude, fostered by the government’s
desire to maintain national control over all economic activities and to preserve the country’s religious
and moral values, failed to provide adequate solutions and undermined efforts to attract FDI.
Thus, FDI was needed to play a 1 Although the FIL has a very broad coverage, it must be read as
one component of a comprehensive legal regime that includes the Companies, the Labour, the
Income Tax, the Intellectual Property, and the Arbitration Laws. This is a particularly important role
given the jurists’ limitations to reason out the Qur’an and the sunnah. Similar interviews were also
conducted with the secretary-general of the Supreme Economic Council (SEC), which is charged
with boosting investments, promoting privatisation, diversifying the economy, and enhancing the
ability of the national economy to cope efficiently with international Page 33. Most TNCs are usually
presumed to hold this advantage and are, therefore, able to enter foreign markets. NGC was forced to
shut down its telecommunications projects department as a direct result of the termination of this
project. The World Bank has played a significant role in the area of designing comprehensive
multilateral standards for the regulation of FDI. Can you offer suggesti Page 509 and 510: Page 6,
Q17. These administrative and legal obstacles are discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 84
Ibid., 150. 85 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Finance, The Government’s Agreements, (last
visited 25 September 2012). As discussed in Chapter 4, Saudi Arabia has gone from a country that
did not welcome outside interaction to one that embraces FDI. 3.5.1 The Need for Another
Commercial Law System As the thirteenth largest merchandise exporter and the twenty-third largest
importer worldwide, Saudi Arabia took the progressive step in 2005 of joining the 114 Noor
Mohammed, “Principles of Islamic Contract Law,” Journal of Law and Religion 6, no. 1, (1988): 122.
115 Ibid. 116 Ibid. 117 Ibid. Page 105. These general premises include Islamic law’s advocacy of the
promotion of science and doctrine prohibiting unfair competition. However, the issue of foreign
ownership is one of the most politically charged issues in Middle Eastern countries. Caltech Catalog
Degree Completion Forms CaltechTHESIS Thesis Templates REGIS Graduate Degree Progress.
However, Saudi Arabia reserved the right to apply awards made only in another contracting state.
The FIL allows licensed companies with 100 per cent foreign ownership to sponsor foreign
managerial staff members and other employees for visas, whereas the 1979 Law required foreign
investors to work under the sponsorship of Saudi citizens or business entities.246 In theory, Saudi
embassies have the discretion to grant sponsorless business visas. Al-Alamy, Fawaz. The Concept of
WTO in an Understandable Language: Saudi Arabia’s Experience in the WTO. Ahmad, Nehaluddin.
“The Modern Concept of Secularism and Islamic Jurisprudence: A Comparative Analysis.” Annual
Survey of International and Comparative Law 15 (2009): 75-105. Report this Document Download
now Save Save Final PhD Regulations For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views 17 pages Final PHD Regulations Uploaded by. A total of 10186 cases and 10926 controls
in 37 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. To recount, first, there is not enough
evidence to prove that privatisation makes any substantial difference to a country’s economic
performance and growth rate of its economy. The IIT, where such submissions are not mandatory,
saw 79 per cent scholars making it to Scopus-indexed journals. Inter-state migration has proliferated
the problem over the years. For instance, the Saudi government owns 70 per cent of SABIC and 83
per cent of the electricity company.92 It may be argued that such a large percentage of state
ownership may deter foreign investors from investing in these sectors of the economy. Your favoured
mode of a Page 457 and 458: Page 7, Q9. FDI brings the added benefit of new technological 234
See Qureshi, who lays out the case for a multilateral investment agreement, in International Economic
Law, subsections14-025 and 14-026. Page 80. This “minorities-within-minorities” phenomenon
underscores the need for foregrounding socio-cultural and economic protections for minority groups
in ethnic federations like Pakistan. These commissions are empowered to adjudicate specific types of
disputes and to operate largely independently of the administrative and the shari’ah court systems.
The establishment of multiple commissions was necessary, not only because of the need to ease the
burden on the courts, but also due to the nature of these disputes where only specialists are
competent to adjudicate. The establishment of the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority
(SAGIA) to undertake the broad mandate of regulating and managing the national investment policy
was one step taken by the Saudi Arabian government in this direction. The rules governing
enforcement of an award vary depending on who the parties to a dispute are and where the award is
rendered. Saudi Arabia’s reservation may be read at, 7. Page 215. In Australia the thesis is an
extended written piece which reports on the results of rules: a standard thesis of up to 100,000 words
in length for a PhD (or 60,000.