10/03/2024

ASSIGNMENT NO 1
NETWORKING MANAGEMENT

Prepared BY: RUBAB FIAZ (152-FMS/BBA-2Y/F22)

SUBMITTED TO: DR. SARA QAISER
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Q1: How does data communicate over the network?

Data communication over a network involves several key steps:

1. Conversion to Digital Form: All data, whether text, images, audio, or video, needs to be
converted into a digital format for transmission over a network. This conversion involves
breaking down the information into binary digits (bits), where each bit represents either
a 0 or a 1.
2. Packaging the Data: The converted data is then packaged into smaller units called
packets. These packets typically include the data itself, along with addressing
information that specifies the sender and receiver of the data.
3. Transmission Medium: The packaged data needs a physical medium to travel through.
Common transmission mediums include:
o Wired: Cables like twisted-pair copper wires, coaxial cables, or fiber optic cables.
o Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals.
4. Transmission Protocols: Data transmission relies on specific protocols that define how
data is formatted, transmitted, and received. These protocols ensure reliable and
efficient communication. Common protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) suite, which underpins the Internet.
5. Error Correction: Transmission errors can occur during data transfer due to various
factors. Error correction techniques are used to detect and rectify these errors, ensuring
data integrity at the receiving end.
6. Unpacking and Reassembly: Once the data packets reach their destination, they are
unpacked and reassembled into their original form based on the addressing
information.

EXAMPLE: Imagine sending a letter. You convert your message into written text (conversion to
digital form). You place the message in an envelope with the recipient's address and your
return address (packaging the data). You send the envelope through the postal service
(transmission medium). The postal service follows specific guidelines for handling and
delivering mail (transmission protocols). The mail system might have error-checking procedures
to ensure the letter arrives intact (error correction). Finally, the recipient receives the envelope,
opens it, and reads the message (unpacking and reassembly).
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Q2: Types of Transmission Modes

1. Simplex:
 Description: Simplex transmission allows data to flow in one direction only. It's like a
one-way street.
 Examples:
o Traditional Radio Broadcasts: Radio stations transmit audio signals to listeners,
but listeners cannot transmit back simultaneously.
o Computer Keyboard: The keyboard sends keystrokes to the computer but
cannot receive information back at the same time.
o Fire Alarm System: A fire alarm system transmits an alert signal when triggered,
but it doesn't receive information back from firefighters.
o TV Cable: Cable companies transmit TV signals to viewers, but viewers cannot
send data back through the cable.
o Smoke Detectors: Smoke detectors send an alert signal to a central system when
smoke is detected, but they don't receive information back.

2. Half-Duplex:
 Description: Half-duplex transmission allows data to flow in both directions, but not
simultaneously. Devices take turns transmitting and receiving. It's like a two-way street
with traffic lights, where only one direction can flow at a time.
 Examples:
o Walkie-Talkies: Users can talk and listen, but only one person can transmit at a
time. They need to use push-to-talk buttons to switch between transmitting and
receiving.
o CB Radios (Citizen Band Radios): Similar to walkie-talkies, users need to switch
between transmitting and receiving on CB radios.
o Early Internet Dial-Up Connections: Early dial-up connections allowed data to
flow in both directions, but not at the same time. The modem would either
transmit or receive data depending on the communication stage.
o Military Radios: Military personnel can communicate with each other using half-
duplex radios, taking turns to transmit orders or reports.
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o Ham Radios (Amateur Radio): Ham radio operators can communicate with each
other on specific frequencies, but they need to follow protocols to avoid talking
over each other.

3. Full-Duplex:
 Description: Full-duplex transmission allows data to flow in both directions
simultaneously. It's like a two-way street with multiple lanes flowing in both directions
at the same time.
 Examples:
o Telephone Conversations: Both callers can speak and hear each other
simultaneously during a phone call.
o Video Conferencing: Participants in a video conference can see and hear each
other in real-time, allowing for two-way communication.
o Modern Internet Connections: Modern internet connections like DSL, cable, and
fiber optic allow for simultaneous upload and download of data. You can browse
the web while downloading files or video chat while sending emails.
o LAN Networks (Local Area Networks): Devices on a LAN network can
communicate and exchange data simultaneously, enabling file sharing, printing,
and network applications.
o Online Gaming: Online games require full-duplex communication for players to
receive real-time updates on the game state while sending their actions
simultaneously.
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Q3: How message deliver over the internet?

Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are all methods of sending data packets over a network, but
they differ in who receives the data:

1. Unicast (One-to-One):
 Description: Unicast is the most common method, where a single sender transmits data
packets to a specific recipient identified by a unique network address (like an IP
address). It's like sending a personalized letter to one individual.
 Examples:
o Downloading a file from a website: The web server sends the data packets
containing the file specifically to your computer's IP address.
o Sending an email to a friend: Your email client sends the email message to your
friend's specific email address.
o Streaming a video: The video streaming service sends the video data packets
only to your device's IP address.
o Online gaming (individual interactions): In online games, some actions might be
unicast. For example, sending a private message to another player uses unicast
to deliver the message only to them.

2. Multicast (One-to-Many):
 Description: Multicast allows a single sender to transmit data packets to a group of
receivers who have joined a specific multicast group. It's like sending a single email to a
mailing list of interested recipients.
 Examples:
o Online gaming: A game server can multicast game updates to all players
participating in the game session, reducing network traffic compared to unicast.
o Video conferencing: A video conferencing application might use multicast to
send the speaker's video and audio stream to all participants in the conference.
o Online courses: A lecturer might use multicast to stream a lecture to a group of
students enrolled in the course.
o Stock quote updates: Financial institutions might use multicast to send real-time
stock price updates to interested clients.
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3. Broadcast (One-to-All):
 Description: Broadcast sends data packets to all devices connected to a specific network
segment. It's like making a public announcement that everyone on the network can
hear.

 Examples:
o Sending a message on a local network chat application: The message is
broadcasted to all devices on the same local area network (LAN), and anyone can
see it if their chat application is open.
o Wireless access point (WAP) announcing its presence: A WAP can broadcast a
signal to inform nearby devices about the available Wi-Fi network.
o Network printer discovery: Some network printers broadcast their presence on
the network allowing devices to locate and connect to them for printing.
o Early computer labs: In older computer labs, teachers might use broadcast to
send messages or instructions to all student computers simultaneously.