1st Quarter
WEEK 1: QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, the students must be able to:
• inculcate the value of quantitative research and of research
in general in arriving at relevant and evidence-based
decisions;
• identify situations in their daily living on how they can
concretely apply what they have learned in research; and
• encourage other learners and other people to also embrace
the culture of research.
RESEARCH
27%
70%
52%
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is a systematic and refined
technique of thinking, employing
specialized tools, instruments, and
procedures in order to obtain a more
adequate solution to a problem.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
It starts with a problem; followed by
collection of data and analysis of
facts, which are critical and reaching
decisions based on actual
observations. It ends with a
problem. (Abdullah, 2019)
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
It involves original work
instead of a mere exercise of
personal opinion.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
It involves genuine desire to know
rather than a desire to prove
something, seeking to know not
only what but how much, and
measurement is, therefore, a
central feature of it. (Baraceros,
2019)
(Sexon, 2011)
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• For the quality of life to
progress. Doing research
can improve quality of life.
Through research new
things are being discovered
that could help or
community develop in
different fields.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• To provide solutions to
problems. Research exists
because of problems and
its role is to provide
solutions that could solve
these problems.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• To provide solutions to
problems. By following a
systematic process,
problems can be solved
properly through the help
accurate data gathered
from the research
conducted.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• For scientific and
technological advancement
of the new millennium. As
our world progresses,
research can discover new
things.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• For scientific and
technological
advancement of the new
millennium. With regards
to science and technology,
changes or development
that happened in these
fields were commonly from
research.
In PR1, you’ve learned about the purpose
of qualitative research, its approach, the
various theories surrounding it and other
parameters or considerations in its conduct. In
this new subject, you will also be led to those
considerations except that now you will have
to deal with a completely different method –
quantitative.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is the numerical
representation and manipulation of
observations for the purpose of describing and
explaining the phenomena that those
observations reflect (Sukamolson, 2007).
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Creswell (1994) defines quantitative
research as a type of research that is explaining
phenomena by collecting numerical data that
are analyzed using mathematically based
methods.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
(BHASIN, 2019)
LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
The first and foremost
characteristic of quantitative research
is the large sample size to conduct
research. Quantitative research is
done on a large number of audiences
to ensure reliability.
STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS
Structural research methods like
questionnaires, polls, and surveys are used to
conduct quantitative research. In-depth
information about the preferences of the
audience can be drawn using these structured
research methods.
STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS
Moreover, with the help of the Internet and social
media, it is effortless to reach the vast population
irrespective of geographical boundaries. You can
pay to run your Survey ad on various social media
platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, etc. and can
collect the opinion of a large population.
STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS
In addition to this, these research methods are
easy to conduct through offline means. Also, a
respondent is only required to fill out the
questionnaire and is not required to be part of
the research process for a long time.
HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME
The outcome of quantitative research
methods is quite reliable, as respondents of
the research face close-ended questions.
Therefore, there are fewer
chances of getting vague
information or wrong
information from the
respondents.
HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME
Quantitative research methods are usually
used for industrial research purposes because of
its reliability. Moreover, the outcome of
quantitative research is easy to understand and
explain.
HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME
The researchers present the outcome of
the research to get the approval of the
management, and management can
understand this information quickly because it
is represented in the form of tables and graphs.
REUSABLE OUTCOME
Another characteristic of quantitative
research is that the outcome of quantitative
research can be used multiple times. Data
collected for one research purpose can be used
for the prior study of another research
problem.
REUSABLE OUTCOME
Sometimes, researchers make the use of the
outcome of research for similar research
problems, which reduces the expense and time
required for conducting research. For example, if
you have researched how much money a man
will be willing to pay to buy an electronic gadget.
REUSABLE OUTCOME
You can use the output of the previous study
to get a reliable answer to the research problem
of how much a man will be willing to pay to buy
an earphone. In this way, the outcome of the
previous research problem is used to support the
output of new but related research problems.
CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS
Another characteristic of quantitative
research is close-ended questions. Close-
ended question’s answers are more specific
and right to the question than the open-
ended questions.
CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS
Responses to open-ended questions are
more detailed and scattered, and it requires real
skills to pick out the answers that you need.
Moreover, responses to Close-ended questions
are more reliable than the answers to questions
of open-ended questions.
CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS
In addition to this, people also prefer to
answer close-ended questions than open-ended
questions for various reasons.
NUMERICAL OUTCOME
The outcome of quantitative research is
always in numerical form. For example, the
result of research can be represented in
percentage, range of numbers.
NUMERICAL OUTCOME
A numerical output is easy to read and
understand, and it is easier to deduce a
conclusion from the numerical outcome than
a detailed result.
GENERALIZATION OF OUTCOME
The outcome of quantitative research can be
generalized easily for the whole population. The
reason behind this is that quantitative research is
conducted on a large sample of the population.
A decision can be taken
for the entire population based
on the outcome of the sample
population.
PRIOR STUDY
The outcome of quantitative research can be
used for a previous study of another research.
Many scholars and researchers’ study and
analyze the outcome of previous research to
establish their research hypothesis or research
problem.
PRIOR STUDY
The results of quantitative research are more
reliable than qualitative research and can be
used easily to deduce conclusions.
STRENGTHS AND
LIMITATIONS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
(Babbie, 2010; Brians, et al., 2011;
McNabb, 2008; Singh, 2007)
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Allows for a broader study, involving a greater
number of subjects, and enhancing the
generalization of the results;
Allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of
results. Generally, quantitative methods are
designed to provide summaries of data that
support generalizations about the phenomenon
under study.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
…In order to accomplish this, quantitative
research usually involves few variables and
many cases, and employs prescribed
procedures to ensure validity and reliability;
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Applying well-established standards means that
the research can be replicated, and then analyzed
and compared with similar studies;
You can summarize vast sources of information
and make comparisons across categories and over
time; and,
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
You can summarize vast sources of information
and make comparisons across categories and over
time; and,
Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a
'distance' from participating subjects and using
accepted computational techniques.
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative data is more efficient and able to
test hypotheses, but may miss contextual
detail;
Uses a static and rigid approach and
so employs an inflexible process of
discovery;
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The development of standard questions by
researchers can lead to "structural bias" and
false representation, where the data
actually reflects the view of the researcher
instead of the participating subject;
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes,
and motivation;
Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes,
and motivation;
Researcher may collect a much narrower
and sometimes superficial dataset;
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Results are limited as they provide numerical
descriptions rather than detailed narrative and
generally provide less elaborate accounts of human
perception;
The research is often carried out in an
unnatural, artificial environment so that
a level of control can be applied to the
exercise.
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
This level of control might not normally be in place
in the real world thus yielding "laboratory results"
as opposed to "real world results"; and,
Preset answers will not necessarily reflect
how people really feel about a subject
and, in some cases, might just be the
closest match to the preconceived
hypothesis.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION
01 RESEARCH 04 AL RESEARCH
EVALUATION CAUSAL-
02 RESEARCH 05 COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
SURVEY EXPERIMENTAL
03 RESEARCH 06
RESEARCH
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
It seeks to describe the current status of an
identified variable. These research projects
are designed to provide systematic
information about a phenomenon.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
McCombes (2019) wrote that a descriptive
research aims to accurately and
systematically describe a population,
situation or phenomenon.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
It can answer what, when, where, when and
how questions, but not why questions. To
determine cause and effect, experimental
research is required.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
A descriptive research design can use a wide
variety of quantitative and qualitative
methods to investigate one or more
variables.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
Unlike in experimental research, the
researcher does not control or manipulate
any of the variables, but only observes and
measures them.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
The researcher does not usually begin with
a hypothesis but is likely to develop one
after collecting data. The analysis and
synthesis of the data provide the test of the
hypothesis.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
●
Systematic collection of information
requires careful selection of the units
studied and careful measurement of each
variable.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
Ex: A Survey on the Filipino’s Acceptance
of the K to 12 Curriculum, SWS June 2011
– March 2012
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Bhat (n.d) stated that an evaluation
research, also known as program
evaluation, refers to research purpose
instead of a specific method.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Evaluation research is the systematic
assessment of the worth or merit of time,
money, effort and resources spent in order
to achieve a goal.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Evaluation research is closely related to
but slightly different from more
conventional social research.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
It uses many of the same methods used in
traditional social research, but because it
takes place within an organizational
context.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
It requires team skills, interpersonal skills,
management skills, political smartness,
and other skills that social research does
not need much.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Evaluation research also requires one to
keep in mind the interests of the
stakeholders. Evaluation research is a type
of applied research, and so it is intended to
have some real-world effect.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Many methods like surveys and
experiments can be used to do evaluation
research.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
The process of evaluation research
consisting of data analysis and reporting is
a rigorous, systematic process that involves
collecting data about organizations,
processes, projects, services, and/or
resources.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EVALUATION
•
Evaluation research enhances knowledge
and decision-making, and leads to
practical applications.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
It uses interviews, questionnaires, and
sampling polls to get a sense of behavior
with intense precision. It allows
researchers to judge behavior and then
present the findings in an accurate way.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
This is usually expressed in a percentage.
Survey research can be conducted around
one group specifically or used to compare
several groups.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
When conducting survey research it is
important that the people questioned are
sampled at random. This allows for more
accurate findings across a greater
spectrum of respondents.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
It is very important when conducting
survey research that you work with
statisticians and field service agents who
are reputable.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
Since there is a high level of personal
interaction in survey scenarios as well as a
greater chance for unexpected
circumstances to occur, it is possible for
the data to be affected.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
This can heavily influence the outcome
of the survey.
•
There are several ways to conduct survey
research. They can be done in person,
over the phone, or through mail or email.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY
•
In the last instance they can be self-
administered. When conducted on a single
group survey research is its own category.
However, survey research can be applied
to the other types of research listed below.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
It attempts to determine the extent of a
relationship between two or more variables
using statistical data. In this type of design,
relationships between and among a number
of facts are sought and interpreted.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
This type of research will recognize trends
and patterns in data, but it does not go so far
in its analysis to prove causes for these
observed patterns.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
Cause and effect is not the basis of this type
of observational research. The data,
relationships, and distributions of variables
are studied only.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
Variables are not manipulated; they are
only identified and are studied as they
occur in natural setting.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
It is conducted in order to explain a noticed
occurrence. In correlational research the
survey is conducted on a minimum of two
groups.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
In most correlational research there is a
level of manipulation involved with the
specific variables being researched.
Remember, correlation does not always
mean causation.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
For example, just because two data points
sync doesn’t mean that there is a direct
cause and effect relationship. Typically, you
should not make assumptions from
correlational research alone.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
●
Ex: The Relationship between the Mind
set of Grade 12 ABM Students and their
Academic Performance in Fundamentals
of Accounting and Business
Management.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
This research attempts to establish cause
and effect relationships among the
variables. These types of design are very
similar to true experiments, but with some
key differences.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
An independent variable is identified but
not manipulated by the experimenter, and
effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable are measured.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
It tries to identify how the different groups
are affected by the same circumstance.
Causal-comparative research involves
‘comparison.’
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
In causal-comparative research the study
of two or more groups is done without
focusing on their relationship.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
As always, the use of statistical analysis is
engaged to synthesize the data in a clear
method for presentation.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
The researcher does not randomly assign
groups and must use ones that are
naturally formed or pre-existing groups.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
Identified control groups exposed to the
treatment variable are studied and
compared to groups who are not.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL
●
Ex: The Effects of Multi-vitamins on Students’
Absenteeism
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
It is often called true experimentation, uses
the scientific method to establish the cause-
effect relationship among a group of
variables that make up a study.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
The true experiment is often thought of as a
laboratory study, but this is not always the
case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do
with it
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
A true experiment is any study where an
effort is made to identify and impose control
over all other variables except one.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
An independent variable is manipulated to
determine the effects on the dependent
variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to
experimental treatments rather than
identified in naturally occurring groups.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
Though questions may be posed in the
other forms of research, experimental
research is guided specifically by a
hypothesis. Sometimes experimental
research can have several hypotheses.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
●
A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or
disproved. Once that statement is made
experiments are begun to find out whether
the statement is true or not. This type of
research is the bedrock of most sciences, in
particular the natural sciences.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
Ex: The Effects of Positive Reinforcements
on Attitudes towards School
The Effect of New Treatment Plan on Breast
Cancer
? ? ? ?
What is the importance
of quantitative
research across fields?
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS
Education
Quantitative research can be used in
measuring the level of performance of
students as well as the teachers.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS
Business
Quantitative research can be used to improve
the overall marketing strategy; help the
company improve product development.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS
Science and Technology
Used during experiment on new devices,
inventions, discoveries, and innovations, the
recorded data are very vital for any test of
efficiency.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS
Medical and health
It yields statistics that can help improve the rate
of recovery of patients with illnesses and
sicknesses, and the efficacy of medicines and
drugs, among others.
REASONS WHY
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT
o More reliable and objective
o Can use statistics to generalize a finding
o Often reduces and restructures a complex
problem to a limited number of variables
o Looks at relationships between variables and
can establish cause and effect in highly
controlled circumstances.
REASONS WHY
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT
o Tests theories or hypothesis.
o Assumes sample is representative of the
population.
o Subjectivity of researcher in methodology
is recognized less.
o Less detailed than qualitative data and
may miss a desired response from the
participant.
REFERENCES
Abdullah, S. N. (2019). Qualitative Research for Senior High School Students. Retrieved June 21, 2020, from Academia.edu:
https://www.academia.edu/40867036/Qualitative_Research_for_Senior_High_School_Students
Agacinte, M. V. (n.d.). Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, Kinds of Quantitative Research.
Retrieved July 1, 2020, from Academia:
https://www.academia.edu/35969852/Chapter_1_Lesson_1_Characteristics_Strengths_Weaknesses_Kinds_of_Quantitative_
Research
Sexon, D. (2011, 24 August). Research (kinds, characteristics and purposes) . Retrieved July 8, 2020, from Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/draizelle_sexon/research-kinds-characteristics-and-purposes
https://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/lill/fdmvco/module9/page_45.htm:
(https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-quantitative-research/)
https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-quantitative-research/
