10/01/21

Programming
• Algorithm

Python Lists - A set of rules or steps used to solve a problem

Chapter 8 • Data Structure

- A particular way of organizing data in a computer

Python for Everybody

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
www.py4e.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure

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A List is a Kind of
What is Not a “Collection”?
Collection
Most of our variables have one value in them - when we put a new • A collection allows us to put many values in a single “variable”
value in the variable, the old value is overwritten
• A collection is nice because we can carry all many values
around in one convenient package.
$ python
>>> x = 2
>>> x = 4 friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ]
>>> print(x)
4 carryon = [ 'socks', 'shirt', 'perfume' ]

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List Constants We Already Use Lists!

• List constants are surrounded by >>> print([1, 24, 76])
square brackets and the elements [1, 24, 76]
>>> print(['red', 'yellow',
5
in the list are separated by for i in [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] :
commas
'blue'])
print(i) 4
['red', 'yellow', 'blue']
>>> print(['red', 24, 98.6]) print('Blastoff!') 3
• A list element can be any Python ['red', 24, 98.6]
>>> print([ 1, [5, 6], 7])
2
object - even another list [1, [5, 6], 7] 1
>>> print([])
• A list can be empty [] Blastoff!

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Lists and Definite Loops - Best Pals Looking Inside Lists

friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] Just like strings, we can get at any single element in a list using an
for friend in friends :
print('Happy New Year:', friend)
Happy New Year: Joseph index specified in square brackets
print('Done!') Happy New Year: Glenn
Happy New Year: Sally
>>> friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ]
Done! Joseph Glenn Sally >>> print(friends[1])
z = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] Glenn
for x in z: 0 1 2 >>>
print('Happy New Year:', x)
print('Done!')

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Lists are Mutable How Long is a List?

>>> fruit = 'Banana'
>>> fruit[0] = 'b'
• Strings are “immutable” - we Traceback
cannot change the contents of a TypeError: 'str' object does not • The len() function takes a list as a >>> greet = 'Hello Bob'
string - we must make a new string support item assignment parameter and returns the number >>> print(len(greet))
>>> x = fruit.lower()
to make any change >>> print(x) of elements in the list 9
banana >>> x = [ 1, 2, 'joe', 99]
>>> lotto = [2, 14, 26, 41, 63] >>> print(len(x))
• Lists are “mutable” - we can >>> print(lotto) • Actually len() tells us the number of 4
change an element of a list using [2, 14, 26, 41, 63] elements of any set or sequence >>>
>>> lotto[2] = 28
the index operator >>> print(lotto) (such as a string...)
[2, 14, 28, 41, 63]

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Using the range Function A Tale of Two Loops...

>>> friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally']
• The range function returns friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] >>> print(len(friends))
>>> print(range(4)) 3
a list of numbers that range [0, 1, 2, 3] for friend in friends : >>> print(range(len(friends)))
from zero to one less than >>> friends = ['Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally'] print('Happy New Year:', friend) [0, 1, 2]
>>> print(len(friends)) >>>
the parameter 3 for i in range(len(friends)) :
>>> print(range(len(friends))) friend = friends[i]
[0, 1, 2]
• We can construct an index >>>
print('Happy New Year:', friend) Happy New Year: Joseph
loop using for and an Happy New Year: Glenn
integer iterator Happy New Year: Sally

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Concatenating Lists Using + Lists Can Be Sliced Using :

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> t = [9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15]
We can create a new list >>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b >>> t[1:3]
by adding two existing [41,12] Remember: Just like in
>>> print(c)
lists together >>> t[:4] strings, the second
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[9, 41, 12, 3] number is “up to but not
>>> print(a)
>>> t[3:]
[1, 2, 3] including”
[3, 74, 15]
>>> t[:]
[9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15]

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List Methods Building a List from Scratch

>>> x = list()
>>> type(x) >>> stuff = list()
• We can create an empty list >>> stuff.append('book')
<type 'list'>
and then add elements using >>> stuff.append(99)
>>> dir(x)
['append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', the append method >>> print(stuff)
'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] ['book', 99]
• The list stays in order and >>> stuff.append('cookie')
>>>
>>> print(stuff)
new elements are added at
['book', 99, 'cookie']
the end of the list
http://docs.python.org/tutorial/datastructures.html

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Is Something in a List? Lists are in Order

• A list can hold many
items and keeps
• Python provides two operators >>> some = [1, 9, 21, 10, 16] those items in the
that let you check if an item is >>> 9 in some order until we do >>> friends = [ 'Joseph', 'Glenn', 'Sally' ]
True >>> friends.sort()
in a list something to change >>> print(friends)
>>> 15 in some
False the order ['Glenn', 'Joseph', 'Sally']
• These are logical operators >>> print(friends[1])
>>> 20 not in some • A list can be sorted Joseph
that return True or False True >>>
(i.e., change its order)
>>>
• They do not modify the list • The sort method
(unlike in strings)
means “sort yourself”

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total = 0 Enter a number: 3

Built-in Functions and Lists count = 0
while True :
Enter a number: 9
inp = input('Enter a number: ') Enter a number: 5
>>> nums = [3, 41, 12, 9, 74, 15] if inp == 'done' : break
• There are a number of value = float(inp) Enter a number: done
>>> print(len(nums))
functions built into Python 6
total = total + value Average: 5.66666666667
count = count + 1
that take lists as >>> print(max(nums))
parameters 74 average = total / count
numlist = list()
>>> print(min(nums)) print('Average:', average)
while True :
3
• Remember the loops we >>> print(sum(nums))
inp = input('Enter a number: ')
if inp == 'done' : break
built? These are much 154 value = float(inp)
simpler. >>> print(sum(nums)/len(nums)) numlist.append(value)
25.6
average = sum(numlist) / len(numlist)
print('Average:', average)

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Best Friends: Strings and Lists

>>> line = 'A lot of spaces'
>>> etc = line.split()
>>> print(etc)
['A', 'lot', 'of', 'spaces'] ● When you do not specify a
>>> abc = 'With three words' >>> print(stuff) >>>
>>> stuff = abc.split() ['With', 'three', 'words'] >>> line = 'first;second;third' delimiter, multiple spaces are
>>> print(stuff) >>> for w in stuff : >>> thing = line.split()
>>> print(thing) treated like one delimiter
['With', 'three', 'words'] ... print(w)
['first;second;third']
>>> print(len(stuff)) ...
>>> print(len(thing))
3 With 1 ● You can specify what delimiter
>>> print(stuff[0]) Three >>> thing = line.split(';')
With Words >>> print(thing) character to use in the splitting
>>> ['first', 'second', 'third']
>>> print(len(thing))
3
Split breaks a string into parts and produces a list of strings. We think of these >>>
as words. We can access a particular word or loop through all the words.

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From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008

The Double Split Pattern
fhand = open('mbox-short.txt') Sat
for line in fhand:
Fri
Sometimes we split a line one way, and then grab one of the pieces
line = line.rstrip()
if not line.startswith('From ') : continue Fri of the line and split that piece again
words = line.split()
print(words[2]) Fri
... From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008

words = line.split()
email = words[1]
>>> line = 'From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008' print pieces[1]
>>> words = line.split()
>>> print(words)
['From', '[email protected]', 'Sat', 'Jan', '5', '09:14:16', '2008']
>>>

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The Double Split Pattern The Double Split Pattern

From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008 From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008

words = line.split() words = line.split()

email = words[1] [email protected] email = words[1] [email protected]
print pieces[1] pieces = email.split('@') ['stephen.marquard', 'uct.ac.za']
print pieces[1]

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The Double Split Pattern List Summary

• Concept of a collection • Slicing lists

• Lists and definite loops • List methods: append, remove

From [email protected] Sat Jan 5 09:14:16 2008
• Indexing and lookup • Sorting lists
words = line.split()
email = words[1] [email protected] • List mutability • Splitting strings into lists of words
pieces = email.split('@') ['stephen.marquard', 'uct.ac.za']
print(pieces[1]) 'uct.ac.za' • Functions: len, min, max, sum • Using split to parse strings

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Acknowledgements / Contributions
These slides are Copyright 2010- Charles R. Severance
...
(www.dr-chuck.com) of the University of Michigan School of
Information and open.umich.edu and made available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Please maintain this
last slide in all copies of the document to comply with the
attribution requirements of the license. If you make a change,
feel free to add your name and organization to the list of
contributors on this page as you republish the materials.

Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of Michigan

School of Information

… Insert new Contributors and Translators here

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