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A Nanometer

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology involves designing, fabricating, and applying structures and materials between 1-100 nanometers in size. Key properties of nanomaterials include: - Their size is between 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension. - They can exist in single, fused, aggregated, or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular, or irregular shapes. - Their properties are affected by their high surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement effects, which influence properties like thermal and electrical conductivity.

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29 views

A Nanometer

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology involves designing, fabricating, and applying structures and materials between 1-100 nanometers in size. Key properties of nanomaterials include: - Their size is between 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension. - They can exist in single, fused, aggregated, or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular, or irregular shapes. - Their properties are affected by their high surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement effects, which influence properties like thermal and electrical conductivity.

Uploaded by

AZIZ UR RAHMAN
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or 10-9m (1nm =1x10-9m).

The typical
nanodimension starts from one nanometer to hundred nanometers (1nm-100nm).
Nanotechnology can be understood as a technology of design, fabrication and applications of
nanostructures and nanomaterials. Nanotechnology also includes fundamental understanding of
physical properties and phenomena of nanomaterials and nanostructures.Nanotechnology is not
only a simple continuation of miniaturization from micro meter scaledown to nanometer scale. It
involvesthe creation of USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials, devicesand systems (of any useful
size) through control/manipulation of matter on the nanometer lengthscale and exploitation of
novel phenomena and properties which arise because of the nanometerlength scale.
Nanotechnology can be defined as the design, characterization, production and applicationof
structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale

Nanomaterials:

Nanomaterials could be defined as those materials which have structured components with size
lessthan 100 nm at least in one dimension.In general, they are classified into three categories:
fullerenes, nanostructures and nonocomposites.

Shape of nanomaterials

Nanomaterials have extremely small size which having at least one dimension 100 nm orless.
Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in

One dimension (eg. Nano wires, nanotubes, quantum wires),


Two dimensions (eg. Nano films),
Three dimensions (eg. particles).
They can exist in single, fused, aggregated or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular,and
irregular shapes. Common types of nanomaterials include nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum
dotsand fullerenes.
Classification of nanomaterials:
1. Zero dimensional nanomaterials(OD): Nanoparticle which have nano dimension (1 – 100nm)
in all the three direction like fullerene.
2. One dimensional nanomaterials(1D): Nanosheet or layers which have nano scale (1 – 100nm)
in two dimensions where as other one dimension have macro scale (eithermormm).
3. Two dimensional nanomaterials (2D): Carbon nanotubes which have nanoscale (1 – 100nm)
in one dimension whereas in two dimension it has macro scale (either m or mm).
4. Three dimensional nanomaterials(3D): Materials which have all three dimension inmacro
scale (either m or mm) with coating / dispersion of nanoscale (1 – 100 nm).
In case the confined size is of the order of below 10 nm then quantum effects will be
dominated.Nanomaterials are classified as
1. quantum wells,
2. quantum wires and
3. quantum dots.
In a three dimensional structure, if one dimension, say thickness, is of nanosize, then the
structure iscalled quantum well.
If two dimensions are of nanosize, then it is called a quantum wire and
if all the three dimensions are of nanosize, then it is called quantum dot.
The word quantum is associated with the structures because the properties exhibited by them
aredescribed by quantum mechanics
Properties of Nano materials:
Materials in the nanometer scale range exhibit remarkable specific properties, mainly due to
1. The surface to volume ratio will be high when the size of the material is reduced.
2. Low dimensional Scaling laws leads to quantum confinement effects or change in the
energylevels
The high surface to volume ratio results in the change in surface energy as the number ofsurface
atoms or ions becomes a significant fraction of the total number of atoms or ions in thematerial.
Since surface energy enhancement and energy level modification plays a significant roleon the
property of any material, then their physical, chemical, thermal , electrical, optical, magneticand
mechanical properties of materials changes significantly when their grain size reduced
tonanoscale.
For example
1. In general, crystal structures are unstable at elevated temperatures, but those are stableat much
lower temperatures when their gran size reduced to nanometer sizes.
2. ferroelectrics and ferromagnetic materials will lose their ferroelectricity andferromagnetism
when the materials are shrunk to the nanometer scale.
3. Bulk semiconductors become insulators when the characteristic dimension is sufficiently
small (in a couple of nanometers).

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