c`v_©weÁvb

BDwbU-14
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb I B‡jKUªwb·
MORDERN PHYSICS & ELECTRONICS
f~wgKv (Introduction)
weÁvbx DBjmb (C.T.R. Willson) me©cÖ_g jÿ¨ K‡ib †h, Avavb ÿiY eÜ Kivi me iK‡gi mveavbZv Aej¤^b
K‡i m‡Ë¡I AvwnZ ¯^Y©cvZ ZworexÿY hš¿‡K wKQyÿY †i‡L w`‡j ax‡i ax‡i Zvi Avav‡bi cwigvY Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges
¯^Y© cvZ؇qi duvK Kg‡Z _v‡K| h‡š¿i wfZi evqyi cwigvY hZ †ekx nq Avavb n«v‡mi nviI ZZ
e„w× cvq| Ae‡k‡l wZwb wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nb †h, ¯^Y©cvZ msjMœ evqyi Zwor cwievwnZvi Rb¨B
Giƒc N‡U| A_©vr evqy‡Z Avq‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨B ¯^Y©cvZ ZworexÿY h‡š¿i ¯^©YcvZ؇qi duvK
µgk n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c evqy ev M¨vm Zwor cwievnx bq, wKš‘ wb¤œPv‡c Giv Zwor
cwievnx n‡q hvq| 1879 wLª÷v‡ã m¨vi DBwjqvg µzK&m (Sir William Crooks) wb¤œPv‡c M¨v‡mi
wfZi w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ K‡i K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB K¨v‡_vW iwk¥i g‡a¨B m¨vi †R. †R. _gmb (Sir
J.J. Thomson) B‡jKUª‡bi mÜvb cvb| G ‡_‡KB AvaywbK weÁv‡bi m~Pbv n‡jv| Gici ‡_‡KB AvaywbK weÁv‡bi
RqhvÎv ïiæ nq| 1900 kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K GK SuvK cªvZt¯§iYxq weÁvbxi Avwef©ve N‡U| Zuv‡`i Ae`v‡b AwZ
`ªæZ weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ N‡U| Avgiv GB BDwb‡U G·‡i, †ZRw¯ŒqZv, B‡jKUªwb·, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` wel‡q aviYv
jvf Kie|

cvV 1 t G·‡i (X-ray)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
1.G·‡i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.G·‡ii ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.G·‡ii e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

14.1.1 G·‡i (X-ray)

evqy‡Z Zwor cÖevwnZ nq bv| evqyk~b¨ ¯’v‡b Zwor cÖevn nq wKbv Zv wb‡q cixÿv ïiæ n‡jv| `yB gyL eÜ
30 †mwg j¤^v Ges 4 †mwg e¨vm wewkó GKwU KvP b‡ji `yB cÖv‡šÍ `ywU ZworØvi cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡jv| GB
ZworØv‡ii mv‡_ D”P wef‡ei Zwor Drm hy³ Kiv n‡jv| ZworØv‡ii ‡h cÖv‡šÍ abvZ¥K wefe hy³ Kiv
nq Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW Ges †h cÖv‡šÍ FYvZ¥K wefe hy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW e‡j| KuvPb‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU cvk¦© bj
hy³ Kiv n‡jv| GB cvk¦© b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ KuvPb‡ji wfZi †_‡K evqy wb®‹vkb K‡i wfZ‡ii evqyi Pvc Kgv‡bv nq|
GB bj‡K ÿiY bj e‡j| ÿiY b‡ji ZworØv‡i 1000V †_‡K 1500V D”Pwefe cÖ‡qvM K‡i wfZ‡ii evqyi Pvc
Kgv‡Z Kgv‡Z 10 2 mmHg †Z bvwg‡q Avb‡j ÿiY b‡ji wfZ‡i m¤ú~Y© AÜKvi _v‡K| b‡j K¨v‡_vW cÖv‡šÍi
wecixZ †`qv‡j GK cÖKvi meyRvf njy` is-Gi Av‡jvi Avfv †ei n‡q Avm‡Z †`Lv hvq| GB Avfv‡K cÖwZcÖfv
e‡j| ciewZ©‡Z Rvbv hvq 10 2 mmHg Pv‡c K¨v‡_vW †_‡K wbM©Z GK cÖKvi AwZÿz`ª KwYKv b‡ji †`qv‡ji
Mv‡q av°v LvIqvi d‡j GB cÖwZcÖfvi m„wó nq| K¨v‡_vW †_‡K wbM©Z nq e‡jB GB AwZÿz`ª
KwYKvi ‡¯ªvZ‡K K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ (Cathode ray) e‡j| c‡i cÖgvwYZ nq †h, K¨v‡_vW iwk¥
ÒB‡jKUªbÓ-Gi (Electron) cÖevn Qvov Ab¨ wKQz bq|
Rvg©vbxi weÁvbx cÖ‡dmi DBwjqvg iÄb (Wilhelm Roentgen) ÿiY b‡j K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ wb‡q
cixÿv-wbixÿvi mgq 1895 wLª÷v‡ã AvKw¯§K fv‡e G·‡i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| 10 3 mmHg Pv‡c

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 311

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wZwb hLb ÿiY bj wb‡q cixÿv KiwQ‡jb ZLb wZwb jÿ¨ K‡ib †h wbK‡U †d‡j ivLv GKwU †ewiqvg
cø¨vwU‡bvmvqvbvB‡Wi cÖ‡jchy³ cv‡Z cÖwZcÖfv m„wó n‡”Q| wZwb Av‡iv m~²fv‡e jÿ¨ K‡ib †h b‡ji †h As‡k
K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ AvcwZZ nq †m Ask †_‡K meyRvf njy` is-Gi Av‡jvi Avfv QvovI GK cÖKvi A`„k¨ iwk¥ wewKwiZ
n‡”Q| GB A`„k¨ iwk¥i cÖK…Z bvg bv Rvbv _vKvq cÖ‡dmi iÄb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib G·‡i (X-Rays)| G‡K iÄb
iwk¥I e‡j| e¨vcK cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci wZwb GB wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nb †h, AwaK MwZm¤úbœ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv ‡Kv‡bv
avZzi cÖwZe܇K evav ‡c‡j MwZkw³ nvivq Ges GB MwZkw³ G·‡i‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

14.1.2 G·‡i Drcbœ c×wZ (Process of X-ray Production) + D”P wefe -

iÄb iwk¥ Drcv`b hš¿ GKwU `yevû wewkó duvcv evqy k~b¨ KuvP bj| Gi GK
avZe cvZ B‡jKUªb cÖevn
cÖv‡šÍ K¨v‡_vW C Uvs‡÷b Zv‡ii KzÛjx| 14.1 wPÎvbymv‡i e¨vUvix w`‡q we`y¨r
A C
cÖevn K‡i G‡K DËß Kiv nq| d‡j cÖPzi Zvcxq B‡jKUªb Drcbœ nq|
Uvs‡÷b w`‡q ˆZix A¨v‡bvW A Ges K¨v‡_vW Gi g‡a¨ D”P wefe cv_©K¨ ivLvq A¨v‡bvW K¨v‡_vW
Zvcxq B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q D”P †e‡M A¨v‡bvWiæcx Uv‡M©U A -‡K AvNvZ ¶iY bj G·‡i
K‡i| d‡j wKQy B‡jKUª‡bi MwZkw³ G·‡i‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| wPÎ 14.1
G·‡ii GKK n‡jv i›U‡Rb| †h cwigvY wewKi‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK Pvc I ZvcgvÎvq GK wgwjwjUvi evqy‡Z GK
Kzj¤^ Avavb Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K GK i›U‡Rb e‡j|

14.1.3 G·‡i Ges mvaviY Av‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨(Difference between X-ray and Light)
G·‡i Ges mvaviY Av‡jvi DfqB ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq Zi½ n‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz ‡gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
bx‡P G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv-
1| mvaviY Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ 7 10 7 m †_‡K 4 10 7 m -Gi KvQvKvwQ| Aciw`‡K G·‡i Zi½‰`N©¨ 10 8 m
†_‡K 10 13 m -Gi KvQvKvwQ|
2| mvaviY Av‡jv `„k¨gvb Ges wewfbœ i‡O wef³| Aciw`‡K G·‡i A`„k¨ A_©vr †Pv‡L †`Lv hvqbv|
3| mvaviY Av‡jv A¯^”Q c`v_©‡K †f` Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| G·‡i D”P †f`b ÿgZv m¤úbœ| G·-iwk¥ A‡bK wKQy †f`
K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, gvby‡li kixi, KvV GgbwK †jvnv‡KI †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| mvaviY Av‡jv M¨vmxq gva¨g‡K AvqwbZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K G·‡i M¨vmxq gva¨g‡K AvqwbZ K‡i|

14.1.4 G·‡ii cÖKvi‡f` (Type of X-ray)

G·‡i `yB cÖKvi| h_v- †Kvgj G·‡i (Soft X-ray) Ges KwVb G·‡i (Hard X-ray)|
1| †Kvgj G·‡i t G·‡i h‡š¿ Zzjbvg~jK Kg wefe cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h G·‡i cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †Kvgj G·‡i e‡j|
†Kvgj G·‡ii Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Zzjbvg~jK eo, d‡j †f`b ÿgZvI Zzjbvg~jK Kg|
2| KwVb G·‡i t G·‡i h‡š¿ Zzjbvg~jK ‡ekx wefe cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h G·‡i cvIqv hvq Zv‡K KwVb G·‡i e‡j|
KwVb G·‡ii Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Zzjbvg~jK ‡QvU d‡j †f`b ÿgZvI Zzjbvg~jK ‡ekx|

14.1.5 G·‡ii ag© (Properties of X-ray)

1| G·‡i mij c‡_ Mgb K‡i|
2| G·‡i A`„k¨ iwk¥| mvaviY Av‡jv †iwUbvq co‡j `„wói Abyf~wZ RvMvq wKš‘ Gi †ÿ‡Î Ggb N‡U bv|
3| G·‡i ZvwoZPz¤^Kxq Avo Zi½|
4| Gi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i †P‡q A‡bK †QvU|
5| GwU Av‡jvi mg‡e‡M A_©vr 3 108 ms 1 †e‡M Mgb K‡i|
6| Av‡jvi b¨vq cÖwZdjb, cªwZmiY, AceZ©b Ges ‡cvjviY N‡U|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 312

 c`v_©weÁvb

7| GB iwk¥ Av‡jv Zwor wµqv cÖ`k©Y K‡i|

8| G·‡i d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i|
9| G·‡i Zwor †ÿÎ I Pz¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv wewÿß nq bv| myZivs Gi †Kvb PvR© bvB|
10| GB iwk¥ M¨v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q Mg‡bi mgq M¨vm‡K AvqwbZ K‡i|
11| G·‡i cÖwZcÖfv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
12| G·‡ii †f`b ÿgZv AZ¨waK|
13| G·‡i RxešÍ †Kvl‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i|

14.1.6 G·‡ii e¨envi (Uses of X-ray)

eZ©gvb mf¨Zvq G·‡ii eûwea e¨envi i‡q‡Q| bx‡P wKQz cÖPwjZ e¨envi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. wkí †ÿ‡Î t wkí †ÿ‡Î G·‡ii eûwea e¨envi i‡q‡Q| Avmj I bKj i‡Zœi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q, XvjvB Kiv
avZzi wfZ‡ii ÎæwU wbY©q, AvKwi‡Ki g‡a¨ Ac`ª‡e¨i Dcw¯’wZ wbY©q, wSby‡Ki g‡a¨ gy³vi mÜvb Kiv, SvjvB-Gi
ÎæwU wbY©q, g~j¨evb avZzi weï×Zv wbY©q BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| Uwd, j‡R‡Ý †Kv‡bv ÿwZKi e¯‘ Av‡Q wKbv Zv
mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Uwd, j‡RÝ, wmMv‡iU BZ¨vw`i ¸YMZ gvb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨I G·‡i e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î t †ivM wbY©q Ges wbivg‡qi †ÿ‡Î G·‡ii eûwea e¨envi i‡q‡Q| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b me©vwaK
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡YB G·‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q eûj cwiwPZ| G·‡ii †f`b ÿgZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ‡iwWIMÖvwd MÖnY
Kiv nq| †Kvgj G·‡i gvsm‡ckx †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ nvo ev avZz †f` K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvgj G·‡i
e¨envi K‡i †`‡ni nvo fvO‡j, †Kv‡bv AevwÃZ e¯‘ †hgb e›`y‡Ki ¸wj, `yN©Ubvq †Kv‡bv avZe e¯‘ †`‡n cÖ‡ek
Ki‡j, cvK¯’wj ev gyÎ_wj‡Z cv_i m„wó n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv mbv³ I Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv hvq| GRb¨ kj¨ wPwKrmvq
hyMvšÍKvix DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ G·‡ii Ae`vb AKíbxq| GQvovI dzmdz‡mi †Kv‡bv ÿZ, cwicvK bvjx‡Z ÿZ ev
wUDgvi, `uv‡Zi †Mvovq Avjmvi BZ¨vw` wbY©‡q G·‡i me©`vB e¨envi n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq Ges †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv Pg©‡ivM wbivg‡q G·‡i e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î t †Kjv‡mi MVY msµvšÍ cixÿvq, AYy-cigvYyi MVb welqK M‡elYvq G·‡ii e¨envi
Kiv nq|
4. †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M t †PvivPvjvb aivi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi, avZe ev‡· ev Pvgovi _wj‡Z we‡ùviK, wbwl× e¯‘ jyKv‡bv
_vK‡j wKsev †KD Mnbv ev gy`ªv MjvaKiY Ki‡j Zv mÜv‡bi Rb¨ G·‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| GgbwK nZ¨vKvÛ
AbymÜv‡bI G·‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
G·‡i t †Kvb Dcv‡q B‡jKUªb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i †mB Z¡ivwš^Z B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Kv‡bv avZe c`v‡_©i Dci wb‡ÿc
Kiv n‡j H c`v‡_©i wfZ‡ii B‡jKUªb Øviv weKwl©Z n‡q Z¡ivwš^Z B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi g›`b nq Ges MwZ kw³ nvivq|
GB nviv‡bv MwZ kw³ E=hf AvKv‡i iwk¥‡Z cwiYZ nq| G‡K G·‡i e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-14.1
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœt
1. ÿiY b‡j KZ Pv‡c K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ Drcbœ nq?
K. 10 1 mmHg L. 10 2 mmHg
M. 10 3 mmHg N. 10 4 mmHg

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 313

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. mvaviY Av‡jvi Zzjbvq-

i. G·‡ii K¤úvsK †ekx ii. G·‡ii †f`b ÿgZv †ekx iii. G·‡ii Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ †ekx
bx‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii. M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

cvV 2 t †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Radioactivity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
1.‡ZRw¯ŒqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.Avjdv, weUv I Mvgv iwk¥i ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.‡ZRw¯ŒqZvi e¨envi I wec` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
14.2.1 †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Radioactivity)
Av‡M aviYv Kiv n‡Zv cigvYy AwefvR¨| m¨vi †R. †R. _gmb (Sir J. J. Thomson)
B‡jKUªb Avwe®‹vi Kivi d‡j weÁbxiv cigvYy m¤^‡Ü bZzb K‡i wPšÍv fvebv ïiæ K‡ib|
me©cÖ_g m¨vi †R. †R. _gmb cigvYyi GKwU g‡Wj cÖ`vb K‡ib| 1911 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx
iv`vi‡dvW© (Rutherford) wewfbœ cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g bZzb fv‡e GKwU cigvYy g‡Wj cÖ`vb
K‡ib| GwU iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvi g‡Z cigvYyi gv‡S abvZ¥K Avavb¸‡jv cigvYyi g‡a¨
me©Î Qwo‡q bv †_‡K cigvYyi †K‡›`ª AwZÿy`ª ‡K›`ªxq A‡j ‡K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K| GB AÂj‡K wbDwK¬qvm e‡j Ges
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K e„ËvKvi c‡_ AvewZ©Z n‡”Q| ciewZ©‡Z 1932 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx P¨vWDBK
(Chadwick) wbDUª‡bi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wbDUªbI wbDwK¬qv‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i|
cÖK…wZ‡Z Ggb KZK¸wj cigvYy cvIqv hvq hviv ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e D”P †f`b`ÿgZv m¤úbœ Mvgv iwk¥, weUv KwYKv I
Avjdv KwYKv wewKiY K‡i| BD‡iwbqvg, †_vwiqvg, †iwWqvg cÖf„wZ G ai‡Yi cigvYy| ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e iwk¥
wewKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j| 1896 wLª÷v‡ã divmx weÁvbx †nbix †e‡K‡ij (Henry Becquerel)
AvKw¯§Kfv‡e G iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Zuvi bvg Abymv‡i GB iwk¥i bvg †`qv nq Ò†e‡K‡ij iwk¥Ó| ciewZ©‡Z
gv`vg Kzix (Madame Marie Curie) Ges Zuvi ¯^vgx wcqv‡i Kzix (Pierre Curie) bvbv c`v‡_©i †ZRw¯ŒqZv wb‡q
M‡elYv ïiæ K‡ib| GB iwk¥ eZ©gv‡b †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ (Radioactive rays) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e iwk¥ wewKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
†ZRw¯ŒqZv `yB cÖKvi| h_vt- cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv I K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv|
cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv t- †Kv‡bv c`v_© n‡Z ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv t- K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kv‡bv †gŠj‡K †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡j cwiYZ Ki‡j †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv‡K K…wÎg
†ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
14.2.2 †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Radioactivity
wewfbœ †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© †_‡K wbM©Z iwk¥ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wb¤œwjwLZ Z_¨¸‡jv cvIqv hvq|
1| †ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU ¯^ZtùzZ© I Aweivg NUbv| Zvc, Pvc, Zwor †ÿÎ, †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ A_ev †Kv‡bv †fŠZ KviY
Øviv †ZRw¯ŒqZv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
2| †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© †_‡K Avjdv KwYKv (), weUv KwYKv () I Mvgv iwk¥ ()wbM©Z nq|
3| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi DrcwË ¯’j n‡jv wbDwK¬qvm| cigvYyi fv½‡bi d‡jB †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi
d‡j GK cÖKvi cigvYy Ab¨ GK cÖKvi cigvYy‡Z cwiYZ nq|
4| GwU GKwU AcÖZ¨veZ©x cªwµqv|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 314

 c`v_©weÁvb

14.2.3 †ZRw¯Œq wewKi‡Yi ‰ewkó¨ (Nature of Radioactive Radiation)

d‡UvMÖwdK
‡ZRw¯¿qZv Avwe¯‹v‡ii ci wewfbœ weÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e G wel‡q M‡elYv ïiæ
†c- U
K‡ib| weL¨vZ weÁvbx gv`vg Kzix GKwU mnR cixÿv Øviv 


 +

Zwor †¶Î
†ZRw¯Œq wewKi‡Y wZb ai‡Yi iwk¥i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY K‡ib| wPÎ 
+
bs 14.2 G gv`vg Kzixi cixÿvi wPÎ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| GKwU miæ  +
I j¤^v wQ`ª wewkó GKwU mxmvi cv‡Î wKQy †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© ivLv  +
 +
nq| cv‡Îi wQ`ª w`‡q †ZRw¯Œq wewKiY mgvšÍivjfv‡e wbM©Z
nq| wQ‡`ªi Dc‡i Ges iwk¥i j¤^fv‡e Zwor †ÿÎ ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gici Gi †ZRw¯Œq c`v_©
Dc‡i GKwU d‡UvMÖvwdK †cøU ivLv nq| mgMÖ e¨e¯’vwU evqyk~b¨ Kiv nq †hb mxmvi cvÎ
iwk¥¸‡jv evqy Øviv †kvwlZ bv nq| d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U wKQyÿY a‡i iwk¥ †djvi wPÎ 14.2
ci †cøUwU †W‡fjvc Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h †cø‡U wZbwU Kv‡jv `vM c‡o‡Q| Gi †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †ZRw¯Œq c`v_©
†_‡K wZb ai‡Yi iwk¥ wbM©Z nq | †h iwk¥wU abvZ¥K cv‡Zi w`‡K †eu‡K †M‡Q g‡b ivLyb t
†mwU FYvZ¥K Avavb MÖ¯’| †h iwk¥wU FYvZ¥K cv‡Zi w`‡K †eu‡K †M‡Q †mwU 1| Avjdv I weUv iwk¥ n‡jv KYv cÖevn
abvZ¥K Avavb MÖ¯’| Avi †h iwk¥wU †Kv‡bv w`‡KB wePz¨Z nqwb †mwU Zwor wKš‘ Mvgv iwk¥ n‡jv ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq
Zi½|
wbi‡cÿ| abvZ¥K Avavb MÖ¯’ iwk¥‡K Avjdv () iwk¥, FYvZ¥K Avavb MÖ¯’ 2| Mvgv iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ Av‡jvi Zi½
iwk¥‡K weUv () iwk¥ Ges Zwor wbi‡cÿ iwk¥‡K Mvgv () iwk¥ e‡j| ‰`N©¨i †P‡q A‡bK Kg| G‡K †P‡L
†`Lv hvq bv|

14.2.3.1 Avjdv KwYKvi ag© I cÖK…wZ (Properties and Nature of -particle)

1| Avjdv KwYKv `ywU †cÖvUb I `ywU wbDUªb wb‡q MwVZ A_©vr GwU AvqwbZ wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm| Gi fi
6.6  10 27 ‡KwR|
2| Bnv aY PvR© enb K‡i| Gi cwigvY 3.2  1019 Kzj¤^
3| Gi kw³ 1MeV ev 1.6 10 -13 J n‡Z 9MeV ev 1.44 10 -12 J ch©šÍ nq|
4| GB iwk¥ Zwor †ÿÎ I Pz¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv wewÿß nq|
5| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ÿgZv Lye †ekx|  -KwYKvi †P‡q cÖvq 100 ¸Y Ges  -KwYKvi †P‡q cÖvq 1000 ¸Y
†ekx|
6| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK ‡cø‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
7| Bnv mn‡RB e¯‘ Øviv ‡kvwlZ nq| Gi †f`b ÿgZv Lye Kg|
8| wRsK mvjdvB‡W Avjdv KwYKv cÖwZcÖfv m„wó K‡i|
9| avZe †cø‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q hvevi mgq Avjdv KwYKvi KYv¸‡jv Pvwiw`‡K wewÿß nq|

14.2.3.2 weUv KwYKvi ag© I cÖK…wZ (Properties and Nature of -particle)

1| weUv KwYKv Lye nvjKv| Giv B‡jKUªb cªevn| Gi fi 9.1  1031 ‡KwR|
2| Giv FY PvR© enb K‡i| GB Pv‡R©i gvb 1.6  1019 Kzj¤^|
3| †ZRw¯Œq e¯‘ †_‡K weUv KwYKv cÖPÛ †e‡M wbM©Z nq| Gi †eM cÖvq 0.9 108 ms 1 ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
4| GB KwYKv Zwor †ÿÎ I Pz¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv wewÿß nq|
5| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q, Z‡e Avjdv KwYKv A‡cÿv Kg|
6| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK ‡cø‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
7| Bnv mn‡RB e¯‘ Øviv ‡kvwlZ nq| Gi †f`b ÿgZv Avjdv KwYKv A‡cÿv ‡ekx|
8| wRsK mvjdvB‡W weUv KwYKv cÖwZcÖfv m„wó K‡i|
9| avZe †cø‡Ui ga¨w`‡q hvevi mgq weUv KwYKv¸‡jv Pvwiw`‡K wewÿß nq| Avjdv KwYKv A‡cÿv A‡bK †ekx
wewÿß nq|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 315

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

14.2.3.3 Mvgv iwk¥i ag© I cÖK…wZ (Properties and Nature of -ray)

1| Mvgv iwk¥ AwZ ÿz`ª Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq Zi½|
2| GB iwk¥ Av‡jvi †e‡M MwZkxj|
3| Gi †Kvb PvR© I fi bvB|
4| GB iwk¥ we`y¨r †ÿÎ I Pz¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv wewÿß nq bv|
5| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
6| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q Z‡e weUv iwk¥ A‡cÿv Kg|
7| wRsK mvjdvB‡W Mvgv iwk¥ cÖwZcÖfv m„wó K‡i|
8| Mvgv iwk¥i cÖwZjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨vwZPvi, AceZ©b BZ¨vw` me Av‡jvKxq ag© Av‡Q|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
†ZRw¯ŒqZv t Aw¯’wZkxj cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e iwk¥ wewKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡KB †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-14.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. †ZRw¯Œq wewKi‡Y †Kvb †Kvb KwYKv wbM©Z nq?
K. B‡jKUªb I †cÖvUb L. †cÖvUb I wbDUªb
M. †cÖvUb I wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm N. B‡jKUªb I wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm
2. Avjdv iwk¥ n‡jv
K. B‡jKUªb L. †cÖvUb M. wbDUªb N. wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm
3. weUv iwk¥ n‡jv
K. B‡jKUªb L. †cÖvUb M. wbDUªb N. wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm

cvV 3 t B‡jKUªwb· (Electronics)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
1. GbvjM I wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. p - UvBc I n -UvBc Aa©cwievnx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Wv‡qvW e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4.mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
14.3.1.GbvjM I wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· (Analogue and Digital Electronics)
we‡kl †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ A‡bK¸wj B‡jKUªwb· eZ©bx‡K mgwóMZfv‡e B‡jKUªwb·
c×wZ ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi, ‡Uwjwfkb, †iwWI, B‡jKUªwb· Nwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw` eûj cwiwPZ
B‡jKUªwb· c×wZi D`vniY| ‰ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ B‡jKUªwb· c×wZmg~n‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq t
1. GbvjM c×wZ (analogue system)
2. wWwRUvj c×wZ (digital system)
3. wgkª c×wZ (hybrid system)

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 316

 c`v_©weÁvb

GbvjM c×wZ t
GbvjM ms‡KZ n‡jv Awew”Qbœ Zwor ms‡KZ| GbvjM ms‡KZ A‡bKUv kã Zi‡½i gZ mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_
Awew”Qbœ fv‡e gvb evo‡Z evo‡Z m‡e©v”P gv‡b †cuŠwQ‡q Avevi Awew”Qbœ fv‡e Kg‡Z Kg‡Z me©wb¤œœ gv‡b †cŠQvq|
GB ms‡KZ‡K mvBb Zi‡½i (sine wave) mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq|
A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ
GbvjM c×wZ‡Z µg-cwieZ©bkxj(analogue) ms‡K‡Zi ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡KZ
e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvcgvÎv, Pvc, cÖevn n‡jv µgvMZ cwieZ©bkxj K‡qKwU
GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi D`vniY| Gme ms‡KZ‡K †fv‡ë‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j †h
µg-cwieZ©bkxj ˆe`y¨wZK Zi½ m„wó nq, ZvB n‡jv GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi wPÎ 14.3 K
D`vniY (wPÎ 14.3 K)| G ai‡Yi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ weea©K, wdëvi cÖf…wZ
GbvjM eZ©bx e¨envi Kiv nq| †iwWI, †Uc †iKW©vi, wUwf BZ¨vw` n‡jv K‡qKwU GbvjM B‡jKUªwb· c×wZi
D`vniY|
wWwRUvj c×wZ t
wWwRUvj ms‡KZ n‡jv wew”Qbœ Zwor ms‡KZ| GB ms‡K‡Zi me©wb¤œ I m‡e©v”P gvb Av‡Q| GB `yB gv‡bi gv‡S Ab¨
†Kv‡bv ¯Íi bvB| mg‡qi mv‡_ Gi gvb nq m‡e©v”P bv nq me©wb¤œ gv‡b cwiewZ©Z nq| GB ms‡KZ †PŠ‡Kv Zi‡½i
(square waves) gZ (wPÎ 14.3 L)|

wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z µg-cwieZ©bkxj GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi e`‡j ¯Íi wWwRUvj ms‡KZ

cwieZ©bkxj ms‡KZ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ev 1
evBbvix (binary) ms‡KZ ejv nq| `ywU c„_K Ae¯’vq KvR K‡i Ggb 0
hš¿vsk e¨envi K‡i GB ms‡KZ cvIqv hvq| †hgb UªvbwR÷v‡ii mPj ev
wPÎ 14.3 L
Ab (on) Ges APj ev Ad (off) Ae¯’v Øviv `ywU c„_K Ae¯’v †evSv‡bv
m¤¢e| cª¾¡wjZ evwZ Ges wbe©vwcZ evwZ A_ev †U‡ci †PŠ¤^KvwqZ Ae¯’v ev A‡PŠ¤^KvwqZ Ae¯’v w`‡q wWwRUvj
ms‡K‡Zi ¯Íi `ywU‡K mn‡R wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e| wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi ¯Íi `ywU‡K 0 Ges 1 (0 and 1), mZ¨ Ges wg_¨v
(true and false), wK¤^v D”P Ges wb¤œ (high and low) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| wWwRUvj Nwo, K¨vjKz‡jUi BZ¨vw`
wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· c×wZi RbwcÖq D`vniY|
wgkª c×wZ t
GbvjM I wWwRUvj eZ©bxi mswgkª‡Y ‰Zwi c×wZ‡K wgkÖ B‡jKUªªwb· c×wZ e‡j| wkí-KviLvbvq cÖwµqv wbqš¿‡Y,
wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î wgkÖ B‡jKUªwb· c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| Pvc, ZvcgvÎv, i³Pvc ü`h‡š¿i wµqv, Zij c`v‡_©i ¯Íi
BZ¨vw` µg-cwieZ©bkxj welq msM„nxZ DcvË GbvjM B‡jKUªwb· c×wZ MÖnY K‡i| GB Dcv˸wj‡K wWwRUvj
B‡jUªwbK c×wZ‡Z h_v‡hvM¨ msL¨v I ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvV †bqv nq|
bx‡P GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi Zzjbvg~jK ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. GbvjM ms‡KZ GKwU Awew”Qbœ Zi½ Ges †fŠZ cwigvc‡hvM¨ Aciw`‡K wWwRUvj ms‡KZ GKwU wew”Qbœ Zi½
Ges msL¨v (evBbvix c×wZ) w`‡q cwigvc Kiv nq|
2. GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K mvBb Zi½ w`‡q Ges wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K †PŠ‡Kv Zi½ w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
3. wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi Zzjbvq GbvjM ms‡KZ mÂvjb A‡bK e¨qeûj Ges †ekx kw³ LiP nq|
4. GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi Zzjbvq wWwRUvj ms‡KZ mÂvjb c×wZ A‡bK mnR|
5. GbvjM ms‡KZ Zi½ AvKv‡i Ges wWwRUvj ms‡KZ 0 Ges 1 A_©vr evBbvix AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq|
6. †gv‡W‡gi gva¨‡g GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z Ges wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K GbvjM ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
hvq|
7. Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z evBbvix c×wZ e¨envi K‡i|
8. wWwRUvj ms‡KZ †cÖiY Kiv Zzjbvg~jK mnR, wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges cÖvq ÎæwUgy³|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 317

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

9. GbvjM ms‡KZ n‡jv kã Zi‡½i cÖwZiƒc| GwU mÂvj‡bi mgq cw_g‡a¨ weK…Z n‡q hvq, ¸YMZ gvb wVK _v‡K
bv Ges ZxeªZv n«vm cvq|
10. GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi Zzjbvq wWwRUvj ms‡KZ mÂvjb nvi A‡bK `ªæZ Ges ms‡K‡Zi ¸YMZ gvb DbœZ|
11. †iwWI, wUwf, †Uwj‡dvb, AwWI, wfwWI BZ¨vw`‡Z GbvjM ms‡KZ e¨envi Kiv nq| Aci w`‡K Kw¤úDUvi,
wmwW, wWwfwW, †gvevBj, B›Uvi‡bU, m¨v‡UjvBU Kgy¨wb‡Kkb BZ¨vw`‡Z wWwRUvj ms‡KZ e¨envi Kiv nq|

14.3.2 Aa©cwievnx (Semiconductor)

†h me c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb mn‡R GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖv‡šÍ cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i †m me c`v_©‡K cwievnx
e‡j, †hgb-iæcv, Zvgv, †jvnv BZ¨vw`| g~jZt mKj avZe c`v_©B cwievnx| cwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva
10 8 m µ‡gi| cwievnx‡Z A‡bK gy³ B‡jKUªb _v‡K| cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ mvgvb¨ wefe cv_©K¨ NUv‡jB
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i| cwievnx c`v_©‡K Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Gi Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb Kivi
ÿgZv e„w× cvq|
†hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv †m me c`v_©‡K Acwievnx e‡j, †hgb-KvP, KvV, cøvw÷K
BZ¨vw`| g~jZ cÖvq mKj AavZe c`v_©B Acwievnx| Acwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 1012 m µ‡gi|
Acwievnx‡Z gy³ B‡jKUªb _v‡K bv| ZvB Acwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍ A‡bK wefe cv_©K¨ NUv‡jI Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó nq
bv| Acwievnx Zwor cÖev‡n evav `vb K‡i|
wKQy wKQy c`v_© Av‡Q †hgb- Rv‡g©wbqvg, wmwjKb BZ¨vw` hvi Zwor cwienY ÿgZv cwievnx Ges Acwievnx
c`v‡_©i gvSvgvwS A_©vr hvi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zv cwievnxi †P‡q A‡bK Kg, wKš‘
Acwievnxi †P‡q †ekx G‡`i‡K Aa©cwievnx e‡j| cwievnx Ges Aa©cwievnxi g‡a¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ n‡jv,
cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni ÿgZv n«vm cvq, wKš‘ Aa©cwievnxi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni
ÿgZv e…w× cvq| Gi A_© n‡jv ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j cwievnxi †iva e„w× cvq, Avi Aa©cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq|
Aa©cwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 10 4 m µ‡gi|
B‡jKUªwb· n‡jv c`v_©weÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv hv‡Z B‡jKUªb e¨envi Kiv nq| B‡jKUªb n‡jv Ggb GKwU
†gŠwjK KwYKv hvi fi D‡cÿYxq Ges Gi wbw`©ó Zwor Avavb i‡q‡Q| d‡j G‡`i Zwor †ÿÎ I †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ w`‡q
mn‡RB wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e Ges fi bMb¨ nIqvq GRb¨ Lye Aí kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| weï× Aa©cwievnx
avZz‡Z gy³ B‡jKUÖb _v‡K, hvi Rb¨ avZzi D”P Zwor cwievnxZv Av‡Q| GB
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv avZyc„‡ô Ny‡i †eovq Ges mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq avZyi Zj †Q‡o †ewi‡q Ge Ge Ge

Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB avZz †_‡K B‡jKUªb gy³ Ki‡Z †ek wKQz cwigvY kw³i mieivn
Ge Ge
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ge

B‡jKUª‡bi Av‡iv GKwU Drm Av‡Q †mwU n‡jv Aa©cwievnx| Aa©cwievnx‡`i DZß Kivi Ge Ge Ge
Rb¨ AwZwi³ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î B‡jKUªb¸‡jv‡K Aa©cwievnxi MvÎ
†_‡K wewQbœ bv K‡i c`v‡_©i g‡a¨B wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Rv‡g©wbqvg I wmwjKb n‡jv `ywU wPÎ 14.4
eûj e¨eüZ Aa©cwievnx| Avgiv GLv‡b Rv‡g©wbqvg cigvYy wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQ|
wmwjK‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB NUbv n‡e| Rv‡g©wbqvg cigvYy‡Z 32 wU B‡jKUªb Ggbfv‡e mw¾Z _v‡K †h ewn¯’
Kÿc‡_ 4wU B‡jKUªb _v‡K| Rv‡g©wbqvg cigvYyi GB PviwU B‡jKUª‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖwZ‡ekx PviwU Ab¨ cigvYyi
GKwU K‡i †hvRbx B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i (wPÎ 14.4)| ZvB me©ewnt¯’ Kÿc‡_ AvUwU
B‡jKUª‡b c~Y© cigvYyi b¨vq AvPiY K‡i| A_©vr GB Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv gy³ B‡jKUªb _v‡K bv| wKš‘ mvaviY
ZvcgvÎvq wewÿß fv‡e wKQz B‡jKUªb Zvcxq D‡ËRbvq mg‡hvRx eÜb †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q B‡jKUªbwU gy³ n‡q hvq
Ges e܇b B‡jKUª‡bi NvUwZ NUvq| B‡jKUª‡bi GB RvqMvq M‡Z©i A_©vr †nv‡ji (Hole) m„wó nq| GB †nvj¸‡jv
abvZ¥K Avav‡b AvwnZ KYvi b¨vq AvPiY K‡i| GB †nvj¸‡jv Zwor †ÿÎ I †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv B‡jKUª‡bi wecixZ
w`‡K wewÿß nq| d‡j GB Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb I †nvj DfqB GKB w`‡K Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ GB Zwor

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 318

 c`v_©weÁvb

cÖevn Lye ÿxY nq| Aa©cwievnx‡Z Lye Aí cwigv‡Y ( 106 wU Aa©cwievnx‡Z GK n‡Z `ywU) †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ac`ªe¨
(impurity) hy³ K‡i Aa©cwievnxi cwievwnZv eûj cwigv‡Y e„w× Kiv hvq| GB cÖwµqv‡K †Wvwcs (doping) e‡j|
‡Wvwcs-Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i `yB ai‡Yi Aa©cwievnx cvIqv hvq| GKwU Rv‡g©wbqvg †Kjv‡m A‡m©wbK (Z=33 I 5wU
†hvRb B‡jKUªb) Ac`ªe¨ wnmv‡e hy³ Ki‡j †Kjvm MVb Aÿybœ †i‡L hy³ Av‡m©wbK cigvYy¸‡jv mgmsL¨K
Rv‡g©wbqvg cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i| GB cÖwÎqvq †Kjv‡mi †fŠZ MVb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| G †ÿ‡Î Av‡m©wb‡Ki cigvYyi 5wU
†hvRb B‡jKUª‡bi PviwU cÖwZ‡ekx cigvYyi m‡½ mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i Avi Av‡m©wb‡Ki cÂg †hvRbx
B‡jKUªbwU gy³fv‡e _v‡K (wPÎ 14.5 K)| GB gy³ B‡jKUªbwU Aa©cwievnxi GK cigvYy †_‡K Ab¨ cigvYy‡Z
gy³fv‡e I AwbqwgZfv‡e †Nviv‡div Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB Ac`ªe¨ †h‡nZz Rv‡g©wbqvg †Kjv‡m B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i
_v‡K ZvB G‡`i‡K `vZv Ac`ªe¨ (Donor Impurity) e‡j Ges †KjvmwU‡K n-UvBc ejv nq| AwZ Aí cwigvY
Av‡m©wbK hy³ Ki‡jI GZ †ekx gy³ B‡jKUªb †`q †h †Kjv‡mi cwievwnZv cÖvq 1000 ¸Y e„w× cvq| †h‡nZz n-
UvBc †Kjv‡m cÖwZwU cigvYy mgvb cwigvY B‡jKUªb †cÖvUb n- UvBc
_v‡K †m‡nZz †KjvmwU Zwor wbi‡cÿ| †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kjvm
†_‡K B‡jKUªb P‡j †M‡j ‡KjvmwU ab-PvR© MÖ¯’ n‡q c‡o| Ge Ge Ge

GB Rb¨ n-UvBc Aa©cwievnx‡K wPÎ 14.5(L) w`‡q wb‡`©k

Ge As
Kiv nq| Ge
gy³ B‡jKUªb
Rv‡g©wbqvg †Kjv‡m hLb A¨vjywgwbqvg (Z=13 I 3wU †hvRb Ge Ge Ge
B‡jKUªb) Ac`ªe¨ wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb Zv GKwU
wbKUeZ©x mg‡hvRx eÜb †_‡K GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i K L
cÖwZ‡ekx Rv‡g©wbqv‡gi cigvYyi m‡½ PviwU mg‡hvRx eÜb wPÎ 14.5
m¤ú~Y© K‡i| GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY Kivq GKwU †nv‡ji m„wó nq hv wbKUeZ©x mg‡hvRx eÜb †_‡K B‡jKUªb wb‡q
c~Y© n‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi d‡j †mLv‡b †nv‡ji D™¢e nq (wPÎ 14.6 K)| GB fv‡e †nvj¸‡jv gy³fv‡e Ny‡i †eov‡Z
cv‡i| G RvZxq Ac`ªe¨ †h‡nZz Rv‡g©wbqvg eÜb †_‡K GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i ZvB G‡`i MÖnxZv Ac`ªe¨ e‡j|
(Acceptor Impurity) e‡j Ges †KjvmwU‡K p-UvBc ejv nq| AwZ Aí cwigvY A¨vjywgwbqvg hy³ Ki‡jI GZ
†ekx ‡nvj cvIqv hvq †h †Kjv‡mi cwievwnZv cÖvq 1000 ¸Y e„w× cvq| †h‡nZz p-UvBc †Kjv‡m cÖwZwU cigvYyi
mgvb cwigvY B‡jKUªb †cÖvUb _v‡K †m‡nZz †KjvmwU Zwor
p-UvBc
wbi‡cÿ|
n-UvBc †Kjv‡m B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ _vKvq G‡Z B‡jKUªb¸wj‡K
Ge Ge Ge
¸iæ evnK (Majority Carriers) Ges †nvj¸wj‡K jNy evnK
(Minority Carriers) e‡j| p-UvBc †Kjv‡m ‡nv‡ji AvwaK¨ _vKvq Ge Al Ge
G‡Z †nvj¸wj‡K ¸iæ evnK (Majority Carriers) Ges ‡nvj
B‡jKUªb¸wj‡K jNy evnK (Minority Carriers) e‡j| evwni †_‡K Ge Ge Ge
†Kv‡bv B‡jKUªb G‡m GB †nvj c~iY Ki‡j ‡KjvmwU FY-PvR© MÖ¯’
n‡q c‡i| GB Rb¨ p-UvBc Aa©cwievnx‡K wPÎ 14.6(L) w`‡q L
K wPÎ 14.6
wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
14.3.3 Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW, p-n ms‡hvM (Semiconductor wbt‡kwlZ
Diode, p-n Junction) p-AÂj AÂj n-AÂj
{

GKwU p-UvBc †Kjvm‡K GKwU n-UvBc †Kjv‡mi mv‡_ hy³

Ki‡j (cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU Aa©cwievnx L‡Ð `yB ai‡Yi †Kjvm p n
m„wó Kiv nq) GKwU p-n ms‡hvM ev Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW ˆZwi
nq (wPÎ 14.7 K)| p-A‡j †nv‡ji Ges n-A‡j gy³ cÖZxK
B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ †ekx _v‡K| ZvB p-AÂj †_‡K wKQz Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW wPÎ 14.7 (L)
wPÎ 14.7 (K)
BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 319
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†nvj Ges n-AÂj †_‡K wKQz gy³ B‡jKUª‡bi ms‡hv‡Mi wbKUeZ©x As‡k h_vµ‡g p-A‡j I n-A‡j e¨vcb
N‡U| Gi d‡j ms‡hv‡Mi Kv‡Q p-AÂj I n-AÂj h_vµ‡g FYvZ¥K I abvZ¥K n‡q c‡o| ZvB FYvZ¥Kfv‡e
AvwnZ p-A‡j Ges abvZ¥Kfv‡e AvwnZ n-A‡j h_vµ‡g p-AÂj †_‡K †nv‡ji Ges n-AÂj †_‡K
B‡jKUª‡bi mÂviY evav cÖvß nq Ges e¨vcb eÜ n‡q hvq| Gi Rb¨ p-n ms‡hvM Z‡j p-AÂj FYvZ¥K Ges n-
AÂj abvZ¥K n‡q c‡o| ms‡hv‡Mi `yB w`‡K GiKg wecixZ Avavb Rgv nIqvi d‡j ms‡hvM ¯’‡j GKwU wefe
cÖvPx‡ii (Potential barrier) m„wó nq hv‡K wbt‡kwlZ AÂj (Depletion Zone) ejv nq (wPÎ 14.7 K)| 14.7 L
wP‡Î Wv‡qv‡Wi cÖZxK †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GKwU p-n ms‡hvM‡K eZ©bxi gZ †Kv‡li mv‡_ hy³ Kiv n‡j hw` p-A‡j †Kv‡li abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Ges n-A‡j
†Kv‡li FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ hy³ Kiv nq Z‡e GB mshvMwU‡K m¤§yL †SuvK (Forward p n p n
Bias) e‡j| Avi hw` p-A‡j †Kv‡li FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Ges n-A‡j †Kv‡li
abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ hy³ Kiv nq Z‡e GB ms‡hvMwU‡K wecixZ †SuvK (Reverse Bias)
e‡j|
m¤§yL †SuvK wecixZ †SuvK
m¤§yL †SuvK ms‡hv‡M n-A‡ji B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Kv‡li FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Øviv weKwl©Z
n‡q ms‡hvM¯’‡ji w`‡K AMÖmi nq Ges GKBfv‡e p-A‡ji †nvj¸‡jv †Kv‡li wPÎ 14.8
abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Øviv weKwl©Z n‡q ms‡hvM¯’‡ji w`K AMÖmi nq| Gi d‡j wbt‡kwlZ A‡ji cÖ¯’ K‡g hvq I wefe
cÖvPxi n«vm cvq| ‡mRb¨ p-A‡ji †nvj¸‡jv wefe cÖvPxi AwZµg K‡i n-A‡j P‡j Av‡m Ges n-A‡ji
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wefe cÖvPxi AwZµg K‡i p-A‡j P‡j Av‡m| ZvB m¤§yL †Suv‡K eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn nq|
wecixZ †SuvK ms‡hv‡M n-A‡ji B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Kv‡li abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡q ms‡hvM¯’j †_‡K cÖv‡šÍi
w`‡K AMÖmi nq Ges GKBfv‡e p-A‡ji †nvj¸‡jv †Kv‡li FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡q ms‡hvM¯’j ‡_‡K
cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| Gi d‡j wbt‡kwlZ A‡ji cÖ¯’ e„w× hvq I wefe cÖvPxi e„w× cvq| ‡mRb¨ p-A‡ji
†nvj¸‡jv wefe cÖvPxi AwZµg K‡i n-A‡j P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i bv Ges n-A‡ji B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wefe cÖvPxi
AwZµg K‡i p-A‡j P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs wecixZ †Sv‡K eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn nq bv| †m Kvi‡Y p-n
ms‡hvM ev Wv‡qvW GKgyLxKiY wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| ZvB p-n ms‡hvM ev Wv‡qvW‡K †iw±dvqvi ejv nq|
14.3.4 UªvbwR÷vi (Transistor) t
UªvbwR÷vi n‡jv Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hv‡Z `ywU PIov p-UvBc †Kjv‡mi g‡a¨ GKwU miæ n-UvBc †Kjvm hy³ _v‡K
A_ev `ywU PIov n-UvBc †Kjv‡mi g‡a¨ GKwU miæ p-UvBc †Kjvm hy³ _v‡K| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GKwU Aa©cwievnx L‡Ði
`yB cÖv‡šÍ PIov K‡i wZb‡hvRx cigvYy (Ac`ªe¨) †Wvwcs cÖwµqvq hy³ K‡i p-UvBc †Kjvm Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ miæ
K‡i cuvP‡hvRx cigvYy (Ac`ªe¨) †Wvwcs cÖwµqvq f~wg msMÖvnK msMÖvnK
wbtmviK
hy³ K‡i n-UvBc †Kjvm MV‡bi gva¨‡g p-n-p
UªvbwR÷vi ˆZwi Kiv nq| Avi GKwU Aa©cwievnx f~wg cÖZxK
L‡Ði `yB cÖv‡šÍ PIov K‡i cuvP‡hvRx cigvYy
wbtmviK
(Ac`ªe¨) †Wvwcs cÖwµqvq hy³ K‡i n-UvBc †Kjvm
Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ miæ K‡i wZb‡hvRx cigvYy K L
cÖwµqvq hy³ K‡i n-UvBc †Kjvm MV‡bi gva¨‡g n- p-n-p UªvbwR÷vi wPÎ 14.9
p-n UªvbwR÷vi ˆZwi Kiv nq| ZvB GKwU
UªvbwR÷vi‡K `ywU Wv‡qvW‡K wcVvwcwV (Back to back) hy³ e‡j aiv nq| wPÎ bs 14.9(K) †Z p-n-p UªvbwR÷vi
Ges wPÎ bs 14.10(K) †Z n-p-n UªvbwR÷vi wbtmviK f~wg msMÖvnK msMÖvnK
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| g‡a¨i miæ Ask‡K UªvbwR÷v‡ii
cÖZxK
†em (Base) ev f~wg e‡j| cÖv‡šÍi †h As‡ki PIov f~wg
Aci cÖv‡šÍi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK Kg Ges Ac`ª‡e¨i
wbtmviK
AbycvZ GKUz †ekx Zv‡K GwgUvi (Emiter) ev
K L
n-p-n UªvbwR÷vi
BDwbU 14 wPÎ 14.10 c„ôv # 320
 c`v_©weÁvb

wbtmviK Ges †h cÖv‡šÍi PIov GKUz †ekx Ges Ac`ª‡e¨i AbycvZ †e‡mi mgvb Zv‡K Kv‡j±i (Collector) ev
msMÖvnK e‡j| 14.9(L) wP‡Î p-n-p UªvbwR÷‡ii Ges 14.10 (L) wP‡Î n-p-n UªvbwR÷‡ii cÖZxK †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| f~wgi mv‡c‡ÿ wbtmviK‡K m¤§yL †SuvK Ges f~wg ev †e‡mi mv‡c‡ÿ msMÖvnK‡K wecixZ †Suv‡K ivLv nq|
n-p-n UªvbwR÷v‡i wbtmvi‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ f~wg‡K abvZ¥K wefe cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j m¤§yL †SuvK nIqvq wbtmviK I f~wgi
ms‡hvM¯’‡j wefe cÖvPx‡ii gvb n«vm cvq I B‡jKUªb mxgvbv AwZµg K‡i f~wg A‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| f~wgi PIov
AZ¨šÍ Kg nIqvq GB A‡j AvMZ B‡jKUª‡bi 2% †_‡K 5% Gi †ekx _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wbtmvi‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ
msMÖvn‡K f~wgi Zzjbvq D”P abvZ¥K wefe cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j f~wgi Zzjbvq wecixZ †SuvK nIqvq f~wg ‡_‡K †nvj
msMÖvn‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ B‡jKUªb‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| d‡j f~wg A‡ji AwZwi³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv msMÖvn‡K
P‡j hvq| f~wgi wefe wbqš¿Y K‡i msMÖvn‡K B‡jKUªb cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| p-n-p UªvbwR÷v‡i n-p-n
UªvbwR÷v‡i wecixZ fv‡e †SuvK cÖ`vb K‡i GKB cÖwµqvq msMÖvn‡K †nvj cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
‡h‡nZz f~wgi wefe ÿz`ª cwieZ©b K‡i msMÖvn‡Ki A‡bK †ekx Avavb cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq e‡j UªvbwR÷vi weea©K
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

14.3.5 mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev AvB, wm (Integrated Circuits or IC)

(K)
B‡jKUªwb‡·i GKwU kvLv n‡jv gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb·| gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb· cÖhyw³i
mvnv‡h¨ AwZÿy`ª cwim‡i B‡jKUªwb· eZ©bx ‰Zwi Kiv hvq| GB eZ©bx¸‡jv‡K e‡j
gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb· mvwK©U (microelecrtonic circuit) ev BbwUª‡Mª‡UW mvwK©U
(integrated circuit) ev mgwš^Z eZ©bx| mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev AvB, wm-Gi g‡a¨ GKwU c~Y© A
eZ©bx ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj hš¿vsk GK‡Î gvB‡µv cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ ‰Zwi (L)
B
Kiv nq| d‡j Avjv`v Avjv`v UªvbwR÷vi, †iva, Wv‡qvW BZ¨vw` ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ C
ms‡hvM K‡i ˆZwi Kivi `iKvi nq bv|
wPÎ 14.11(K) -‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GKwU 0.5cm cyiy cvZjv wmwjK‡bi cvZ| Gi
e¨vmva© 0.25cm †_‡K 10cm ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| G‡K wmwjKb I‡qdvi (silicon
wafer) e‡j| (M)
wPÎ bs 14.11(L) -‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wmwjKb I‡qdv‡ii GKwU ÿz`ª Ask, hvi ˆ`N©¨
I cÖ¯’ h_vµ‡g 0.127mm I 0.127mm | wmwjKb I‡qdv‡ii GB ÿz`ª Ask‡K wPÎ 14.11
wmwjKb wPc (silicon chip) e‡j [wPÎ bs 14.11(L)]| GB wP‡ci g‡a¨ wewfbœ Dcv`vb
†hgb, †iva, Av‡ekK, aviK, Wv‡qvW, UªvbwR÷vi, jwRK †MU BZ¨vw` †Wvwcs cÖwµqvq ˆZwi Kiv nq| D`vniY
¯^iƒc GKwU †iva ˆZwii Rb¨ RvqMvi `iKvi nq 0.0165mm  0.0102mm [wPÎ bs 14.11(L A)]| GKwU
Wv‡qvW ˆZwii Rb¨ RvqMvi cª‡qvRb 0.0165mm  0.0102mm [wPÎ bs 14.11(L B)]| GKwU UªvbwR÷vi MV‡bi
Rb¨ RvqMvi cª‡qvRb 0.0305mm  0.0051mm [wPÎ bs 14.11(L C)]| GB me Dcv`vb¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbxq eZ©bx
Abymv‡i Af¨šÍixY fv‡e ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
wPÎ bs 14.11(M) -‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q wmwjKb I‡qdvi‡K wKfv‡e mgwš^Z eZ©bxi †Lv‡ji (casing) g‡a¨ emv‡bv
nq| Gi wcb¸‡jv Af¨šÍixY fv‡e wmwjKb wP‡ci eZ©bxi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| GB wcb¸‡jvi evwni cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_
cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡hvM evwni †_‡K †`qv nq|
mgwš^Z eZ©bxi g‡a¨ Dcv`v‡bi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i mgwš^Z eZ©bx‡K K‡qK fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1| ga¨g gvÎvi mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev MSI (Medium Scale Integrated Circuits) t GB RvZxq mgwš^Z eZ©bx‡Z cÖvq
100wU Dcv`vb _v‡K|
2| eo gvÎvi mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) t GB RvZxq mgwš^Z eZ©bx‡Z cÖvq
1000wU Dcv`vb _v‡K|
3| AwZ eo gvÎvi mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) t GB RvZxq mgwš^Z
eZ©bx‡Z cÖvq 10,000wUi AwaK Dcv`vb _v‡K|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 321

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨env‡i mvaviY B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx A‡cÿv A‡bK †ekx myweav cvIqv hvq| bx‡P myweav¸‡jv †`qv
n‡jv|
1| mgwš^Z eZ©bx AwZ D”P gvÎvi wbf©i‡hvM¨ eZ©bx|
2| mvaviY B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bxi Zzjbvq AZ¨šÍ Kg RvqMv `Lj K‡i|
3| mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨envi Ki‡j mvaviY B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bxi †P‡q A‡bK Kg LiP c‡o|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
Aa©cwievnx t †h me c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb mn‡R GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Aci cÖv‡šÍ cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i †m me c`v_©‡K
cwievnx e‡j| cwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 10 8 m µ‡gi|
Acwievnx t †hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv †m me c`v_©‡K Acwievnx e‡j| Acwievnx
c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 1012 m µ‡gi|
cwievnx t wKQy wKQy c`v_© Av‡Q hv w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv cwievnxi †P‡q AZ¨šÍ Kg wKš‘ Acwievnxi
†P‡q †ekx G‡`i‡K Aa©cwievnx e‡j| Aa©cwievnx c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK †iva 10 4 m µ‡gi| ZvcgvÎv e„w×
Aa©cwievnxi †iva n«vm cvq|
AvB, wm t gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb· cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ AwZÿy`ª cwim‡i B‡jKUªwb· eZ©bx ‰Zwi Kiv hvq| GB
eZ©bx¸‡jv‡K e‡j gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb· mvwK©U ev BbwUª‡Mª‡UW mvwK©U ev AvB, wm e‡j|
ga¨g gvÎvi mgwš^Z eZ©bx ev MSI t GB RvZxq mgwš^Z eZ©bx‡Z cÖvq 100wU Dcv`vb _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-14.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. N‡ii ZvcgvÎvq Aa©cwievnxi Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai µg KZ?
K. 10 8 m L. 10 4 m M. 106 m N. 1011 m
2. weï× Rv‡g©wbqvg †Kjv‡mi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j †KjvmwU‡Z-
K. eÛ †f‡½ cÖPzi B‡jKUª‡bi m„wó nq
L. eÛ †f‡½ B‡jKUªb I †nvj m„wó nq
M. Rv‡g©wbqvg †Kjvm M‡j hvq
N. eÛ †f‡½ cÖPzi †nvj m„wó nq
3. wK‡mi wPÎ GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K. Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW
L. Aa©cwievnx †Kjvm
M. p-n-p UªvbwR÷vi
N. n-p-n UªvbwR÷vi

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 322

 c`v_©weÁvb

cvV 4 t Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³MZ KwZcq wWfvBm (Few Devices of Communication and
Information Technology)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
1.‡iwWI Gi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.‡Uwjwfk‡bi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.‡Uwj‡dv‡bi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4.‡gvevBj †dv‡bi g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5.d¨v‡·i g~jbxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

14.4.1.1 †iwWI (Radio)

†iwWI Ggb GKwU hš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ kã‡K ZvwoZ†PŠ¤^Kxq Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b
cvVv‡bv nq| ‡iwWI Avwe®‹v‡i Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb, BZvwji gvK©bx I evsjv‡`‡ki
RM`xk P›`ª emy|
†iwWI Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv `~i-`~ivšÍ n‡Z m¤úªPvwiZ wewfbœ ai‡bi Lei, weZK© Abyôvb,
Mvb, bvUK, weÁvcb BZ¨vw` ïb‡Z cvB| ‡iwWI n‡”Q GKgyLx MÖvnK hš¿| †iwWI‡Z ïay
†kvbv hvq wKš‘ †kvbvi c‡i †Kvb gšÍe¨ e‡j cvVv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Acic‡ÿ hw`I †gvevBj
ev †Uwj‡dv‡b †iwWI ‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi Kiv nq, ZviciI †gvevBj ev †Uwj‡dvb
DfqgyLx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v|

14.4.1.2 ‡iwWI ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v (Radio Communication System)

ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb g¨v· cøv¼| GB Zi‡½i gva¨‡g GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Zvi Qvov ms‡KZ
cvVv‡bv m¤¢e nq| GB Kv‡R Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Avgv‡`i †`kxq weÁvbx RM`xk P›`ª emy Ges BUvjx weÁvbx gvK©bx|
Zuv‡`i e‡`Šj‡Z Avwe®‹vi n‡jv ‡iwWI| ‡eZvi m¤úªPvi †÷k‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³ hLb gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvg‡b K_v
e‡jb ZLb cÖ_‡g kã Zi½‡K Zwor Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| GB Zi‡½i K¤úvsK Kg e‡j kw³I Kg| GB Zi½
†ekx`~i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| †mRb¨ Awm‡jU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ D”P K¤úvs‡Ki Zi½ ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB Zi½‡K evnK Zi½
(carrier wave) e‡j| GB evnK Zi‡½i Dci Zwor Zi½‡K Pvwc‡q †`qv nq| G‡K e‡j gWz‡jkb|
GB gWz‡j‡UW Zi½‡K weea©b K‡i G‡›Ubvi gva¨‡g ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ AvKv‡i gnvk~‡b¨ (space) mÂvjb Kiv nq
(wPÎ 14.12 K)| †hLv‡b GB cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j †iwWI †÷kb ev †eZvi †K›`ª| gnvk~‡b¨ †cÖwiZ
GB †eZvi Zi‡½i GKwU Ask mivmwi MÖvnK h‡š¿i G‡›Ubvq †cuŠQvq Ges wKQz Ask evqygЇj Dc‡i Aew¯’Z
Avq‡bv‡ùqv‡i cÖwZdwjZ n‡q MÖvnK h‡š¿i G‡›Ubvq wd‡i Av‡m| †h Zi½wU mivmwi MÖvnK h‡š¿ †cuŠQvq Zv‡K f~wg
Zi½ (ground wave) Ges ‡h Ask Avq‡bv‡ùqv‡i cÖwZdwjZ n‡q MÖvnK h‡š¿ wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K AvKvk Zi½ (sky
wave) e‡j (wPÎ 14.12 L)| †iwWI n‡jv MÖvnK hš¿| †iwWI G‡›Ubvq GB Zi½ hLb †cuŠQvq ZLb †mwU AZ¨šÍ
`ye©j _v‡K| †iwWIi g‡a¨ GKwU Awm‡jUi _v‡K †hUv‡K Avgiv wUDb K‡i gWz‡j‡UW Zi‡½i mgvb K¤úvsK ˆZwi
Kwi| `yB Zi½ mgvb n‡j Abybv` nq d‡j cÖvß Zi½wU kw³kvjx nq| GB Zi½‡K wWgWz‡jkb K‡i evnK Zi½‡K
ev` †`qv nq| Gi d‡j ïay g~j Zwor Zi½wU †_‡K hvq| Aewkó g~j Zwor Zi½‡K Avevi weewa©Z K‡i w¯úKv‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †cÖwiZ msev` Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB (wPÎ 14.12
M)|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 323

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

‡eZvi †K›`ª
G‡›Ubv
Zwor Zi½ gWy‡jUi
Avq‡bv‡ùqvi
gvB‡µv‡dvb weea©K weea©K
Awm‡jUi AvKvk Zi½
evnK Zi½
K
†iwWI f~wg Zi½
‡eZvi †K›`ª Gw›Ubv
Gw›Ubv †iwWI Gw›Ubv
¯úxKvi
L

wWgWy‡jUi weea©K

Awm‡jUi wPÎ 14.12

M
†iwWIi g~j mgm¨v n‡jv GwU GKwU GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v| †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †cÖwiZ msev` B”Qv Ki‡j
c„w_exi mKj †jvK ïb‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ‡Kv‡bv †kÖvZv ‡Kv‡bv fv‡eB †iwWIi gva¨‡g †eZvi †K‡›`ª msev` †cÖiY
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z‡e we‡bv`b I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv †iwWI| †iwWI gva¨‡g Avgiv Mvb
evRbv, bvUK, Lei, Av‡jvPbv, weZK©, weÁvcb, AvenvIqvi mZK©evYx, †`k-we‡`‡ki wewfbœ msev` BZ¨vw` ï‡b
_vwK| GQvovI †mbv evwnbx †`‡ki g‡a¨ `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq I hyׇÿ‡Î Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †iwWI e¨envi K‡i
_v‡K| cywjk evwnbx I Avav mvgwiK evwnbx †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i RbM‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨, mš¿vm `g‡bi Rb¨ GgbwK
Acivax‡K aivi Rb¨ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ ci¯ú‡ii †hvMv‡hv‡M †iwWI e¨envi K‡ib|

14.4.2.1 †Uwjwfkb (Television)

†Uwjwfkb GKwU RbwcÖq gva¨g hv Z_¨ m¤úªPv‡ii Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GwU †iwWI Gi
g‡Zv GKgywL †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, hv‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó m¤úªPvi †K›`ª †_‡K ms‡KZ cvVv‡bv
nq Ges H m¤úªPvi †K‡›`ªi AvIZvaxb mK‡j †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g H m¤úªPvwiZ Z_¨,
Qwe, gywf ev jvBf †cÖvMÖvg GKB mv‡_ †`L‡Z Ges ïb‡Z cv‡i|
†iwWIi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv cÖPvwiZ kã ïb‡Z cvB| Avi †Uwjfk‡b Avgiv kã ïb‡Z cvB
Ges Zvi mv‡_ whwb K_v ej‡Qb Zv‡KI †`L‡Z cvB| A_vr †Uwjwfk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ AwWI Ges wfwWI DfqB Avgiv
cvB| 1926 mv‡j jwR †eqvW© me©cÖ_g GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wPÎ cvVv‡Z mÿg nb| †mB wPÎwU wQj GKwU
cv‡cU A_©vr K_v ejv cyZzj| wØZxq †mU cÖ_g †mU
¯‹¨vwbs ¯‹¨vwbs
14.4.2.2 ‡Uwjwfk‡bi Kvh©KvixZv (Transmission of TV Wave)
Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ †Uwjwfk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Qwe †`L‡Z cvB Ges K_v ïb‡Z cvB|
myZivs †Uwjwfk‡b K_v Ges Qwe cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †Uwjwfkb †K›`ª `ywU †cÖiK h‡š¿i
mgš^‡q MwVZ| GKwUi mvnv‡h¨ kã‡K Zwor Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½
iƒ‡c †cÖiY K‡i Ges Ab¨ Avi GKwU †cÖiK h‡š¿ Qwe‡K Zwor Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i
ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ iƒ‡c ‡cÖiY K‡i| Avgiv kã Zi‡½i †cªiY Ges MÖnY cÖwµqv
wPÎ 14.13
†iwWI‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ GLv‡b Avgiv Qwe wK K‡i †cÖiY I MÖnY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv
nq †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 324

 c`v_©weÁvb

wUwf K¨v‡givi c`©vq Dci jvMv‡bv Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj GK cªKvi c`v‡_©i Av¯ÍiY ‡`qv _v‡K| Gi bvg wmwRqvg|
hLb e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jv G‡m †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q c`©vq cÖwZwe¤^ m„ó K‡i ZLb c`©vi Dci jvMv‡bv wmwRqvg we›`y †_‡K
B‡jKUªb wbM©Z n‡q Avavbhy³ n‡q c‡o| Avjvi ZxeªZvi Dci Avav‡bi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i|A_©vr †hLv‡b Av‡jv
†ekx c‡o †mLv‡b Avqb †ekx nq| d‡j mg¯Í cÖwZwe¤^wU Zwor cÖwZwe‡¤^ iƒcvšÍi nq| GLb GKwU B‡jKUªbMvb GB
Avavb¸‡jv‡K Zwor cÖev‡n iƒcvšÍi K‡i| B‡jKUªbMvb mgšÍ wPÎwU‡K 625wU jvB‡b fvM K‡i eB covi gZ K‡i
evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K jvBb eivei mi‡Z _v‡K Ges GK jvBb cov wcKPvi
†kl n‡j `ªæZ c‡i jvB‡bi cÖ_‡g P‡j Av‡m| Z‡e cÖ_‡g mg¯Í wmMb¨vj
wPÎwU‡K GK jvBb ev` w`‡q w`‡q 312.5 jvB‡b GK evi c‡o
wmb‡µ
`ªæZ Dc‡i D‡V wM‡q Aewkó 312.5 jvBb c‡o duvKv ¯’vb¸‡jv vbvBw
c~iY K‡i| G‡K ¯‹¨vwbs e‡j| wP‡Î 14.13 †Z ¯‹¨vwbs †`Lv‡bv Rs
jvBb wm¼
n‡jv| GKevi ¯‹¨vwbs n‡j wP‡Î GKUv †d«g †Zwi nq| cÖwZ wmMb¨vj
wPÎ 14.14K
†m‡K‡Û GBiƒc 25wU †d«g ˆZwi K‡i| GB ¯‹¨vwbs Kiv wP‡Îi
iƒcvšÍwiZ Zwor cÖevn‡K weea©b K‡i D”P K¤úvs‡Ki evnK Zi‡½ Pvwc‡q gWy‡jkb K‡i †cÖiK Gw›Ubvi gva¨‡g
†cÖiY Kiv nq| GLv‡b g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, kã Zi½‡K Qwe Zi½ †_‡K Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ Qwei Zwor Zi‡½i Rb¨
e¨eüZ evnK Zi‡½i K¤úvs‡Ki †P‡q kã Zi‡½i Rb¨ evnK Zi‡½i K¤úvsK 5.5MHz †ekx _v‡K| wPÎ
14.14K-†Z wcKPvi wmMb¨vj †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPÎ 14.14K-†Z wfwWI wmMb¨v‡ji †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| g~jZ wUwf
cÖPvi †K›`ª †_‡K GB wmMb¨vjB UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| wPÎ 14.14K-†Z `yB wcKPvi wmMb¨v‡ji gv‡S AskwU g~jZt
†cÖiK hš¿ I MÖvnK h‡š¿I gv‡S wmb&‡µvbvBR K‡i _v‡K| bx‡P wfwWI wmMb¨v‡ji mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
wmb&‡µvbvBwRs t Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, †Kv‡bv Qwe UªvÝwgU Kiv nq G‡Ki ci GK jvBb a‡i Ges MÖvnK h‡š¿I
ch©vqµ‡g †mB GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU jvBb cybiærcvw`Z nq| mwVKfv‡e Qwe cybiærcv`‡bi Rb¨ †Uwjwfkb
K¨v‡giv‡Z NUvbv¸‡jv wVK †h mgq †h iKg fv‡e a‡i ivLv nq, wiwmfv‡iI wVK H GKB iKg fv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K jvBb
¯‹¨vwbs nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| wVK GKB iKg fv‡e wUwf K¨‡givq NUbv mKj a‡i ivLvi m‡½ m‡½B cÖ‡Z¨K †d«‡gi
¯‹¨vwbs ïiæ nIqv PvB| †h c×wZ‡K wUwf MÖvnK h‡š¿ jvBb I †d«g myB‡ci Avi¤¢ nIqvi NUbv Ges wUwf K¨v‡givq
GKB NUbv GKB mgq GKB c×wZ‡Z a‡i ivLv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Ówmb&‡µvbvBwRsÓ| wmb&‡µvbvBR Kivi Rb¨
wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨v‡ji mvnvh¨ †bqv nq| GB wmMb¨vj cvIqv hvq UªvÝwgUvi †_‡K| jvBb Ges †d«g myBc Kivi
Rb¨ `ywU wfbœ wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨vj A_©vr wm¼ wmMb¨vj cÖ‡qvRb| GB wmMb¨vj n‡”Q AvqZKvi cvj&m| jvBb
wmb&‡µvbvBR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K jvB‡bi ci GKwU K‡i cvj&m UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| G‡K jvBb wmb&‡µvbvBwRs
wmMb¨vj e‡j| Avevi †d«g wmb&‡µvbvBR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †d«‡gi A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K wd‡ìi ci cuvPwU K‡i cvj&m
UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| G‡K †d«g wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨vj e‡j|

wcKPvi
wfwWI wmMb¨vj
wmMb¨vj
wmb‡µ
vbvBw
{
{

Rs
{

jvBb wm¼
wmMb¨vj †dªg wm¼
B‡Kv‡qjvBwRs B‡Kv‡qjvBwRs wPÎ 14.14L
wmMb¨vj
wmMb¨vj wmMb¨vj

MÖvnK h‡š¿ jvBb I †d«g wm¼ wmMb¨v‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †evSvevi Rb¨ G‡`i w¯’wZKvj Avjv`v ivLv nq| jvBb wm¼
cvj&‡mi w¯’wZKvj cÖvq 5.8μs Ges ‡d«g wm¼ cvj&‡mi w¯’wZKvj cÖvq 26μs | ‡d«g wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨v‡ji Av‡M
I c‡i mgZvweavbKvix wmMb¨vj A_©vr B‡Kv‡qjvBwRs (equalising) wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| GB cvj&‡mi w¯’wZ
Kvj jvBb wm¼ cvj&‡mi A‡a©K|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 325

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

eø¨vw¼s t Avgiv †R‡b‡Q †h, jvBb ¯‹¨vwbs m¤ú~Y© nIqv gvÎB B‡jKUªb exg wd‡i hvq c‡ii jvBb ¯‹¨vwbs Kivi
Rb¨| ex‡gi GB wd‡i hvIqv‡K e‡j Òwi‡UªmÓ| GB wi‡Uªm jvBb ‡hb dz‡U bv D‡V ev †`Lv bv hvq Zvi Rb¨
B‡jKUªb exg‡K msNZ (suppress) Kiv `iKvi| Avi GB Rb¨ eøvvw¼s cvj&‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| B‡jKUªb exg‡K
msNZ Kivi Rb¨ eø¨vw¼s wmMb¨vjI UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| eø¨vw¼s cvj&m GK cÖKvi AvqZKvi cvj&m Ges cÖ‡Z¨K
jvB‡bi †k‡l G‡`i UªvbmwgU Kiv nq|
GB fv‡e wcKP¨vi wmMb¨vj, jvBb wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨vj, †d«g wmb&‡µvbvBwRs wmMb¨vj, eø¨vw¼s wmMb¨vj G&es
B‡Kv‡qjvBwRs wmMb¨vj mgš^‡q GKwU m¤ú~Y© wfwWI wmMb¨vj MwVZ nq|

14.4.2.3 ‡Uwjwfk‡b kã I Qwe MÖnY (Recevesion of Sound and Picture in TV)

wUwf †m‡Ui wcKPvi wUD‡e mvg‡bi As‡k wfZi wc‡V dmdi bvgK GK cÖKvi cÖwZcÖf c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K|
GB cÖwZcÖf c`v‡_© †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z B‡jKUªb G‡m co‡j H we›`ywU Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i| mKj wUwf †K›`ª †_‡K
G‡›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ ‡cÖwiZ Qwei Rb¨ ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq evnK Zi½ wUwf G‡›Ubv MÖnY K‡i| wUDb K‡i wbw`©ó GKwU
†K‡›`ªi evnK Zi½‡K wbe©vPb K‡i Zv‡K wWgWy‡jkb K‡i cÖK…Z Qwei Zwor Zi½‡K Avjv`v K‡i wb‡q weea©b Kiv
nq| GB weewa©Z Zi½‡K B‡jKUªbMv‡b cvVv‡bv nq| GB B‡jKUªbMvb wUwf †m‡Ui wcKPvi wUD‡ei cðvr fv‡M
_v‡K| wcKPvi wUD‡e mvg‡bi As‡k wfZi wc‡V dmdi bvgK GK cÖKvi cÖwZcÖf c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K| GB
cÖwZcÖf c`v‡_© ‡Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z B‡jKUªb G‡m co‡j H we›`ywU Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i| hLb †Kv‡bv ms‡KZ
B‡jKUªbMv‡b _v‡K bv ZLb B‡jKUªbMvb †_‡K GKwU miæ B‡jKUªb exg wUwfi c`©vi Dci wVK wUwf K¨‡givi gZ
cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 25 evi c`©v‡K 625wU jvB‡b fvM K‡i eB covi gZ K‡i evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K jvBb eivei mi‡Z
_v‡K Ges GK jvBb cov †kl n‡j `ªæZ c‡ii jvB‡bi cÖ_‡g P‡j Av‡m| Z‡e cÖ_‡g mg¯Í wPÎwU‡K GK jvBb ev`
w`‡q w`‡q 312.5 jvB‡b GK evi c‡o `ªæZ Dc‡i D‡V wM‡q Aewkó 312.5 jvBb c‡o duvKv ¯’vb¸‡jv c~iY K‡i|
d‡j Avgiv mg¯Í wUwf‡Z mv`v GKUv c`©v †`wL| GLb B‡jKUªbMv‡b Zwor ms‡KZ Avm‡j ms‡K‡Zi ZxeªZv
Abymv‡i B‡jKUªbMvb †_‡K B‡jKUªb wbM©Z n‡q c`©vi Dci cÖ‡jc †`qv dmd‡ii Dci c‡o Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i|
‡hLv‡b ms‡K‡Zi ZxeªZv †ekx _v‡K †mLv‡b Av‡jv †ekx wewKiY K‡i Ges †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Zwor ms‡KZ _v‡K bv
†mLv‡b Av‡jv weKwiZ nq bv| d‡j †mLv‡b AÜKvi †`Lvq| wUwf K¨v‡givi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z e¨w³i cÖwZwe‡¤^i
cvVv‡bv Zwor Zi½ GB fv‡e Av‡jv Avauv‡ii mv`v Kv‡jv wPÎ ˆZwi nq Ges Avgiv †mwU wUwfi c`©vq †`L‡Z cvB|
‡h‡nZz kã evnK Zi‡½i K¤úvsK Qwei evnK Zi‡½i †P‡q 5.5MHz †ekx †i‡L Avjv`v Kiv nq d‡j Avjv`v
GKwU wUDbvi w`‡q G‡K kw³kvjx K‡i wWgWy‡jUi w`‡q Avjv`v K‡i wfbœ GKwU weea©‡Ki gva¨‡g GB Zi½‡K
weewa©Z K‡i ¯úxKv‡ii gva¨‡g kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Ges Avgiv Zv ïb‡Z cvB|

14.4.3 †Uwj‡dvb (Telephone)

Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg ‡ej (Alexander Graham Bell) 1875 mv‡j †Uwj‡dvb Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| A‡bK DbœwZ mva‡bi ci †Uwj‡dvb eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i me©e„nr †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
gva¨g wnmv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| †Uwj‡dvb GL‡bv AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq GKwU †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g
Z‡e GwU Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq e¨qeûj| eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g
we‡k¦i †h ‡Kv‡bv †`‡k †jv‡Ki mv‡_ K_vevZ©v Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e| g~jZt
†Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g msev` †cÖi‡Ki kã Zi½‡K Zwor Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i Zv‡ii gva¨‡g msev` cÖvc‡Ki wbKU
†cŠwQ‡q Zwor Zi½‡K cybivq kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i msev` ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki gv‡S mivmwi K_v wewbgq Kiv
nq|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 326

 c`v_©weÁvb

14.4.3.1 †Uwj‡dv‡bi g~jbxwZ (Working Principle of Telephone)

†Uwj‡dv‡b `yBwU Zwor hš¿ _v‡K| GKwU n‡jv gvB‡µv‡dvb Ges AciwU n‡jv Bqvi‡dvb ev w¯úKvi|
gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi KvR n‡jv kã Zi½‡K Zwor Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi Kiv Ges Bqvi‡dvb ev w¯úKvi Zwor Zi½‡K kã
Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i| ‡h hš¿ †Kvb AZwor ms‡KZ‡K Zwor ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i A_ev Zwor ms‡KZ‡K AZwor
ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡K UªvÝwWDmvi e‡j| myZivs gvB‡µv‡dvb I Bqvi‡dvb ev w¯úKvi DfqB GK ai‡Yi
UªvÝwWDmvi| GLb whwb K_v ej‡eb Zuvi gvB‡µv‡d‡bi mv‡_ whwb K_v ïb‡eb Zuvi w¯úKv‡ii mv‡_ Zvi w`‡q hy³
Kiv nq Z‡e ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM n‡q hvq| GUvB n‡jv †Uwj‡dv‡bi g~jbxwZ| †h hš¿ w`‡q †Uwj‡dv‡bi
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v msNwUZ nq †mB hš¿ `zwUi MVb †R‡b ‡bqv DwPr| bx‡P Zvi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
14.4.3.2 gvB‡µv‡dvb (Microphone)
gvB‡µv‡dvb Ggb GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi hv kãkw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| †hgb- †Kvb Abyôv‡b e³v
gvB‡µv‡dv‡b K_v e‡jb| †gvevBj ev †Uwj‡dvb Gi gy‡Li m¤§y‡Li As‡k gvB‡µv‡dvb e¨envi Kiv nq, Mvb †iKW©
Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi e¨envi Kiv nq|
14.4.3.3 gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi Kvh©µg (Function of Microphone)
gvB‡µv‡dvb Wvqvd«vg(avZzi ˆZix bgbkxj cvZ) I PjKzÛjxi mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvg‡b hLb
kã Kiv nq ZLb kã Zi‡½i Wvqvd«vg
cÖfv‡e Wvqvd«vgwU Kw¤úZ nq|
Wvqvd«vg hLb Kw¤úZ nq ZLb Pz¤^K PjKzÛjx
PjKzÛjx‡Z ‡PŠ¤^K‡ÿ‡Îi
cwieZ©b nq Ges Avweó Zwor kã Zi½
cÖev‡ni m„wó nq hv Zwor Zi‡½
cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡eB
gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kã
kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Zwor Zi½
Kiv nq| wPÎ 14.15
14.4.3.4 ¯úxKvi (Speaker)
¯úxKvi Ggb GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi hv Zwor kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| †hgb †gvevBj ev †Uwj‡dv‡b
Kv‡bi Kv‡Q, †iwWI-‡Uwjwfk‡b ¯úxKvi e¨envi Kiv nq †Rviv‡jv kã †kvbvi Rb¨|

14.4.3.5 ¯úxKv‡ii Kvh©µg

(Function of Speaker)
¯úxKvi gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi wVK D‡ëv
kã Zi½
KvR K‡i| GKwU ¯’vqx Pz¤^K hv
PjKzÛjx
kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ ˆZix Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Pz¤^‡Ki Dc‡i Pz¤^K ¯úk© bv ¯’vqx
ms‡hvM Zvi
K‡i KzÛjx †cuPv‡bv _v‡K| Pz¤^K
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g KzÛjxwU‡Z Zwor ksKz AvK…wZi
KvMR
Zi½ Avm‡j Zi‡½i gv‡bi Dci
wfwË K‡i KzÛjxwU m¤§y‡L-cðv‡Z
DVv-bvgv K‡i| KzÛjxi mv‡_ GKwU Zwor Zi½
ksKz AvK…wZi (wPÎ 14.15) KvMR wPÎ 14.15
jvMv‡bv _v‡K hv KzÛjxi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K, d‡j KzÛjxi K¤úb‡K kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 327
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

14.4.4 †gvevBj †dvb (Mobile Phone)

†gvevBj †dvb ev †mj‡dvb eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me©vwaK RbwcÖq Ges e¨eüZ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| GwU
cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GKwU UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfvi A_©vr G‡K GK K_vq UªvÝwmfvi e‡j| cÖ_g w`‡K GwU
ïay †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b GwU we‡bv`b †_‡K ïiæ K‡i B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi ch©šÍ mKj Kv‡RB e¨envi Kiv hvq| †gvevBj †dvb GLb GKwU †Qv‡Uv Lv‡Uv Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¨vq KvR
K‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †MBg †Ljv, Mvbïbv, Mvb WvBb‡jvW Kiv, wm‡bgv †`Lv, wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ Kiv, B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Kiv, wPwV-cÎ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv, w¯’i I wfwWI wPÎ MÖnb I †cÖiY BZ¨vw` KvR m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| ZvQvovI
†gvevBj †dvb w`‡q K¨vk †c‡g›U, wej cwi‡kva, Gqvi‡cv‡U© †PK-Bb, K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©i `iLv¯Í Kiv
hvq|

14.4.4.1 †gvevBj †dv‡b Kj Kiv I Kj wiwmf Kiv (Calling and Receiving System of Mobile)
†gvevBj †dvb GKwU Pjgvb hš¿ A_©vr whwb Kj K‡ib
wZwb †Kv‡bv GK RvqMvq w¯’i †_‡K K_v e‡jb bv Ges
whwb Kj wiwmf K‡ib wZwbI w¯’i _v‡Kb bv| Avcbviv
Aek¨B jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, Avcbvi Pvwicv‡k¦© eû
UvIqvi Av‡Q| G‡K e‡j BTS (Base Tower
Station)| GBiƒc †ek wKQy BTS GKwU BSC (Base
Station Centre) Gi mv‡_ gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi gva¨‡g hy³
_v‡K| A‡bK¸‡jv BSC Avevi GKwU MSC (Mobile
switching Centre) Gi mv‡_ hy³| mKj MSC
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii (Optical Fibre)
gva¨‡g hy³ _v‡K| wPÎ 14.16-†Z †gvevBj †bUIqvK© wPÎ 14.16K
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPÎ 14.16K-†Z `ywU we‡kl ‡gvevBj
†dv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡h‡Mi †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
ivRkvnx MSC-1 MSC-2
XvKv
Optical Fiber

BTS-2
Optical Fiber
BTS-1
MGW
BSC-1 BSC-2 Mobile-2
Mobile-1
wPÎ 14.16 L

aiæb Avcwb ivRkvnx‡Z Av‡Qb Ges Avcbvi eÜz XvKvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb| we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcwb Zvi mv‡_
†gvevBj †dv‡b K_v ej‡Z Pvb| hLb Avcwb Zvi b¤^‡i Kj K‡ib ZLb Avcwb Avm‡j GKwU †eZvi Zi½ †cÖiY
K‡ib| Avcbvi †gvevBj †m mgq †h BTS-1 Gi Aax‡b Av‡Q| Avcbvi ms‡KZ BTS-1 MÖnY K‡i Zvi m‡½ hy³
BSC -1 Gi Kv‡Q ms‡KZ cvVvq| †mB ms‡K‡Z †Kvb b¤^i †_‡K Kj n‡q‡Q Ges †Kvb b¤^i Zv wiwmf Ki‡e Zvi
ms‡KZ _v‡K| BSC-1 ZLb Avcbvi Rb¨ GKwU MGW (Media Get Way) Gi cª‡qvR‡b GKwU AcwUK¨vj
dvBevi (Optical Fibre) wba©viY K‡i Ges MSC-1 Gi Kv‡Q ms‡KZ cvVvq Ges MGW PvIqv nq| ZLb MSC-1

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 328

 c`v_©weÁvb

†L&uvR K‡i Avcbvi Kvw•LZ b¤^‡ii †gvevBjwU eZ©gv‡b †Kvb MSC Gi AvIZvf~³ Av‡Q Zv hvPvB Kivi ci
Avcbvi MSC-1 Kvw•LZ b¤^iwU †h MSC-2 Gi AvIZvf~³ Av‡Q Zvi Kv‡Q AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii gva¨‡g ms‡KZ
cvVvq| ZLb MSC-2 Kj wiwmfvi †h BSC AvIZvax‡b Avcbvi †gvevBj †dvbwU Av‡Q Zvi Kv‡Q ms‡KZ cvVvq
A_©vr BSC-2 Gi Kv‡Q ms‡KZ cvVvq| BSC-2 ms‡KZ cvVvq BTS-2 Gi Kv‡Q GB e‡j †h, Zvi Aax‡b _vKv Kj
wiwmfviwU Pvjy Av‡Q wKbv| hw` Kj wiwmfv‡i Pvjy _v‡K Z‡e BTS-2 Avevi BSC-2 ‡K ms‡KZ cvVvq ms‡hvM
†`evi Rb¨| BSC-2 ZLb BSC-1 Gi c~‡e© MGW-Gi cª‡qvR‡b †h AcwUK¨vj dvBeviwU wba©viY K‡i †i‡LwQj
Zvi m‡½ ms‡hvM K‡i †`q| ms‡hvM n‡q †M‡j Avcbvi K_v †eZvi Zi½ AvKv‡i BTS-1 MÖnY K‡i BSC-1 G
cvVvq| BSC-1 ZLb MGW gva¨‡g BSC-2 ‡Z Ges BSC-2 †_‡K BTS-2 n‡q Kj Avcbvi eÜzi †gvevBj †dv‡b
†cuŠQvq| Abyiƒc fv‡e wecixZ µ‡g whwb KjwU wiwmf K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi K_vI Avcbvi Kv‡Q †cuuŠQvq| Avcbvi
Pjgvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y Avcwb hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †h BTS Gi Aax‡b wQ‡jb †mLvb †_‡K m‡i hvb Z‡e ZrÿYvr
Avcwb †h BTS Aax‡b P‡j †M‡Qb Zvi mv‡_ Avcbvi †hvMv‡hvM n‡q hv‡e| d‡j Avcbvi KjwU A_©vr ms‡hvM
wew”Qbœ n‡e bv (wPÎ 14.16)|

14.4.5 d¨v· (Fax)

weÁvbx Av‡jKRvÛvi †eBb 1842 mv‡j d¨v· †gwkb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| d¨v‡·i cy‡iv
bvg n‡jv d¨vw·wgj| †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U‡K ûeû Kwc K‡i B‡jKUªwbK c×wZ‡Z cÖvc‡Ki
Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z d¨v· e¨envi Kiv nq| †cÖiK †h WKz‡g›U †hgb `wjj, mvwU©wd‡KU, Qwe,
WvqvMÖvg BZ¨vw` cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z Pvb †m WKz‡g›U Zvi d¨v· †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨
ûeû Kwc ZrÿYvr cÖvc‡Ki d¨v· †gwk‡b cvVv‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖvcK Zvi †gwkb †_‡K
†mB WKz‡g‡›Ui wcÖ›U Kwc †c‡q hvb|

14.4.5.1 d¨v‡·i g~jbxwZ (Principle of Fax)

d¨v· †gwkb n‡jv g~jZt ‡Uwj‡dvb, ¯‹¨vbvi, wcÖ›Uvi I †gv‡Wg mw¤§wjZ GKwU hš¿| †cÖiK †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U cvVv‡Z
PvB‡j wZwb cÖ_‡g †Uvj‡dv‡b Wvqvj K‡i cÖvc‡Ki d¨v· †gwk‡bi mv‡_ †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
K‡ib| Zvici Zuvi WKz‡g›UwU d¨v· †gwk‡b ivL‡j WKz‡g‡›Ui hveZxq †jLv ev Qwe ¯‹¨vbv‡ii gva¨‡g wWwRUvj
Qwe‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq| †mB Qwe †gv‡W‡gi mvnv‡h¨ GbvjM ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvc‡Ki
†gv‡W‡g cvVvq| cÖvc‡Ki †gv‡Wg †mB GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K cybivq wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i d¨v· †gwk‡bi
wcÖ›Uv‡i cvVvq Ges wcÖ›Uv‡i mvnv‡h¨ †cÖi‡Ki cvVv‡bv WKz‡g‡›Ui ûeû Kwc cÖvcK †c‡q hvb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
gvB‡µv‡dvb t gvB‡µv‡dvb Ggb GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi hv kãkw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
¯úxKvi t ¯úxKvi Ggb GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi hv Zwor kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
†gvevBj †dvb t †gvevBj †dvb ev †mj‡dvb cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfvi A_©vr G‡K GK K_vq
UªvÝwmfvi e‡j| GwU wØgywL †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b GwU we‡bv`b †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi ch©šÍ mKj Kv‡RB e¨envi Kiv hvq|
d¨v· t d¨v‡·i cy‡iv bvg n‡jv d¨vw·wgj| †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U‡K ûeû Kwc K‡i B‡jKUªwbK c×wZ‡Z cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q
cvVv‡Z d¨v· e¨envi Kiv nq|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 329

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-14.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. bx‡P †KvbwU DfgyLx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v bq?
K. †Uwjwfkb L. ‡Uwj‡dvb M. †gvevBj N. d¨v·
2. UªvÝwWDmv‡ii KvR n‡jv
i. Zwor kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
ii. kã kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
iii. Zwor kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. d¨v‡·i mvnv‡h¨ Kx Kiv hvq?
K. Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb L. K_vevZ©v Av`vb cÖ`vb
M. ‡gBj Av`vb cÖ`vb N. WKz‡g›U Av`vb cÖ`vb

cvV 5 t Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU (Computer and Internet)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
1.Kw¤úDUv‡ii MVb I e¨envi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.B›Uvi‡bU I B-‡gB‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3.Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³MZ wWfvBmmg~n Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i RxebhvÎv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q Ges G‡`i
Kvh©Ki e¨envi m¤ú‡K© cÖeÜ iPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

15.5.1 Kw¤úDUvi (Computer)

Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i hy‡M Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi GKwU
Acwinvh© hš¿| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖvq mKj Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUvi
IZ‡cÖvZ fv‡e RwoZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| Rxe‡bi †h me †ÿ‡Î MvwYwZK I
†hŠw³K KvRK‡g©i m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Zvi mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Av‡Q|
ew³MZ Rxe‡bi wnmve wbKvk, wej cwi‡kva, e¨vswKs ev we‡bv`‡bi `vwqZ¡ †hgb
Kw¤úDUvi‡K †`qv hvq, †Zgwb †Kv‡bv Awd‡mi hveZxq ‡jb‡`b, wPwVc‡Îi †hvMv‡hvM,
Z_¨ msiÿY BZ¨vw`i mKj `vwqZ¡ †`qv hvq| KjKviLvbvi Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i gvb
wbqš¿Y †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i wnmve, Avq e¨q Ggb wK Kg©Pvixi †eZb,
jvf ÿwZi wnmve wbKvkI GLb gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li †hgb ˆ`wnK kªg
Kwg‡q‡Q †Zgwb mgqI euvwP‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi GZ ‡ekx †h GB hyM‡K Kw¤úDUvi hyMI ejv nq|
e¨emv, evwYR¨, wkÿv, cÖkvmb, cªwZiÿv, wPwKrmv, †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡ÎB Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi GZ †ekx
e„w× †c‡q‡Q †h Kw¤úDUvi Qvov gvbyl GLb APj| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡i GZ Ávb ev Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i ivLv
hvq hv Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|

15.5.1.2 Kw¤úDUvi Kx (What is Computer)

Kw¤úDUvi GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿| j¨vwUb kã Computare kã †_‡K Bs‡iwR Kw¤úDUvi (Computer) kãwUi

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 330

 c`v_©weÁvb

DrcwË| Kw¤úDUvi kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© MYbv hš¿ ev wnmveKvix hš¿| Kw¤úDUvi †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw`
MvwYwZK Kvh©vejx Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ hyw³ I wm×všÍg~jK Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË
K‡i wb‡`©kbv g‡Zv Kw¤úDUvi MvwYwZK I †hŠw³K cÖYvjx mgvav K‡i Ges djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR
†_‡K wKQyB Kivi ÿgZv †bB| e¨enviKvix Kw¤úDUvi‡K †h fv‡e wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB
Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi‡K cª`Ë mKj wb‡`©kbv, Z_¨ I djvdj Zvi ¯§„wZ‡Z aviY K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges
cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a Zv cybivq e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv †h, hš¿wU AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z wbfy©jfv‡e
Ges K¬vwšÍnxbfv‡e Aweivg KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi wb‡R †Kv‡bv fyj K‡i bv| A_©vr e¨enviKvixi cÖ`Ë
wb‡`©kbv ev Dcv‡Ë fyj bv _vK‡j Kw¤úDUvi KL‡bvB fyj djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i bv|

15.5.1.3 Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (Organization of Computer)

†cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kv‡bv †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv †bB e‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i msMVb ej‡Z †Kej gvÎ nvW©Iq¨v‡ii msMVb‡K eySv‡bv
nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb †K cÖavbZ wZbwU As‡k fvM Kiv nq|
h_v t
(K) †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU (Central Processing Unit)
(L) BbcyU ev MÖnYgyL BDwbU (Input Unit)
(M) AvDUcyU wbM©gbgyL BDwbU (Output Unit)

wPÎ 14.17 Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

(K) †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU (CPU) t ¯§„wZ BDwbU

Memory Unit wbM©gbgyL BDwbU
wmwcBD Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| ig Output Unit
i¨vg
GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í‡®‹i gZ| wbqš¿Y BDwbU, (ROM) (RAM)
MvwYwZK BDwbU I ¯§„wZ BDwbU GB wZbwU
Ask‡K GK‡Î †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask ejv wbqš¿Y BDwbU
MÖnYgyL BDwbU
Control Unit
nq| Intput Unit

1| wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit) t MvwYwZK I hyw³ BDwbU

Arithmetical LogicUnit
MÖnYgyL BDwbU (Input unit) †_‡K AvMZ Z_¨
I wb‡`©kbv wbqš¿Y Ask MÖnY K‡i Ges wPÎ 14.17
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwZwU wb‡`©kbv cixÿv K‡i| wb‡`©kbv ¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡KZ ˆZwi K‡i|
KLb ¯§„wZ †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡Z n‡e, KLb ¯§„wZ‡Z Z_¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv wbqš¿Y BDwbU wbqš¿Y K‡i| DcvË
cÖwµqv Ki‡Yi Rb¨ MvwYwZK BDwb‡U Z_¨ †cªiY Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖwµqvRvZ djvdj MªnY K‡i ¯§„wZ‡Z cvVv‡bv,
KvR m¤úbœ Kivi ci AvDUcy‡Ui gva¨‡g †ei K‡i †`qvi KvRI wbqš¿Y BDwbU K‡i _v‡K|

2| MvwYwZK I hyw³ BDwbU (Arithmetical LogicUnit) t

MvwYwZK I hyw³ BDwbU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb Ask| G Ask‡K ms‡ÿ‡c G.Gj.BD. (ALU) e‡j| wewfbœ
cÖKvi jwRK eZ©bxi mgš^‡q G AskwU MwVZ| G As‡k Z‡_¨i Dci hveZxq MYbvi KvR †hgbt †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y,
fvM BZ¨vw` m¤úbœ K‡i, ZvQvovI hyw³ m¤úwK©Z †hgbt Õnu¨vÕ ev ÕbvÕ KvR¸‡jvI m¤úbœ K‡i| KvR †k‡l
djvdj¸‡jv cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv nq Ges AvDUcy‡U cvVv‡bv nq|

3| ¯§„wZ BDwbU (Memory Unit) t

¯§„wZ n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU Ask †hLv‡b Z_¨ Rgv _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR PjvKvjxb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ ¯§„wZ‡Z

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 331

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Rgv K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b GLvb †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡q †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvMmn hveZxq KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†h ‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Zv ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv ivL‡Z nq| ¯§„wZ BDwb‡U Av‡Q ig
(ROM) Ges i¨vg (RAM)| ig (ROM) ¯§„wZ ‡_‡K iwÿZ Z_¨ wb‡q (read) cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR m¤úbœ Kiv hvq wKš‘
†Kv‡bv Z_¨ GLv‡b ivLv (write) hvq bv| Kw¤úDUvi cÖ¯‘ZKvix Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Gi
g‡a¨ we‡kl cªwµqvq mÂq K‡i iv‡Lb hv e¨enviKvix cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ig (ROM) Gi c~Y© bvg n‡jv
Read Only Memory| i¨vg (RAM) Gi c~Y© bvg n‡jv Random Access Memory| Kw¤úDUvi GB ¯§„wZ‡ZB
g~jZt MÖnYgyL BDwbU †_‡K AvMZ Z_¨ I wb‡`©kbv, MvwYwZK I hyw³ BDwbU †_‡K cÖwµqvRvZ djvdj Ges Zvi
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Rgv iv‡L|

(L) BbcyU BDwbU t

†h As‡k Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Ges wb‡`©kbv ‡`qv nq †m Ask‡K ejv nq BbcyU BDwbU|
A_©vs †h hš¿ ev wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ ev wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K e‡j BbcyU BDwbU| wewfbœ ai‡Yi
BbcyU BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Kx-‡evW©, gvDm, Rqw÷K, ¯‹¨vbvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, gvB‡µv‡dvb, KvW©-ixWvi, †ccvi †Uc
ixWvi, g¨vM‡bwUK †Uc WªvBf, nvW©wW¯‹ WªvBf, d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf, †cb WªvBf, wmwW I wWwfwW WªvBf BZ¨vw` AwZ
cwiwPZ BbcyU BDwbU|

(M) AvDUcyU BDwbU t

Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`Ë Z_¨vejx wmwcBD‡Z cÖwµqvKi‡Yi c‡i †h mKj hš¿ ev wWfvBm w`‡q djvdj cÖKvk K‡i
†m¸‡jvB n‡jv AvDUcyU BDwbU| gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, cøUvi, d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf, †cb WªvBf, wmwW WªvBf, kã ms‡kølK
BZ¨vw`i bvg AvDUcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq|

14.5.2.1 Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi (Uses of Computer)

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ivóªxq, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK †h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Kvh© m¤úv`‡b `ªæZZv, wbf©yjZv, Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi ÿgZv, m‡ev©cwi wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
BZ¨vw` cÖavb ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ µgk we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q| bx‡P Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûgyLx
e¨envi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

mvgvwRK Rxe‡b t gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q| e¨w³MZ ev mvgvwRK
†h‡Kv‡bv Kv‡R cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi †`Lv hvq| eZ©gv‡b A‡b‡KB cvwievwiK wnmve-wbKvk,
wPwVcÎ †jLv, †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kiv, Mvb †kvbv, Qwe †`Lv, we‡`‡k AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv Ges
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wkÿv DcKiY wnmv‡e evwo‡Z Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡ib|

wkÿv t eZ©gv‡b †kªwY K‡ÿ wkÿKMY Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cvV`vb K‡ib| cÖkœcÎ cÖbqY, DËicÎ g~j¨vqY,
djvdj cÖKvk, QvÎ/QvÎxi †gavZvwjKv, QvÎ/QvÎx‡`i mKj bw_cÎ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ BZ¨vw`‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi
Kiv nq| †jLv covi †ÿ‡Î jvB‡eªixi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvRKvj N‡i e‡mB AbjvB‡b c„w_exi
wewfbœ jvB‡eªix †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|

M‡elYv t M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi me©v‡cÿv cª‡qvRbxq Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi
Qvov gnvKvk M‡elYvi K_v fvevB hvq bv| Kw¤úDUvi Qvov gvby‡li c‡ÿ Puv‡` hvIqv m¤¢e wQj bv| K…wÎg
DcMÖ‡ni mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq hv Ab¨ Dcv‡q Am¤¢e| c`v_©weÁvb, imvqb,
MwYZ, cwimsL¨vb, RxeweÁvb BZ¨vw` wel‡q m~² we‡køl‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb Acwimxg| c`v‡_©i cvigvYweK
MVb we‡kølY, Rx‡bi MvVwbK iƒc, gnvKv‡k b‡fvhvb †cÖiY BZ¨vw` meB Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnvh¨ Qvov m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 332

 c`v_©weÁvb

wPwKrmv t wPwKrmv †ÿ‡ÎI Kw¤úDUvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| †ivM wbY©‡q AvRKvj Wv³v‡iiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡ib| c¨v_jwRK¨vj j¨e‡iUix‡Z e¨eüZ hš¿ I wPwKrmv weÁv‡b e¨eüZ AvaywbK hš¿cvwZmg~n
Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q wbqwš¿Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii e‡`Šj‡Z Ab-jvBb †_‡KI A‡b‡K wPwKrmv myweav MÖnY K‡ib|
†bUIqvK©-Gi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i ¯^bvgab¨ wPwKrm‡Ki mivmwi civg‡k© RwUj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv n‡”Q|

e¨emv-evwYR¨ t e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡ÎI Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| e¨emv evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ ai‡Yi †jb‡`b,
msiÿY, wnmve wbKvk m¤úv`b, cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM iÿv BZ¨vw` hveZxq KvR Abvqv‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|

hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’v t hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’vq Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûgyLx e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wegvb, RvnvR, †Uªb, evm BZ¨vw`
hvbevn‡bi MwZ wbqš¿Y, UªvwdK K‡›Uªvj, wU‡KU eywKs BZ¨vw` GLb Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv nq| gnvKv‡k
b‡fvhvb †cÖiY, AeZiY, †mLvb †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn, Z_¨ we‡kølY BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUvi Qvov Am¤¢e|

wkí KviLvbv t wkí KviLvbvq `ªe¨vw` I hš¿cvwZi bKkv, hš¿cvwZ wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi h‡_ó mvdj¨
w`‡q‡Q| wewfbœ iKg ivmvqwbK KviLvbv, B¯úvZ KviLvbv, we`y¨r †K›`ª BZ¨vw`‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ hš¿cvwZ
wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| Gme †K‡›`ª wewfbœ h‡š¿i Pvc, ZvcgvÎv, cwigvY BZ¨vw` mwVK fv‡e wbqš¿Y ivLv cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Kw¤úDUvi GB me KvR¸‡jv mwVK fv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i|

cÖwZiÿv t Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ MwZ‡Z wbfy©jfv‡e Ges K¬vwšÍnxbfv‡e Aweivg KvR K‡i e‡j eZ©gvm we‡k¦ cÖwZiÿvi
†ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi Acwinvh© n‡q c‡i‡Q| †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Acivax mbv³KiY, Acivax Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM, Acivaxi Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †mbvevwnbx cwiPvjbv, hy× †ÿ‡Î †mbv‡`i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM, Av‡Mœqv¯¿ wbqš¿Y, GgbwK ‡ÿcbv¯¿ wb‡ÿ‡ci ¯’vb wba©viYI Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq|

gy`ªY t Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii d‡j cÖKvkbv wk‡í e¨vcK wecøe N‡U‡Q| Av‡M †hgb kZ kZ kªwgK‡K w`b ivZ
cwikªg K‡i msev` c‡Îi Aÿi web¨vm Ki‡Z n‡Zv GLb K‡qKRb Kg©x Abvqv‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Zv
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov Kw¤úDUv‡i i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡Yi Aÿi e¨env‡ii myweav, wewfbœ ai‡Yi MÖvwd·
m¤úv`bv I wewfbœ i‡Oi wPÎ cÖ‡qvM Kivi myweav| d‡j iw½b cÎ-cwÎKv, eB, g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o‡Q|

15.5.2 B›Uvi‡bU I B-‡gBj (Internet and Email)

14.5.2.1 B›Uvi‡bU (Internet)
B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv GKai‡Yi †bUIqv‡K©i †bUIqvK©, hvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i mKj Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| AmsL¨ K¤úDUv‡i, †gv‡Wg, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, Iqvi‡jm BZ¨vw`i mv‡_
‡fŠZfv‡e ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev DcvË Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e| GwU GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK †bUIqv‡K©i mgwó Ges mK‡j wg‡j GKwU GKK †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
I‡qe mvBU eªvDwRs, B-‡gBj cvVv‡bv ev MÖnY, wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ, P¨vwUs, ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Z_¨ ev DcvË Av`vb
cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` Kiv hvq| GQvovI †Uªb, evm ev †cø‡bi wUwKU eywKs †`qv hvq| B-e¨vswKs I kwcs Kiv hvq| †h
‡Kv‡bv mgq Ab-jvB‡b jvB‡eªixi jÿ jÿ eB, Rvb©vj, g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw`i mÜvb Kiv hvq, cÖv‡qvR‡b Zv cov hvq
GgbwK †m¸‡jv‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Ri Kw¯úDUv‡i ivLv hvq ev †Q‡c †ei K‡i †bqv hvq| GQvovI
†bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †Uwj‡dvb, gvB‡µvI‡qf, K…wÎg DcMÖn, AcwUK¨j dvBevi Gi e¨vK‡ev‡bi gva¨‡g c„w_exi †h
†Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Z_¨ ev wPÎ cvVv‡bv hvq| AvRKvj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g d¨v·, †gBj I f‡qm †gBj wfwWI wP‡Îi

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 333

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gva¨‡g mivmwi K_v ejv Ges Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi †P‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Z_¨
Av`vb cÖ`vb LiP AZ¨šÍ Kg|

14.5.2.2 B-‡gBj (E-mail)

B-‡gBj ev B‡jKUªwbK †gBj AvRKvj eûj e¨eüZ GKwU †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| Kw¤úDUvi ‡bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g
c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z GK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i †h †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U,
wPwV-cÎ, wPÎ ev MÖvwd· Ges †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| †Uwj‡dvb jvBb I †gv‡Wg e¨envi K‡i G
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †cÖiYK…Z Z_¨ cÖvcK MÖnY bv Kiv ch©šÍ †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU †÷v‡i‡R (mvf©vi) Rgv
_v‡K|
B-‡gBj Kxfv‡e †cÖiK †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q hvq Zvi GKwU eøK wPÎ †`qv n‡jv|
†cªiK †gv‡Wg/ †gv‡Wg/ cÖvcK
Kw¤úDUvi/ IqvB dvB/ B›Uvi‡bU IqvB dvB/ Kw¤úDUvi/
‡gvevBj †dvb/ IqvB g¨·/ ms‡hvM IqvB g¨·/ ‡gvevBj †dvb/
U¨ve/ wcwWG WvUv Kv‡bKkb jvBb jvBb WvUv Kv‡bKkb U¨ve/ wcwWG
wPÎ 14.18
B-‡gBj kãwUi mv‡_ mK‡ji cwiPq _vK‡jI GB c×wZwU Avgv‡`i nv‡Z Kj‡g †kLv `iKvi| I‡qe mvBU
¸wj‡K RbwcÖq Kivi Rb¨, mvivwe‡k¦ e¨enviKvwi evovevi Rb¨ wewfbœ I‡qe mvB‡U wd« B-‡gBj mvwf©m Pvjy
†i‡L‡Q| GB mKj I‡qe mvBU †KvbiKg PvR© QvovB B-‡gBj GKvD›U Lyj‡Z †`q| wd« GKvD›U Lyj‡Z PvB‡j
cÖ_‡g †h †Kv‡bv A_©vr hviv wd« GKvD›U Lyj‡Z †`q Zv‡`i mvB‡U XyK‡Z n‡e, Ges jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e †gBj †Kv_vq
†jLv Av‡Q| Gevi †gBj Gi Dci gvDm w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU e· Avm‡e Gi gv‡S hv‡`i c~‡e©i GKvD›U Av‡Q
Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvBbBb Ges hviv bZyb GKvD›U Lyj‡Z Pvq Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvBbAvc ev wµ‡qU gvB wbD GKvD‡›U wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e Gi ci GKwU dig Avm‡e †mLv‡b wb‡Ri bvg wVKvbv Ges B-‡gBj wK bv‡g n‡e Zv wba©viY Ges
cvmIqvW© w`‡q ciewZ© Ack‡b †h‡Z n‡e| GKvD›UwU n‡q †M‡j ciewZ©‡Z H GKvD›U Gi gva¨‡g hveZxq
WKz‡g›U Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, GLv‡b D‡jøL _v‡K †h, †h †Kv¤úvbxi I‡qe mvBU e¨envi Kiv n‡e Zvi bvg
GKvD›UKvixi bv‡gi c‡i †jLv _vK‡e, †hgb e¨enviKvwii bvg @Yahoo.com , bvg @gmail.com, bvg @
msn.com, bvg @rediffmail.com, bvg @usa.com BZ¨vw`| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v cvmIqvW© _vK‡e|
I‡qe †c‡Ri †k‡li Ask †`L‡jB eySv hv‡e mvBUwU wK ai‡bi| hw` mvB‡Ui bv‡gi †k‡l .com _v‡K Z‡e
Kgvwk©qvj, .org _v‡K Z‡e cÖwZôv‡bi .net _v‡K Z‡e †bUIqvK© †Kv¤úvwbi, hw` .edu _v‡K Z‡e wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi|
B-‡gBj GKvB‡›Ui D`vniYt [email protected], A_ev [email protected]

14.5.3 RxebhvÎvi Dci Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³MZ wWfvBmmg~‡ni cÖfve t

eZ©gvb hyM‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hyM ejv nq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© Ask n‡q c‡o‡Q †hvMv‡hvM| cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© †KvwU
†KvwU WvUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i Rxeb wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g ‡h wecøe G‡m‡Q
Zvi †Qvqv †_‡K †Kvbw`K ewÂZ n‡”Q bv| †hgb cÖwZiÿvi †ÿ‡Î, we‡bv`‡bi gva¨g, wPwKrmvi myweav, B-Mf©‡bÝ,
`ÿ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î, wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g, e¨emv evwYR¨ †ÿ‡Î, M‡elYvi Rb¨, wkÿv †ÿ‡Î,
Ggb †Kv‡bv RvqMv cvIqv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi n‡”Q bv| GK K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j Z_¨ cÖhyw³
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi GKwU Awew”Qbœ As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

GB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wKQy KzcÖfveI Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Z‡e my‡KŠk‡j G¸‡jv Gwo‡q hvIqv Ges wbqš¿Y
Kiv m¤¢e| Aciva cÖeYZv, AkøxjZv, Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv cÖKvk, ‡eKviZ¡ m„wó, wg_¨v cÖPviYv, wWwRUvj wWfvBm
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K weåvšÍ Ki‡Q| GK‡kªYxi gvbyl Z_¨ cÖhyw³i c~Y© my‡hvM myweav †fvM Ki‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K
AÁZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡iK †kªYxi gvbyl ewÂZ n‡”Q AvaywbKZvi Ávb I my‡hvM myweav †_‡K| GQvovI gvbyl AwZwi³

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 334

 c`v_©weÁvb

hš¿ wbf©i Ges cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi Awbqg NUvi d‡j kvixwiK mgm¨v m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU (CPU) t wmwcBD Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í‡®‹i
gZ| wbqš¿Y BDwbU, MvwYwZK BDwbU I ¯§„wZ BDwbU GB wZbwU Ask‡K GK‡Î †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask ejv nq|
B›Uvi‡bU t B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv GKai‡Yi †bUIqv‡K©i †bUIqvK©, hvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i mKj Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| AmsL¨ K¤úDUv‡i, †gv‡Wg, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, Iqvi‡jm BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ ‡fŠZfv‡e
ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev DcvË Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e| GwU GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK
†bUIqv‡K©i mgwó Ges mK‡j wg‡j GKwU GKK †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
B-‡gBj t B-‡gBj ev B‡jKUªwbK †gBj AvRKvj eûj e¨eüZ GKwU †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| Kw¤úDUvi ‡bUIqv‡K©i
gva¨‡g c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z GK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i †h †Kv‡bv
WKz‡g›U, wPwV-cÎ, wPÎ ev MÖvwd· Ges †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| †Uwj‡dvb jvBb I †gv‡Wg e¨envi
K‡i G ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †cÖiYK…Z Z_¨ cÖvcK MÖnY bv Kiv ch©šÍ †bUIqv‡K©i GKwU †÷v‡i‡R (mvf©vi)
Rgv _v‡K|

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb-14
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœt
1.G·‡i n‡jv GK cÖKvi-
i. B‡jKUªb cÖevn wewkó Zi½
ii. Av‡jvi b¨vq ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½
iii. 10 8 m †_‡K 10 13 m -Gi KvQvKvwQ Zi½‰`N©¨ Zi½|
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

 bx‡Pi AskwU c‡o 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

†Kv‡bv weï× Aa© cwievnx‡K Aï× Aa© cwievnx‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z wZb †hvRx ev cuvP †hvRx cigvYy Øviv †Wvwcs Kiv
nq|

2. †Wvwcs Kivi d‡j

i. Aa© cwievnxwUi cwievnxZv e„w× cvq
ii. Aa© cwievnxwU‡Z †nvj ev B‡jKUª‡bi AvwaK¨ e„w× cvq
iii. Aa© cwievnxwU Avavb wbi‡cÿ _v‡K
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

3. KqwU wZb †hvRx I cuvP †hvRx cigvYy Øviv †Wvwcs Kiv Aï× Aa©cwievnx w`‡q GKwU p-n-p UªvbwR÷vi ˆZwi
Kiv hvq?
K. wZb †hvRx `ywU I cuvP †hvRx GKwU
L. wZb †hvRx GKwU I cuvP †hvRx `ywU
M. wZb †hvRx wZbwU I cuvP †hvRx GKwU

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 335

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

N. wZb †hvRx GKwU I cuvP †hvRx wZbwU

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t
1. cv‡k¦© GKwU eZ©bx †`qv n‡q‡Q| eZ©bxwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges bx‡Pi cÖkœ¸wji DËi D1
`vI| D2
K. Wv‡qvW wK?
L. wP‡Î †Kvb Wv‡qv‡W m¤§yL †SuvK †`qv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Kiæb |
M. e¨vUvixi ms‡hvMwU wecixZ gyLx K‡i w`‡q Zwor cÖev‡ni †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
n‡Zv wKbv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
N. wK wK Ki‡j eZ©bxi Zwor cÖevn e„w× cv‡e? †Zvgvi DËi we‡kølY Kiæb |

eû wbe©vPwb cª‡kœi DËigvjv:

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 14.1 1| (L) 2| (K)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 14.2 1| (N) 2| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 14.3 1| (L) 2| (L) 3| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 14.4 1| (K) 2| (K) 3| (N)

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb 14
1| (M) 2| (N) 3| (K)

BDwbU 14 c„ôv # 336