Plant

Kingdom
Short Notes

Tarun Sir
 Chapter name- Plant Kingdom

Feature Algae Bryophyte Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Embryophyta No Present Present Present Present
Zygotic Present Absent Absent Absent Absent
meiosis
Haploid Present Present Absent Absent Absent
Tracheophyta No vascular bundle No V. B. Present Present Present
Spermetophyta No seed No seed No seed Seed-naked Seed-covered
Life cycle Haplontic Haplodiplontic Haplodiplontic Diplontic Diplontic
Kelp,
EctocarpusPolysiphora
Haplodiplontic
Fucus-Diplontic
Dominant Gametophyte Gametophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte
phase
Main plant Haploid Haploid Diploid Diploid Diploid
body
No. of cells in Single cell zygote Many (foot, seta Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular
sporophyte Non- green capsule) Non-green (Green plant, (Tree, shrub) (Herb, Shrub
herb, shrub) Green Tree) Green
Green
No. of cells in Multicellular (main Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular -less Multicellular
gametophyte stage- Filamentous) (Thalloid) Green (Prothallus) cells (Dependent least cell
Green green pollen grain) (Dependent-
Female Pollen grain)
gametophyte Embryo sac
Spore Homosporus Homosporus Mostly Heterosporus Heterosporus
homosporus,
Heterosporus,
Salvinia and
selaginella
Meiosis occur Zygote Inside capsule Inside sporangia Inside – Inside –
in Microsporangia Microsporangia
Inside - Inside –
Megasporangia Megasporangia
Sex organ Haploid oogonium Haploid Diploid – Diploid sporangia Diploid
(Female sex organ)  Archegonium Sporangia  Microsporangia sporangia
Antheridium (male sex  Antheridium (Antheridium (Male cone)  Microsporangi
organ) Archegonium  Megasporangia a (In Anther)
develop on (Female cone)  Megasporangia
prothallus) (In pistil)

General Feature in Plant kingdom

 [Algae]
Important Example
Green Algae– Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara, Eudorina,Cladophora
Brown Algae – Fucus, Kelp, Ectocarpus, Sargassum, Dictyota, Laminaria
Red Algae –Gelidium, Porphyra, Polysiphonia, Gracilaria
 Aquatic, thalloid, Haploid, Haplontic life cycle

Type of algae Green algae Brown Algae Red Algae

Habitat (Fresh water and marine (Mainly marine (Mainly marine)
water) water)

Structure Filamentous – Filamentous less and Filamentous –

Ulothrix, Spirogyra more branched – Branched
Cladophora massive
Unicellular – Three parts (a) Frond
Chlamydomonas(Motile) Mainphotosynthetic
Chlorella (Non-motile) (b)Stipe
Colonial – Volvox (c)Holdfast-
attachment
Cell wall Cellulose + Pectin-outer Cellulose +outer Cellulose + carrageen +
Algin pectin + polysulphate
ester
Flagella 2-8, Apical equal in 2 unequals, lateral in Absent
zoospore and gamete gamete and zoospore
Storage Starch and Oil Laminarian starch and Floridian starch similar
Pyrenoid – Store starch mannitol to amylopectin and
besides proteins glycogen - {α (1-4)}
{α (1-6)} loinkage
Pigment Chl a and Chl b Chl a and Chl c Chl a and Chl d
Fucoxanthin (brown) Phycoerythrin -red
Asexual reproduction Fragmentation, Fragmentation Fragmentation
zoospore (2-8 flagella zoospore (2 flagella Aplanospore -non-
apical) unequal lateral) motile
Sexual Reproduction Isogamous motile – Isogamous Only Oogamous
 Chlamydomonas Anisogamous
 Cladophora Oogamous
 Ulothrix  Fucus
Isogamous non- motile -
 Spirogyra
Anisogamous –
 Eudorina
Oogamous –
 Volvox
  Zygote is only Diploid stage, zygotic meiosis occur in all except haplodiplontic and diplontic
 Life cycle – Haplontic
 Kelp, ectocarpus and polysiphonia – Haplodiplontic and Fucus – Diplontic
 Economic importance -. At least a half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out
by algae through photosynthesis.
increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment. species of
Porphyra,Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae used as food.
brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances)-algin
(brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria -used to
grow microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies.
Chlorella used as food supplement even by space travellers.

[Bryophytes]
Dominant stage – Gametophyte, green, photosynthetic, Vascular bundle absent, Terrestrial
Sporophyte– Multicellular, non-green, dependent (Foot,seta and capsule)
Need shade, Humidity and water for fertilization True root, stem, leaf absent
 General Feature
Feature Liverwort Moss
Habitat Moist soil, bank of river, deepwood
Moist soil
Dominant stage Gametophyte is horizontal, flat, Gametophyte, Leafy stage,
creeping thallus, spiral leaf
Few are leafy with two row of leaf
Multicellular rhizoids on base of
Unicellular rhizoids stem
Non-green foot seta capsule
Sporophyte stage Non-green- dependent Non-green,dependent
foot, seta, capsule(three part ) foot ,seta, capsule(more
eloberate
Sex organ Develop on gametophyte Develop on gametophyte
on one thallus or On different On same or different thallus
thallus (marchantia) Antheridium and Archegonium
Antheridium – male sex organ present on thallus (develop on
Archegonium – Female sex organ tip of branch)
Fertilization Internal By water through motile Internal By water Motile
Antherozooid- male gamete Atherozooids-male gamete
Asexual reproduction Fragmentation,Gemma cup having Fragmentation
Asexual haploid bud- Gemmae bud, Budding in Protonema
green multicellular (marchanita)
Spore develop into Gametophyte stage by mitosis Spore form protonema (green
filamentous,multicellular)
And protonema in leafy stage by
budding
Special Spore dispersal Absent Present
Mechanisms
Diploid stage Foot, seta, capsule, zygote Foot, seta, capsule, zygote
Haploid stage Leaf, Rhizoids, Gemmae bud, Leaf, Rhizoids, Gemmae bud,
Antheridium Antherozoids, Antheridium Antherozoids,
Archegonium Egg Archegonium Egg
Spore, gemmae bud Spore and Protonema
Bryophytes -little economic importance - mosses -food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other
animals. Sphagnum-provide peat used as fuel, and as packing material for trans-shipment of living
material capacity to hold water. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks

They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Since mosses form
dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

[Pteridophyte]
Shady, and cool place, some grow in sandy soil, Some medicinal and some are ornamental,
Haplodiplontic and Diploid plants

Example -Pteropsida - Ferns–Pteris, Dryoptesis, Adiantum, Salvinia Azolla

Lycopsida – Lycopodium, Seleginella Sphenopsida – Equisetum,
Psilopsida – Psilotum
Life cycle– Homosporous pteridophyte-most pteridophyte
Life cycle– Heterosporous pteridophytes – few (Seleginella)
 General Feature
Feature Pteridophyte
Main plant or dominant stage Sporophyte-Green and photosynthetic, free living
Well develop - root stem leaf Present
Vascular bundle Present (First time)
Gametophyte Free living
 Photosynthetic
 Saprophytic
Inconspicuous Short lived, Require shade
Sex organ Antheridium, Archegonium (Both on same
gametophyte) in homosporus
Sporophyte structure Root, stem, leaf (Microphyll – Seleginella)
(Macrophyll – Fern)
Sporangia Develop on sporophyll Without cone – Fern
In form of cone – Seleginella and equisetum

Homosporous Heterosporous
Most pteridophyte show this Salvinia and seleginella
Spore development into gametophyte which bear Two type of sporangia
Antheridium and Archegonium Small sporangia produce – microspore which give
Gametophyte which is prothallus is free,green and male gametophyte-bear antheridium
short lived Large sporangia – Produce megaspore which
produce dependent gametophyte develop
Archegonium and present inside sporangia
So Precursor of seed habit
Condition to make seed
1. Heterospory
2. Dependent female gametophyte
3. Hard integument which develop into seed coat
4. Embryo undergo in dormancy

Last two condition not present in Pteridophyte, so precursor of seed habit

[Gymnosperm]
Feature– Dominant stage- Sporophyte, Shurb, and tree (Medium and large size)
Example – Pinus, cedrus, conifern, cycas, ginkgo, sequoia (Red wood, tree, - tallest tree)
General Feature of algae

Pinus (conifers) Cycas

Stem Branched Unbranched
Leaf Needle shape Pinnate compound
Have xerophytic adaptation Persist for few years
(thick cuticle sunken stomata)
Root Mycorrhizae present (ecto) Coralloid root have
cyanobacteria
Cone Male cone and female cone on Male cone on one tree
same tree (Monoceoius) Megasporophyll on other

Structure Ploidy
Cone 2n-sporophytic generation
Megasporophyll
Microsporophyll
Nucellus
Megaspore
Mother cell
Embryo
Megaspore n-gametophytic generation
Female gametophyte
Archegonium
Microspore
Male gametophyte or pollen
Endosperm

Special Feature-
 Vessel absent
 Albuminous cell and sieve cell
 Secondary growth occur in stem and root
  Wind pollinated (wing pollen- pinus)
 Double fertilization – Absent
 Haploid endosperm

[Angiosperm]
Dominant stage- sporophyte – Diploid (main plant), Green photosynthetic
Dominant life cycle– Ovule cover inside ovary and seed cover into fruit
Similarity of Gymnosperm –
 Male gametophyte – Pollen grain,dependent,two male gametes
 Dependent female gametophyte reduced
 Gametophyte stage is reduced
 Pollen tube form-siphonogamy
 Integument present in ovule-Gymnosperm (One),Angiosperm (two)
 Heterosporus
 Monosporic – out of 4 megaspore, 3 degenrate
Difference

Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Male cone and female cone Flower present
Pollination by wind Pollination by both biotic and abiotic
No double fertilization Double fertilization
Endosperm haploid Endosperm triploid
Seed naked Seed cover inside ovary man in fruit
Unitegmic Bitegmic
Orthotropus Anatropus
Multicellular female gametophyte with 2 or more 7- cell female gametophyte with 3-cell egg
Archegonium Apparatus

Wollfia smallest Angiosperm

Eucalyptus tallest tree