COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Testing and Analysis
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Testing and Analysis
An eBook by
Phone : +091-79-26307921-22-23 (Ext : 382)
Fax : +91-79-26304677,Mobile:9096014577
Email:
[email protected] What is a composite material?
A composite material can be defined as an artificially prepared or natural
multiphase that exhibits significant properties of constituent material
resulting in a superior and stronger product.
Being formed by the combination of two or more materials that have
different characteristics, Composite materials open a wide window for
application in various engineering sectors like Aerospace, defense,
Automobile, etc.
Applications of composites
➢ Automobiles industries: Automobile parts like components of an
engine, spray nozzle, tires, etc.
➢ Aeronautical applications: structural components like wings, body &
stabilizer of aircraft, etc.
➢ Marine applications: shaft, hulls, spars, and other parts of ships.
➢ Safety equipment like helmets.
➢ Sports equipment like tennis rackets, golf sticks, other safety
equipment.
➢ Communication Industry like preparation of antennae and electronic
circuit boards.
Constituents of composites
Two essential constituents of composites are:
Matrix phase: It is the continuous body constituent (Dispersion phase)
which encloses the composite and gives its bulk form. It may be polymer,
metal or ceramic material.
Dispersed phase: It is the Structural constituent (Dispersed phase)
which determines internal structure of the composite and gives its bulk
form. It may be Fiber, Particulate, Flakes or Whisker.
Types of composites
Depending upon the type of Matrix and Reinforcement, Composite
materials are categorized into,
Need of testing and analysis of composite
materials
As per Theories, Composite materials are being used from ancient times
in direct or indirect ways, either in conventional or non-conventional
forms.
Research made worldwide has proved that composite materials exhibit
extraordinary properties. Hence most of the world is adopting modern
composite materials over conventional engineering materials.
Now the question arises,
“How come it has been proved that Composites are better than
Conventional materials”
Answer: “Testing and analysis of composite materials”.
Thorough Testing practices and Standards have helped to evaluate the
performance of composite materials. The data derived from composite
materials testing and analysis can be used to compare the composite
materials against conventional materials.
Composite materials testing plays a vital role across the composite’s
supply chain and product life cycle. A range of challenges in regards to
safety, quality, process control, regulatory compliance, and performance
is encountered. Whether you are a base chemical provider, additive
supplier, fibre manufacturer, or end-user, overcoming these challenges
can give your business a significant commercial advantage.
Some of the important advantages of composite materials are,
1. Corrosion resistance
2. Life and durability
3. Good mechanical and electrical properties.
4. Ease of manufacturing
Types of composite materials testing and analysis
A. Mechanical testing
The characterization of composites for mechanical properties is very
important from a design and analysis as well as a life prediction point of
view.
The mechanical and physical testing of polymers and their composites is
vital to determine the material properties for use in the design and
analysis of the product, quality control, application performance
requirements, and production process.
The mechanical and physical testing ensure the material complies with
performance requirements.
Mechanical testing of composites includes tensile (tension), flexural,
impact, shear, and compression, and physical testing includes water
absorption, density, void content, hardness, and scratch resistance.
Besides these, many other standardized bearing strength tests as per
ASTM D 5961 and interlaminar fracture toughness tests to ASTM D 5538
are reported as mechanical tests on composites.
Tensile test:
Tensile testing is a destructive test process that provides information
about the tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility of the metallic
material. It measures the force required to break a composite or plastic
specimen and the extent to which the specimen stretches or elongates to
that breaking point.
Tensile testing of composites is generally in the form of basic tension or
flat-sandwich tension testing in accordance with standards such as ISO
527-4, ISO 527-5, ASTM D 638, ASTM D 3039, and ASTM C 297.
The test specimen is prepared in accordance with standards applicable
for the testing (Specimen shown below in images A and B) and subjected
to tensile load with the help of a Universal testing machine. Such tests
produce stress-strain diagrams used to determine tensile modulus.
Tensile testing also provides tensile strength (at yield and at break),
tensile modulus, tensile strain, elongation, and percent elongation at
yield, elongation, and elongation at break in percentage.
A. Dumbbell shaped tensile test specimen A. Flat shaped tensile test specimen
Flexural test:
The flexural test measures the force required to bend a beam under
three-point loading conditions, and it is generally applicable to both rigid
and semi-rigid materials, resins. The data is often used to select
materials for parts that will support loads without flexing.
The most common flexural testing of plastics, polymer composites, and
large fiber-reinforced plates involves three-point and four-point bend
testing as per ISO 178, ASTM D 790, and ASTM D 6272 to ensure
suitability under various conditions for better insight into their
properties and to ensure that they are suitable for the intended
application.
A variety of specimen shapes can be used for this test, but the most
commonly used specimen size for ASTM is 3.2 mm 12.7 mm 125 mm
Most commonly in the flexural test, the specimen lies on a support span,
and the load is applied to the center by the loading nose producing three
points bending at a specified rate.
The parameters for this test are the support span, the speed of the
loading, and the maximum deflection for the test.
These parameters are based on the test specimen thickness and are
defined differently by ASTM and ISO. Flexural testing also gives a
semiqualitative idea of the fiber/matrix interfacial strength of a
composite.
Flexural properties testing provides editable and raw data on flexural
stress at yield, flexural strain at yield, flexural stress at break, flexural
strain at break, flexural stress at 3.5% (ISO) or 5.0% (ASTM) deflection,
flexural modulus, and stress/strain curves.
Impact test:
The impact test is designed to determine how a specimen of a known
material such as polymers, ceramics, and composites will respond to a
suddenly applied stress.
The impact test is explicitly used for evaluating the toughness,
brittleness, notch sensitivity, and impact strength of engineering
materials to resist high-rate loading [8,9].
The ability to quantify the impact property is a great advantage in
product liability and safety. Impact test specimen types include notch
configurations such as V-notch and U-notch. Impact testing most
commonly consists of Charpy and Izod specimen configurations.
The Izod impact test differs from the Charpy impact test in the way that
the notch is positioned facing the striker. ASTM D256, ISO 180, and ASTM
D are some of the standards for pendulum impact testing.
In this test, a specimen is machined to a square or round section, with
either one, two, or three notches. The Izod impact test consists of a
pendulum with a determined weight at the end of its arm swinging down
and striking the specimen while it is held securely in a vertical position
(Shown in fig C & D).
The impact strength is determined by the loss of energy of the pendulum
as determined by precisely measuring the loss of height in the
pendulum’s swing. Also, the impact strength is defined as the tendency
of polymer composites to endure high-energy impact without breaking or
fracturing.
It is being reported that in fiber-reinforced polymer composites and
hybrid composites the impact properties are governed by the properties
of the individual fibers used for hybridization, interlaminar, and
interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix.
C. Pendulum impact tester D. Impact testing specimen
Besides the Pendulum Impact test, one more method is used to evaluate
the resistance of the material to sudden impacts i.e. Drop Weight Impact
test.
In this test, Specimen is hit by an indenter caring a weight or mass from
a certain specified height. The energy induced by falling mass on the
specimen is recorded and is used to evaluate the impact strength of the
material. These tests are carried out as per ASTM D 7136M-05, ASTM D
3763, and ISO 6603.
E. Drop Weight Impact tester
Compression test:
Composite compression testing methods provide a means of introducing
a compressive load into the material while preventing it from buckling.
Compression testing determines the behavior of materials under a
crushing load, and the compression and deformation at various loads are
recorded to calculate compressive stress and strain. The most common
testing standards include ASTM D 695, ASTM D 3410, and ISO 14126.
Interlaminar shear strength test:
The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) is another important mechanical
test that provides information about the quality of the resin-fiber bond.
The ILSS of unidirectional laminates and carbon fiber reinforced plastics
are usually determined through a three-point bending test, where the
resistance to interlaminar shear stress is kept parallel to the layers of the
laminate and is measured.
Shear test:
Shear tests are used to determine the attributes such as shear strain,
shear stress, shear modulus, and failure mode since the awareness of
the “deformable” mechanical properties of plastics and polymer
composites is essential to extend their applications.
Shear testing can be used for quality control, comparative testing, and
finite element (FE) analysis of new materials.
Shear strength results are important to design a wide variety of materials
like adhesives, plastics, films, and sheet products that tend to be
subjected to various “shear loads,” or in applications where factors such
as crushing.
loads are a risk. Standards for the shear tests include ASTM D3518 and
ISO 14129. The ASTM C 273, and ASTM D 2344.
Hardness:
A hardness test is Performed on materials to check resistance to
indentation.
Different Hardness testing practices are used on composite materials
like:
Rockwell hardness
Shore hardness
Barcol hardness
Apart from the above described mechanical properties, some physical
properties are also evaluated to understand the behavior of composite
material.
Water/moisture absorption test: To evaluate the percentage of
moisture or water absorbed by the material. ASTM D 570 is the
standard practice for this test.
Resin content or fiber content: To evaluate the Percentage of
Fiber/Reinforcement or Percentage of Matrix in composite product.
Density Measurement: Density and specific gravity of material is
evaluated as per ASTM D 792.
B. Electrical testing
The electrical properties of composites are very important to a wide
range of industries such as automotive, aerospace, building products,
marine, etc.
Electrical tests, in general, are measurements of the resistance,
conductivity, or charge storage either on the surface or through the
material.
Various factors such as dielectric strength, volume, and surface resistivity
are crucial to gauge the nature of the material.
Dielectric strength:
Dielectric strength, also known as dielectric breakdown strength (DBS), is
the maximum electrical potential that a material can resist before the
electrical current breaks through the material and the material is no
longer an insulator. DBS is tested per ASTM D149 and measured in
kV/mm or V/mil.
Insulation Resistance:
An insulation resistance (IR) test measures the total resistance between
any two points separated by electrical insulation. The test, therefore,
determines how effective the dielectric (insulation) is in resisting the flow
of electrical current. Such tests are useful for checking the quality of
insulation, not only when a product is first manufactured but also over
time as the product is used.
Volume resistivity and Surface resistivity:
Surface resistivity is the resistance to leakage current along the surface
of insulating material. Volume resistivity is the resistance to leakage
current through the body of insulating material. The higher the
surface/volume resistivity, the lower the leakage current and the less
conductive the material is.
Dry Arc Resistance
When electric current travels across an insulator’s surface, it can become
conductive due to damage, erosion, or other factors. Arc resistance is a
measure of the time required to make an insulating surface conductive
under a high voltage/ low current arc in carefully controlled laboratory
conditions.
In other terms, arc resistance is the ability of the plastic material to resist
the action of a high voltage electrical arc and resist the formation of a
conducting path along its surface under a given time.
The most generally used standard test to calculate arc resistance is
ASTM D495.
C. Thermal properties testing
Some raw materials used in the manufacture of composite materials can
be negatively impacted by the effects of temperature and humidity. It is
therefore essential to ensure they are stored within highly controlled
environmental conditions prior to use.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one of the common tests used
to check the cure and confirm the material’s thermal properties. DSC is
one of the most important test types when discussing quality control.
DSC can provide information on the physical structure of the material via
important thermal transitions such as glass transition temperature (Tg)
[link], melting temperature (Tm), crystallization temperatures, percent
crystallinity, enthalpy of melting and crystallization, specific heat capacity
(Cp) and oxidation induction time (OIT).
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a technique that can be used to
provide information on the material’s physical structure via its
viscoelastic mechanical properties. The test allows the material’s
response to a sinusoidal force during a temperature or frequency sweep
to be obtained. DMA can be used to determine the mechanical properties
(mechanical modulus or stiffness and damping) of the composite and
important thermal transitions of the adhesive, such as the glass
transition temperature and the degree of cure of polymer and composite
materials.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to provide information on
the material’s chemical and physical structure via thermal
decompositions. TGA provides information on the temperature and rate
of decomposition of materials and the number of volatiles and fillers
they contain. With advanced analysis software, characteristic
temperatures such as melting points and decomposition temperatures
can also be evaluated.
Thermal conductivity refers to the intrinsic ability of a material to
transfer or conduct heat. It is also defined as the amount of heat per unit
time per unit area that can be conducted through a plate of unit
thickness of a given material, the faces of the plate differing by one unit
of temperature.
D. Heat and flame testing
Flammability Testing:
Flammability test methods measure how easily materials ignite, how
quickly they burn, and how they react when burned.
There are several methods for fire resistance or flammability. Depending
on the materials and applications of the materials there are different
methods or practices for flammability testing like,
– UL 94, UL 94HB, 94V, 94VTM, 94-5V, 94HBF, 94HF or UL 94 V-0, V-1 and
V-2
– Limiting oxygen index (LOI)
– Vertical burning test (VC)
– Flammability ASTM D635, ISO 3795
Flammability testing is a critical part of ensuring safe and trustworthy
products. Industry applications for flammability test methods include
textiles and consumer goods, aerospace and transportation, bedding,
and furniture materials.
Vertical and horizontal flammability testing
The materials are placed over a Bunsen burner either vertically or
horizontally, depending on the specification. During a vertical
flammability test, a material is observed for the duration of time it burns
after the igniting flame is removed, how much of the specimen burns,
and whether it drips flaming particles.
In contrast, horizontal flammability tests observe if the material
continues to burn after the test flame is removed, and then calculate the
rate at which the specimen burns.
Limiting oxygen index (LOI)
The limiting oxygen index (LOI) is the minimum concentration of oxygen,
expressed as a percentage, that will support the combustion of a
material.
It is measured by passing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen over a
burning specimen, and reducing the oxygen level until a critical level is
reached. The standard test method for evaluating the LOI of composite
material is ASTM D 2863.
Flammability Tester Limiting Oxygen Index Tester
Toxicity:
Toxicity of products of combustion in terms of small molecular species is
evaluated to ensure the safe behavior of materials in case of fire hazard
or combustion. Also, combustion characteristics of natural & synthetic
materials can be compared using this testing.
NES 713 and NCD 1409 are the common practices for this testing. Around
14 types of effluent gasses can be measured in PPM using these
practices.
This testing finds application in products used in mass transport,
defense, aerospace, etc.
Toxicity Index Tester
Smoke density test:
This test is for the Determination of smoke generated by solid materials
& assemblies mounted in a vertical orientation within the chamber. This
test measures the amount of smoke given off by a material that is
burning or smoldering.
Standard Test Methods for this testing include ASTM E 662, ISO 5659, and
NFPA 258.
These tests are carried out to ensure the safe behavior of the material.
Also, as per ISO 5659 and EN45545, this parameter is evaluated to
determine the hazard level of the material.
NBS smoke density chamber
Cone calorimeter test:
To evaluate the amount of heat released or evolved from the substance
this test is carried out. Cone calorimeter Measures Rate of heat release,
smoke release rates, time to ignition, Mass loss rates, effective heat of
combustion.
The Cone Calorimeter is a fire testing tool based on the principle that the
amount of heat released from a burning sample is directly related to the
amount of oxygen consumed during the combustion. The amount of heat
a material generates is directly aligned with the severity of a fire, such as
fire growth rate. To assess a material’s flammability, it is exposed to an
external radiant heat source.
A sample is placed below a cone-shaped radiant heater and typically
exposed to an external flux from the heater. Once enough pyrolysis
products are generated, ignition occurs. The combustion products travel
through the Cone heater and through an instrumented exhaust pipe. The
values measured/calculated are, the time to ignition, the mass-loss rate
during combustion, time to and the value of the maximum amount of
heat released during combustion, and the total amount of heat released
during the test. The standard Test method for this test is ISO 5660-
1:2002.
Cone Calorimeter
Smoke opacity:
To Determine the Deterioration of visibility due to smoke produced
because of combustion of the material.
In this test, the material is burnt in a closed chamber, and visibility
through the smoke generated is evaluated using a Lux meter.
This test is commonly done to evaluate components used in mass
transport as per the UIC-564-2 standard.
Spread of flame:
Flame spread tests aim at measuring the tendency of a flame to
propagate over a substrate and directly correlate to surface flame
propagation in a real fire scenario.
As per the UIC-564-2 standard, it is very important to evaluate the spread
of Flame.
In this test, the Critical area of spread of flame and afterglow time is
calculated to evaluate the burning behavior and resistance of the
material to the spread of flame.
Lift spread of flame:
The Spread of Flame Apparatus is an important test for comparing the
performance of essentially flat materials, composites or assemblies,
which are used primarily as the exposed surfaces of walls. ISO 56582 and
ASTM E1321 allow wider use of the test beyond marine applications. The
major differences between ISO 56582 and the IMO test are that ISO 5658-
2 is limited in scope to testing the spread of flame over vertical
specimens and does not include the stack for estimating the heat release
rate.
Lift spread of flame apparatus
Sector wise requirement of testing and analysis of
composite materials
As discussed, Composite materials find applications in various
engineering sectors and most of the world is adopting modern composite
materials replacing conventional materials. Hence a wider scope for
testing and analysis of composite materials has been generated.
Depending upon the sectors and application, different properties and
characteristics of composite materials are evaluated.
1. Composite materials testing for Structural members.
Composite materials especially Pultruded profiles, find their application
as support structures, structural members in industrial or civil
applications.
Testing’s carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Full section bending test, Static loading Test, Full section shear modulus
test etc
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
Electrical test:
Dielectric strength, Break down the voltage as per ASTM D 149, Critical
trackability index, and Dry Arc Resistance Test.
2. Automobile components:
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
Electrical test:
Dielectric strength, Break down the voltage as per ASTM D 149, Critical
trackability index, and Dry Arc Resistance Test.
Heat and flame testing:
Cone calorimeter test as per ISO 5660, EN45545-2.
Fire resistance characteristics as per UIC-564-2.
Smoke density testing as per EN45545-2, ISO 5659.
Toxicity Index testing as per NCD 1409, NES 713.
3. Composite materials for Mass transports, and Aerospace
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flatwise mechanical strength as per ASTM C 297
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
Heat and flame testing:
Cone calorimeter test as per ISO 5660, EN45545-2.
Fire resistance characteristics as per UIC-564-2.
Smoke density testing as per EN45545-2, ISO 5659.
Toxicity Index testing as per NCD 1409, NES 713.
Toxicity of smoke as per EN 45545-2.
Flooring Radiant Panel Testing for flooring materials.
Lift spread of flame /IMO testing
4. FRP gratings ,Walkways and Cable trays(Civil
constructions)
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Full section bending test, Static loading Test, etc.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
UV Resistance test As per ASTM G154
5. Composite materials for Ship Building
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
UV Resistance test As per ASTM G154
6. FRP storage Tanks testing
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
UV Resistance test As per ASTM G154
Ageing test in a hot air oven,
Ageing test by immersion into solvents or desired liquids as per UL-1316.
7. Composite laminates testing
Testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
UV Resistance test As per ASTM G154
Electrical test:
Dielectric strength, Break down the voltage as per ASTM D 149, Critical
trackability index, and Dry Arc Resistance Test.
Insulation Resistance Test.
Heat shock and Heat distortion.
Volume resistivity and surface resistivity.
8. Composite materials for defense applications
Composite materials testing carried out:
Mechanical properties like Tensile properties, compressive properties,
flexural properties, bearing strength, shear strength, Physical properties
as per ASTM, ISO, BS, and IS standards.
Flatwise mechanical strength as per ASTM C 297
Drop weight Impact testing as per ASTM D 3763.
Flammability test:
UL-94, Spread of flame as per ASTM D 635 and Limiting oxygen index as
per ASTM D 2863.
Electrical test:
Dielectric strength, Break down the voltage as per ASTM D 149, Critical
trackability index, and Dry Arc Resistance Test.
Heat and flame testing:
Cone calorimeter test as per ISO 5660, EN45545-2.
Fire resistance characteristics as per UIC-564-2.
Smoke density testing as per EN45545-2, ISO 5659.
Toxicity Index testing as per NCD 1409, NES 713.
Toxicity of smoke as per EN 45545-2.
Flooring Radiant Panel Testing for flooring materials.
Lift spread of flame /IMO testing
ATIRA facilities
At ATIRA we have a facility for testing composite materials used in
various engineering sectors.
We have a Facility for
Mechanical testing
Tensile properties (ASTM D 638, ASTM D 3039, ISO 527, ASTM C
297, BS 4994 & Equivalent Standards)
Compressive properties (ASTM D 695, ASTM D 3410 & Equivalent
Standards)
Shear properties (ASTM D 2344, BS 4994, ASTM F 711, EN 2563, ISO
14130 & Equivalent Standards)
Flexural properties (ASTM D 790, EN 2562, ISO 14125 & Equivalent
Standards)
Bearing strength (ASTM D 5961 & Equivalent Standards)
Lap shear strength (BS 4994, ASTM D 3163, ASTM D 5868 &
Equivalent standards)
Peel strength (BS 4994 & Equivalent Standards)
Impact strength (ASTM D 256, ASTM D 4812, ISO 180 & Equivalent
Standards)
Drop weight impact (ASTM D 3763, ISO 6603, ASTM D 7136 &
Equivalent Standards)
Full section bending test
Full section shear modulus test
Static loading test
Bending test on FRP full sections like rods and pipes. (ASTM F 711)
Stiffness test
Heat deflection Temperature and VICAT softening temperature.
(ISO 75-1)
Physical testing
Hardness (Barcol, Rockwell. Shore) (ASTM E 18, ASTM B 254, ASTM
D 2583 & Equivalent standards)
Glass content/resin content (ASTM D 3171, ISO 14127 & Equivalent
Standards)
Water absorption (ASTM D 570 & Equivalent Standards)
Void content
Specific gravity and Density (AST D 792, ISO 1183 & Equivalent
Standards)
Resistance to chemicals
Wicking resistance.
Electrical testing
Breakdown voltage testing (ASTM D 149 & Equivalent standards)
Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 149 & Equivalent standards)
Dry arc resistance (ASTM D 495)
Glow wire test
Comparative tracking Index
Flammability testing
UL-94
Horizontal flammability as per ASTM D 635
Limiting oxygen Index (ASTM D 2863, ISO 4589, & Equivalent
Standards)
Toxicity Testing As per NCD 1409 and NES 713
Thermal properties testing
DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) (ASTM D 3418 & equivalent
standards)
DMA (ASTM D 7028)
Heat and flame testing
Deterioration of Visibility due to smoke generated (UIC 564-2)
Lateral spread of flame (UIC 564-2)
Lift spread of flame/ IMO
Cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660, EN 45545-2)
Smoke density (ISO 5659, EN 45545-2)
Flooring radiant panel
Single flame source test.
Non-destructive testing
Ultrasonic scanner
X-rays
Dynamic mechanical analysis of materials and fatigue testing.
Immersion ageing of FRP Tanks as per UL-1316.
Ageing test of composite materials.
Composite sectors we serve:
We conduct composite materials testing for,
1. Mass Transport (Railways, Metro-Rails, Bullet trains, Public transport
buses etc)
2. Structural applications
3. Aerospace and aviation sectors
4. Ship building
5. Storage tanks for industrial applications (Chemical, Fuels etc)
6. Sewerage plants
7. Cable trays for Electrical installations.
8. Automobile components
9. Wind energy applications
10. Effluent gas treatment plants
11. Solar power plants
12. Defense sector
13. Composite Laminates
Also, We serve,
1. Adhesives manufacturing,
2. Resin or Matrix manufacturing sectors
For composite materials testing, related queries please contact:
Composite Materials Testing Laboratory, Ahmedabad Textile
Industry’s Research Association (ATIRA), P.O. Ambawadi
Vistar, Ahmedabad- 380 015
Phone : +091-79-26307921-22-23 (Ext : 382)
Fax : +91-79-26304677,Mobile:9096014577
Email:
[email protected] Thank You
